耿焱,劉亞楠,付煒,彭娜,潘志國,雷玉梅,蘇磊
·基礎(chǔ)研究·
熱打擊致大鼠腸上皮IEC-6細(xì)胞鈣超載損傷的初步研究
耿焱,劉亞楠,付煒,彭娜,潘志國,雷玉梅,蘇磊
目的研究不同程度熱打擊對體外培養(yǎng)大鼠腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞IEC-6的鈣超載及鈣超載相關(guān)的損傷。方法設(shè)置培養(yǎng)IEC-6細(xì)胞的溫度梯度,F(xiàn)luo-3Am探針加熒光顯微鏡及流式細(xì)胞術(shù)觀察細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子水平的改變,相差顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)學(xué)改變,考馬斯亮藍(lán)染色法觀察細(xì)胞骨架變化,CCK-8法觀察細(xì)胞活性改變,黏附實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察基底膜黏附性改變。結(jié)果與正常對照組比較,熱打擊組細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣水平上升(P<0.01),呈溫度依賴性。熱打擊組細(xì)胞形態(tài)變圓,偽足變短,細(xì)胞間隙增大,45℃較43℃改變更為明顯??捡R斯亮藍(lán)染色顯示,熱打擊組細(xì)胞骨架增粗、紊亂,出現(xiàn)應(yīng)力性纖維,45℃較43℃改變更為明顯。CCK-8法顯示,熱打擊組細(xì)胞活性下降(P<0.01),呈溫度依賴性。基底膜黏附實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,熱打擊組基底膜黏附性顯著下降(P<0.01),呈溫度依賴性。結(jié)論熱打擊可造成IEC-6細(xì)胞鈣超載,并造成與鈣超載相關(guān)的一系列細(xì)胞損傷,熱打擊對于腸黏膜上皮鈣超載的影響及其機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究將有助于了解熱射病的發(fā)病機(jī)制。
熱打擊;腸黏膜;細(xì)胞黏附;細(xì)胞骨架
脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)又稱內(nèi)毒素,熱射病患者血漿中LPS濃度遠(yuǎn)高于其常規(guī)致死濃度(1ng/m l)[1]。腸道是體內(nèi)最大的“儲菌庫”和“內(nèi)毒素庫”,正常情況下,腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞具有屏障作用,可防止腸道內(nèi)細(xì)菌和內(nèi)毒素侵入血液循環(huán)[2]。已有直接證據(jù)表明,熱應(yīng)激及高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動可增加腸道黏膜通透性,促進(jìn)內(nèi)毒素進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),導(dǎo)致內(nèi)毒素血癥,觸發(fā)熱射病[3-4]。然而,熱射病條件下腸道黏膜通透性增高的機(jī)制目前尚不清楚?;诖?,本研究模擬熱射病情況下腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞所處的病理環(huán)境,研究熱打擊對腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子含量的影響,以及與鈣超載相聯(lián)系的細(xì)胞形態(tài)、活性、骨架及基底膜黏附性變化,為進(jìn)一步研究熱打擊條件下腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞病變在腸道細(xì)菌和內(nèi)毒素移位中的作用機(jī)制提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)和理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1主要材料及試劑 大鼠腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞株IEC-6為南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)中醫(yī)藥學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,鈣離子濃度檢測試劑Fluo-3Am探針購自美國ENZO公司,CCK-8試劑盒購自日本同仁公司,人工基底膜matrigel購自美國BD公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1細(xì)胞培養(yǎng) IEC-6細(xì)胞復(fù)蘇后,1000r/min離心10min,棄上清,用高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)液(含10%胎牛血清,10萬U/L青霉素、100mg/L鏈霉素)混勻細(xì)胞,轉(zhuǎn)入25m l玻璃培養(yǎng)瓶中,在37℃、5%CO2濃度及飽和濕度條件下培養(yǎng),次日換液,以后根據(jù)細(xì)胞生長情況每48~72h更換培養(yǎng)液1次,每周傳代1~2次。
1.2.2實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及檢測指標(biāo) 細(xì)胞按熱打擊處理方式分為3組,分別為:對照組(將細(xì)胞置于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)37℃、5%CO 2濃度培養(yǎng)箱中同其余各組等時(shí)間培養(yǎng)),43℃熱打擊組(將細(xì)胞置于43℃細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)30m in),45℃熱打擊組(將細(xì)胞置于45℃細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)30m in)。熱打擊結(jié)束后,進(jìn)行下述指標(biāo)的檢測。
1.2.3細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子水平檢測 各組按實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)給予相應(yīng)刺激后,更換無血清高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)液,加入fluo-3Am探針(濃度1μmol/L),置于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)37℃、5%CO2濃度培養(yǎng)箱中避光孵育60m in進(jìn)行熒光探針裝載,分別進(jìn)行熒光顯微鏡和流式細(xì)胞儀檢測熒光強(qiáng)度,代表細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子水平。熒光顯微鏡檢查方法:用D-Hank's液漂洗3次,再加入適量D-Hank's液,避光孵育15m in;確定Fluo-3Am在細(xì)胞內(nèi)完全轉(zhuǎn)變成Fluo-3后進(jìn)行熒光顯微鏡檢測。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測方法:棄上清,用2.5g/L胰蛋白酶消化貼壁細(xì)胞后,用D-Hank's液制備成單細(xì)胞懸液,進(jìn)行流式細(xì)胞儀檢測。每個(gè)獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次。
1.2.4CCK-8法檢測細(xì)胞活性 取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,按5×105個(gè)/孔鋪入可拆卸96孔板,培養(yǎng)24h后,更換無血清高糖DMEM(100μl/孔)培養(yǎng)過夜,按實(shí)驗(yàn)分組進(jìn)行相應(yīng)刺激,每組設(shè)4個(gè)復(fù)孔。刺激完畢,更換培養(yǎng)上清為無血清高糖DMEM(90μl/孔),加入10μl CCK-8,置于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)37℃、5%CO2濃度培養(yǎng)箱中孵育2h,用酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀在450nm處讀取光密度(A)值,計(jì)算細(xì)胞活性,細(xì)胞活性=實(shí)驗(yàn)組A值/對照組A值×100%。每個(gè)獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次。
1.2.5細(xì)胞基底膜黏附實(shí)驗(yàn) 1×PBS配制10μg/m l matrigel溶液,于96孔板中每孔加入75μl,置37℃鋪板1h;1×PBS配制10g/L BSA,煮沸13min變性,每孔加100μl封閉1h;用1×PBS沖洗2次。取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,無血清高糖DMEM培養(yǎng)過夜,按實(shí)驗(yàn)分組進(jìn)行相應(yīng)刺激;用2.5g/L胰蛋白酶消化細(xì)胞,1×PBS洗滌,800r/m in離心5m in沉淀,棄上清;將細(xì)胞重懸于含氯化鈣1mmol/L、氯化鎂1mmol/L、氯化錳0.2mmol/L及5g/L BSA的高糖DMEM中,調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×108/L;按100μl/孔加入細(xì)胞懸液,每組設(shè)4個(gè)復(fù)孔,37℃溫育1h。取出96孔板,1×PBS沖洗3次;每孔加入90μl無血清高糖DMEM和10μl CCK-8,置于37℃、5%CO2濃度培養(yǎng)箱中孵育2h;采用酶聯(lián)免疫檢測儀讀取450nm處A值,代表每孔的細(xì)胞數(shù)。每個(gè)獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)均重復(fù)3次。
1.2.6細(xì)胞骨架染色 細(xì)胞占爬片面積40%時(shí),按分組給予相應(yīng)刺激,棄上清,1×PBS沖洗2次;1.5% TritonX-100震蕩洗滌,8m in×3次;M緩沖液(含60mmol/L咪唑、50mmol/L KCl、0.5mmol/L MgCl2、1mmol/L EGTA、0.1mmol/L EDTA、lmmol/ L巰基乙醇,pH 7.2)震蕩洗滌,4min×3次;3%戊二醛固定10m in;M緩沖液清洗,3m in×3次;0.2%考馬斯亮藍(lán)R250染色40m in;ddH2O充分洗滌,烤干脫水;二甲苯透明,5m in×2次;中性樹膠封固,加蓋玻片封固,置于1000倍高倍鏡下觀察。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 13.0軟件包進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以表示,在方差齊性基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)用單因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),組間進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t法進(jìn)行比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1熱打擊對IEC-6細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子含量的影響 梯度熱打擊后,裝載鈣離子探針Fluo-3Am,熒光顯微鏡觀察顯示,從對照組、43℃熱打擊組到45℃熱打擊組,熒光強(qiáng)度逐漸增強(qiáng),表明細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子濃度逐漸升高(圖1A)。流式細(xì)胞儀檢測結(jié)果顯示,對照組Fluo-3熒光強(qiáng)度為1.75±0.21,43℃熱打擊組為2.02±0.34,45℃熱打擊組為2.75±0.52(圖1B,P<0.01),即熱打擊可導(dǎo)致IEC-6細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣離子水平升高,且呈溫度依賴性。
圖1 梯度熱打擊對IEC-6細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣含量的影響Fig.1 Effect of gradient heat stress on intracellular Ca2+ concentration of IEC-6 cells
2.2熱打擊對IEC-6細(xì)胞形態(tài)及活性的影響 光鏡下觀察,與對照組相比,43℃和45℃熱打擊30m in均可使細(xì)胞輪廓變圓,偽足變短,細(xì)胞間隙增大,以45℃最為明顯(圖2A)。CCK-8試驗(yàn)顯示,與對照組對比,熱打擊組IEC-6細(xì)胞活性均顯著下降(P<0.01),同時(shí),45℃組細(xì)胞活性較43℃組顯著下降(圖2C,P<0.01)。
2.3熱打擊對IEC-6細(xì)胞骨架的影響 不同程度熱打擊后,相差顯微鏡高倍鏡(1000×)下可見,對照組細(xì)胞骨架分布均勻,熱打擊后細(xì)胞骨架發(fā)生重組,細(xì)胞周邊骨架減少,細(xì)胞內(nèi)出現(xiàn)應(yīng)力纖維,細(xì)胞骨架增粗、紊亂,排列呈明顯的非極性單向分布,45℃熱打擊組上述現(xiàn)象更為明顯(圖2B)。
2.4熱打擊對IEC-6細(xì)胞基底膜黏附性的影響 如圖2D所示,與對照組相比,43℃和45℃熱打擊組細(xì)胞基底膜黏附性均顯著下降(P<0.01),與43℃比較,45℃熱打擊組細(xì)胞基底膜黏附性下降更為明顯(P<0.01)。
熱射病是一種繼發(fā)于熱損傷后的系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征(system ic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS),進(jìn)而發(fā)展為膿毒癥(sepsis),引發(fā)多器官功能障礙綜合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)的過程[5-6],目前認(rèn)為腸黏膜的通透性增高在此過程中起重要作用。腸黏膜通透性增高會導(dǎo)致大量LPS進(jìn)入門脈循環(huán),超過肝臟及免疫系統(tǒng)的清除能力而進(jìn)入體循環(huán),產(chǎn)生內(nèi)毒素血癥,導(dǎo)致急性炎癥性反應(yīng),進(jìn)而引起壞死、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血(DIC)、MODS以及其他常見的熱射病癥狀[7]。
腸道是MODS的樞紐器官,是炎癥介質(zhì)的擴(kuò)增器[8]。腸黏膜屏障主要由機(jī)械性屏障、生物學(xué)屏障和免疫屏障組成,其中最重要的是機(jī)械性屏障,其結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)是腸上皮細(xì)胞的完整性及其相鄰腸上皮細(xì)胞間的連接[9]。腸上皮細(xì)胞需黏附于細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)才能生長,稱為錨著依賴型細(xì)胞。如果細(xì)胞從黏附的基質(zhì)處脫落即會激活自殺性程序,破壞腸黏膜屏障的完整性[10]。正常情況下,完整的上皮細(xì)胞和基底膜間的黏附結(jié)構(gòu)為基底膜-整合素-細(xì)胞骨架[11]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載是整合素改變的始動因素,鈣通道阻斷劑可以抑制整合素的分布變化[12]。細(xì)胞骨架蛋白是鈣超載的主要作用靶點(diǎn),已有大量研究證實(shí)鈣超載可導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞骨架破壞,而細(xì)胞骨架蛋白在細(xì)胞黏附中發(fā)揮著重要作用,細(xì)胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞可以影響整合素的分布、表達(dá)及信號傳導(dǎo),并導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞黏附性減弱,引起細(xì)胞脫落,破壞腸黏膜屏障的完整性,促進(jìn)腸道細(xì)菌和內(nèi)毒素移位[13]。目前已有較多關(guān)于在缺血缺氧等情況下腸上皮細(xì)胞發(fā)生鈣超載,以及鈣超載對于腸上皮細(xì)胞損傷的研究報(bào)道,但對于熱射病條件下腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣含量的變化,及其與腸上皮細(xì)胞損傷的關(guān)系,尚無切實(shí)可靠的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
圖2 熱打擊對IEC-6細(xì)胞的損傷Fig.2 Impairment of IEC-6 cells by heat stress
根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果,熱打擊可以導(dǎo)致IEC-6細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載,且呈溫度依賴性。與IEC-6細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載水平相對應(yīng)的,IEC-6細(xì)胞形態(tài)和活性也發(fā)生改變,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞輪廓變圓,偽足變短、變粗,細(xì)胞間隙變大,細(xì)胞活性下降,鈣超載水平高的IEC-6細(xì)胞,上述形態(tài)改變更為明顯。熱打擊對于IEC-6細(xì)胞骨架和基底膜黏附性影響的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果也有類似現(xiàn)象,鈣超載水平高的IEC-6細(xì)胞,其細(xì)胞骨架改變更為明顯,表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞骨架增粗、紊亂,細(xì)胞周邊骨架減少,應(yīng)力纖維出現(xiàn),同時(shí)基底膜黏附性更低。目前對于鈣超載引起細(xì)胞骨架改變的機(jī)制還不是十分清楚,Kuhne等[14]報(bào)道鈣超載可以通過激活gelsolin對內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞肌動蛋白產(chǎn)生切割破壞,而Kulkami等[15]報(bào)道細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載可以通過激活calpain水解F-actin及talin、α-actin等結(jié)合蛋白。IEC-6細(xì)胞鈣超載水平與細(xì)胞形態(tài)、活性、細(xì)胞骨架及基底膜黏附性改變的對應(yīng)關(guān)系的存在,也從另一個(gè)側(cè)面證明了在熱打擊條件下,IEC-6細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載的存在。目前對于熱打擊導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞鈣超載的機(jī)制尚不清楚,有研究認(rèn)為可能是鈣離子通道及細(xì)胞膜通透性所致,但具體機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步探索研究。
綜上所述,本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果初步證明,熱打擊可以造成腸黏膜上皮細(xì)胞鈣超載,并呈溫度依賴性,在細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載的同時(shí),細(xì)胞形態(tài)、活力、細(xì)胞骨架和基底膜黏附性均發(fā)生了相應(yīng)改變,這為理解熱射病發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,腸黏膜屏障通透性增加,進(jìn)而引發(fā)腸道細(xì)菌和內(nèi)毒素移位的作用機(jī)制提供了直觀的實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù),對其機(jī)制的進(jìn)一步研究,將有助于了解熱射病發(fā)生及發(fā)展的機(jī)制。
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Calcium overload injury of rats’ enterocy te IEC-6 by heat stress in vitro
GENG Yan1, LIU Ya-nan2, FU Wei2, PENG Na1, PAN Zhi-guo1, LEI Yu-mei3, SU Lei1*
1Department of ICU, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
2Postgraduate School of Nanfang Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
3Department of Emergency, 157 Hospital of PLA, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command,Guangzhou 510515, China
*
, E-mail: gytools@sina.com
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81071529, 81101406), and Postdoctoral Foundationof China (2012M512181)
ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of gradient heat stress on calcium overload of rats' enterocyte IEC-6 and calcium overload-related cell injuryinvitro.MethodsThermal gradient was set in culturing IEC-6 cellsinvitro. After thermal stimulation, Fluo-3Am probe with fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry was used to detect the change in intracellular Ca2+concentration of IEC-6 cells. Phase contrast microscope was used to observe the morphological change in IEC-6. Coomassie blue dying method was employed to test the change in IEC-6 cytoskeleton. CCK-8 assay was used to assess cellular viability. Adhesion assay was applied to test the change in basilar membrane adhesiveness of IEC-6 cells.ResultsCompared with normal control group, cells of heat stress groups showed a thermal-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+concentration (P<0.01). Cells of heat stress groups were rounded in shape, the pseudopod was shorter, and cell space was enlarged. These phenomena were more obvious in 45℃ culture than in that of 43℃. Coomassie blue dying showed that the cytoskeleton of cells in heat stress groups became thickened and disordered, and stress fibers appeared. These phenomena were also more obvious in 45℃ culture than in that of 43℃. A thermal-dependant decline of cell viability in heat stress groups was observedviaCCK-8 assay (P<0.01), and a thermal-dependant decline of basilar membrane adhesiveness in heat stress groups was observedviaadhesion assay (P<0.01).ConclusionHeat stress may cause calcium overload of IEC-6 cells, and thus resulting in a series of calcium overload-related cell injury. Further investigation of the effect and mechanism of heat stress on calcium overload of intestinal mucosa endothelial cells may help further understand the mechanism of the pathogenesis of heat stroke.
heat stress; intestinal mucosa; cell adhesion; cytoskeleton
R594.12
A
0577-7402(2013)07-0535-05
2012-12-26;
2013-05-17)
(責(zé)任編輯:熊曉然)
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81071529,81101406);中國博士后科學(xué)基金(2012M 512181)
耿焱,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,主治醫(yī)師。主要從事重癥中暑診治方面的研究
510010 廣州 廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科(耿焱、彭娜、潘志國、蘇磊);510515 南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生學(xué)院(劉亞楠、付煒);510515 廣州 廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院附屬157醫(yī)院急診科(雷玉梅)
蘇磊,E-mail: gytools@sina.com