在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,尤其在批改作文中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),有的學(xué)生對(duì)as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法模棱兩可,含混不清。下面從兩者的用法區(qū)別展開說明,以便正確地使用。
1. 從指代的異同來(lái)說,as指代整個(gè)句子;which指代整個(gè)句子或者主句中的某個(gè)成分。如:
She is not unconscious,as can be judged from her eyes.她并未失去知覺,這從她的眼睛里可以看出。(as指代整個(gè)句子)
Mother always asked him to study hard,which helped him a lot. 他媽媽總是讓他刻苦學(xué)習(xí),這一點(diǎn)對(duì)他幫助很大。(which指代整個(gè)句子)
The house, which was built fifty years ago, stood still in the earthquake. 這所建造于50多年前的房子,在地震中依然聳立著。(which指代具體的先行詞)
2. 就主句與從句的位置關(guān)系來(lái)說,as引導(dǎo)的從句可放在主句的前面或者主句的后面;which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句的后面。如:
As everybody knows, knowledge is power. 眾所周知,知識(shí)就是力量。
Knowledge is power, as everybody knows.眾所周知,知識(shí)就是力量。
Knowledge is power, which is accepted widely all over the world.知識(shí)就是力量,這一點(diǎn)世界公認(rèn)。
3. 從意義上來(lái)說,as意為“正如,像,由……而知”; which意為“這就使得,這一點(diǎn)”。如:
He is a great hero, as is described in the report.正如在報(bào)道中描述的一樣,他是一個(gè)偉大的英雄。
Her role in the performance was spoken highly of, which made her proud.她在表演中的角色受到高度表?yè)P(yáng),這使她很欣慰。
4. 從句式上來(lái)說,as只能用于肯定句(意料之中的);which可用于肯定句或者否定句(出乎意外的)。如:
He failed the exam this time,as/which we had expected. 他這次考試沒及格,正如我們所預(yù)料的/這一點(diǎn)我們已經(jīng)預(yù)料到了。
He failed the exam this time,which we hadn’t expected. 他這次考試沒及格,這一點(diǎn)我們沒想到。
5.從是否可以省略be動(dòng)詞來(lái)說,as從句be動(dòng)詞可以省略;which從句be動(dòng)詞不可以省略。如:
As (was) planned, we met at the school gate.按照計(jì)劃,我們?cè)谛iT口相見。
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.簡(jiǎn)告訴我說她贏了這場(chǎng)比賽,這是個(gè)謊言。
6. 從關(guān)系代詞前是否有介詞來(lái)說, as前不能有介詞;which前可以有介詞。如:
We lost many chances,to which we paid little attention.我們失去了很多機(jī)會(huì),這些機(jī)會(huì)我們基本沒有留意到。
I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.我買了很多書,這些書花光了我所有的積蓄。
The book is very interesting,as most readers say.正如大多數(shù)讀者所說的那樣,這本書很有趣。
There was a bookstore around here, as I remember.我記得過去這兒附近有一家網(wǎng)吧。
注意:在圖表或者看圖作文中,經(jīng)常用as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。下面總結(jié)了一些常用結(jié)構(gòu),以饗讀者。
As can be seen from the picture, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.正如我們從圖上所看到的那樣,大洋占了地球的70%還多。
As the above pictures show, students in my class have different dreams for their future.如上圖所示,我們班同學(xué)對(duì)自己的未來(lái)有著不同的夢(mèng)想。
As is known to us all, the whole world is facing a severe water shortage because of the growing population and our waste of water.眾所周知,由于人口的不斷增長(zhǎng)和人類的浪費(fèi),全世界正面臨嚴(yán)重的水資源缺乏問題。
As may be imagined, what matters is not that we are growing older but our attitude towards life.可以想象得出,起作用的不是我們慢慢變老,而是我們對(duì)生活的態(tài)度。
As has been pointed out, it is high time for us all to take quick action to protect water resources.正如所指出的這樣,現(xiàn)在正是我們采取行動(dòng)保護(hù)水資源的時(shí)候了。
As has been pointed out, only in this way can we live in more comfortable and beautiful surroundings.正如所指出的這樣,只有用這種方法,我們才能生活在一個(gè)舒適和美麗的環(huán)境中。
以上是通過例句的形式,分析了as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中留意收集由這兩個(gè)詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,總結(jié)歸納,發(fā)現(xiàn)規(guī)律,靈活掌握其用法。
(作者單位:肇慶中學(xué))
責(zé)任編校 蔣小青