苯丙氨酸鋰催化醛和胺以及三甲基硅腈三組分的Strecker反應(yīng)

劉夢(mèng)杰，郭 輝，王幸偉，王心義，鄧冬生*

(1.河南理工大學(xué) 資源環(huán)境學(xué)院, 河南 焦作 454150; 2.洛陽(yáng)師范學(xué)院 化學(xué)化工學(xué)院, 河南 洛陽(yáng) 471022)

苯丙氨酸鋰催化醛和胺以及三甲基硅腈三組分的Strecker反應(yīng)

劉夢(mèng)杰1,2，郭 輝2，王幸偉1,2，王心義1*，鄧冬生1,2*

(1.河南理工大學(xué) 資源環(huán)境學(xué)院, 河南 焦作 454150; 2.洛陽(yáng)師范學(xué)院 化學(xué)化工學(xué)院, 河南 洛陽(yáng) 471022)

以苯丙氨基酸鋰為催化劑，成功催化了醛、胺和三甲基硅腈三組分的Strecker反應(yīng)，并結(jié)合一系列氨基酸鹽催化劑的篩選以及各種溶劑的選擇優(yōu)化了反應(yīng)條件. 結(jié)果表明，利用所述反應(yīng)可以得到較高收率的α-氨基腈；該三組份的Strecker反應(yīng)具有反應(yīng)條件溫和、反應(yīng)收率較高、操作簡(jiǎn)便、無(wú)需繁瑣的分離步驟、催化劑便宜且環(huán)境友好等優(yōu)點(diǎn).

苯丙氨基酸鋰；醛；胺；三甲基硅腈；三組分Strecker反應(yīng)

Modified Strecker reaction has been proven to be one of the preeminent multicomponent reactions useful for the synthesis ofα-amino acids via the intermediacy ofα-amino nitriles[1-2]. Generally, the reaction has to be carried out in two steps: i) the preparation of imines; and ii) cyanide addition. Thus, the method has to suffer from some disadvantages such as longer reaction time, intermediate waste disposal, and fussy operation. Meanwhile, there are not many examples[3]for efficient and clean three-component Strecker reaction. For developing an efficient synthetic process, reduction of reaction steps is commonly attempted by employing a one-pot synthesis. In this regard, several catalysts for modified Strecker synthesis have recently been identified, including NHC-amidate palladium(ii) complex[1], gallium(III) triflate[2], and Nd-MOFs[3]. Since the catalytic use of amino acid alkali metal salts was first reported by YAMAGUCHI's group in 1991[4], amino acid salts have effectively catalyzed many organic transformation reactions[5-7]. In this paper, we describe a new catalytic system for Strecker reaction which utilizes readily available amino acid lithium as an efficient catalyst for the three-component reaction of aldehyde, amine and trimethylsilyl cyanide.

1 Experimental

1.1 Materials and instrumentation

All starting materials and solvents were purchased commercially and used as received. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra were recorded with a Varian UNITY/NOVA 400 MHz spectrometer (CDCl3solvent) at room temperature; and chemical shifts were given inδrelative to tetramethylsilane.

1.2 Typical experimental procedure for Strecker reactions

Aromatic aldehyde (10.3 μL, 0.1 mmol), aromatic amine (12.7 mg, 0.1 mmol) andL-phenylalanine lithium salt (1.7 mg, 0.01 mmol) were mixed in toluene (4.5 mL) for 2 h at room temperature. Trimethylsilyl cyanide (20 mg, 0.2 mmol) andn-BuOH (0.01 mmol) were added into the mixture and stirred for 12 h under monitoring by thin layer chromatograph (TLC). The reaction mixture was then quenched with saturated NaHCO3solution and extracted into ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The resulting solution was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous MgSO4to afford the crude product after the solvent was removed in vacuum. Purification by 100-200 mesh silica gel chromatograph ZCX II (typical eluant:Vhexane∶Vethyl acetate= 12∶1) gave the desired aminonitriles. The spectroscopic characteristics of the known products3a-3fare in agreement with the published data.

1.3 Spectral data of the resulting compounds

2-(p-tolylamino)-2-phenylacetonitrile (3a). White solid, 20 mg, 90% yield.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 7.60 (d,J= 4 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.45 (d,J= 4 Hz, 3H, ArH), 7.09 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 6.71 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 5.40 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -CH), 3.92 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -NH), 2.28 (s, 3H, -CH3).

2-phenyl-2-(phenylamino)acetonitrile (3b). White solid, 18 mg, 87% yield.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 7.61-7.45 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.30-7.21 (m, 2H, ArH), 6.93-6.77 (m, 3H, ArH), 5.45 (d,J= 12 Hz, 1H, -CH), 4.04 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -NH).

2-(p-tolylamino)-2-p-tolylacetonitrile (3c). White solid, 21 mg, 88% yield.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 7.48 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 7.26 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 7.09 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 6.71 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 5.36 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -CH), 3.86 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -NH), 2.39 (s, 3H, -CH3), 2.28 (s, 3H, -CH3).

2-(p-tolylamino)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (3d). White solid, 21 mg, 85% yield.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 7.50 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 7.08 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 6.96 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, anisolylH), 6.69 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, anisolylH), 5.32 (s, 1H, -CH), 3.86 (s, 1H, -NH), 3.83 (s, 3H, -OCH3), 2.27 (s, 3H, -CH3).

2-(phenylamino)-2-p-tolylacetonitrile (3e). White solid, 19 mg, 86% yield.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 7.48 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, tolylH), 7.29-7.26 (m, 4H, tolylH+ArH), 6.91 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, ArH), 6.78 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 5.39 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -CH), 4.00 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -NH), 2.39 (s, 3H, -CH3).

2-(4-methoxyphenylamino)-2-phenylacetonitrile (3f). White solid, 19 mg, 83% yield.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 7.61 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 7.46 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, ArH), 6.86 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, anisolylH), 6.77 (d,J= 8 Hz, 2H, anisolylH), 5.36 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -CH), 3.81 (d,J= 8 Hz, 1H, -NH), 3.77 (s, 3H, -OCH3).

2 Results and discussion

Table 1 Catalyst screen for the modified Strecker reactiona

Secondly, other readily obtainable amino acid lithium salts were evaluated for the Strecker reaction (Table 1, entries 7-13). However, other lithium salt showed lower catalytic activity in comparison with phenylalanine lithium.

Next, we examined a solvent screen with Phe OLi (Table 2). The modified Strecker reaction in a high-polarity solvent, such as dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF) or CH3CN, afforded corresponding adduct3ain low yield (Table 2, entries 1-3). While low-polarity solvents including CHCl3, CH2Cl2, and toluene were used, better product yield was observed than that with high-polarity solvents (Table 2, entries 4-6). Among these low-polarity solvents, toluene gave relatively good results (Table 2, entry 6). Thus, toluene was chosen as a solvent for further investigations.

Table 2 Solvent screen for the modified Strecker reaction

Then, we examined further optimization of the reaction conditions for the modified Strecker reaction with various alcohols as additives. Three additives includingn-BuOH, EtOH andi-PrOH have been screened for their co-catalytic results andn-BuOH as additives gives excellent conversions. Therefore, 10%(amount of substance fraction) Phe-OLi withn-BuOH additive in toluene was chosen as the optimization condition for further experiments.

Finally, the scope of the catalytic Strecker reaction of aldehyde, amine and trimethylsilyl cyanide was evaluated under the optimized cooperative catalysis conditions. The reaction was applicable to a range of aromatic aldehydes and aromatic amines. It is noted that, these three-component Strecker reactions can be smoothly performed under the typical conditions with Phe-OLi catalyst system to produce the amino nitriles with moderate good yields, as summarized in Table 3.

Table3SubstratescopeforthemodifiedStreckerreaction

EntryAldehydeAmineProductYield(%)a1Benzaldehyde4?Methylaniline3a902BenzaldehydeAniline3b8734?Methybenzaldehyde4?Methylaniline3c8844?Methoxybenzaldehyde4?Methylaniline3d8554?MethybenzaldehydeAniline3e866Benzaldehyde4?Methoxylaniline3f83

aIsolated yield based on amine.

3 Conclusions

In summary, we present here the systematic investigation into the three-component Strecker reactions catalyzed by phenylalanine lithium in toluene. The reaction proves to be effective to produceα-amino nitriles in moderate to high yields under mild conditions with good substrate scopes.

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date：2013-10-21.

National Natural Science Foundation of China (21272109).

Biography：LIU Mengjie(1988-), female, master, research field: asymmetric catalysis.*

, E-mail: wangxy@hpu.edu.cn;dengdongsheng168@sina.com.