《普通高中英語課程標準(試驗)》明確提出:要以培養(yǎng)語感,培養(yǎng)聽的策略和獲取、處理信息的能力為教學目的,訓練學生排除口音、背景音等因素的干擾;抓關(guān)鍵詞,聽大意和主題;預測下文內(nèi)容;理解說話人的意圖和態(tài)度等基本聽力技能。隨著聽力測試重新納入浙江高考英語,分值占據(jù)了30分,聽力成績的好壞對考生的英語成績乃至總成績都有很大的影響。本文通過分析影響聽力的主要因素,應對聽力困難的對策、聽力提高的微技能、聽力應試的技巧和心理調(diào)試和常見聽力試題設(shè)置特點,希望能提高學生的聽力成績。
一、影響聽力的主要因素
眾所周知,語言是有聲的,而語音、語調(diào)、語速、語流對聽力的理解會造成障礙,學生的詞匯量不足對聽力成績的也有極大影響;在日常生活中學生缺乏英美文化和英語背景知識。聽力理解不是一種單純的語言信息的解碼過程,而是一種解碼過程與構(gòu)建意義過程的結(jié)合。在這一過程中,聽者的積極參與至關(guān)重要。
根據(jù)元認知策略認為:語言學習是學習者學習一門外語采取的管理步驟,如提前準備、選擇性注意力、集中注意力、自我管理、監(jiān)控學習過程。成功的聽力理解與學習者對聽力理解過程所做的成功監(jiān)控有關(guān)。教師的任務:訓練學生對聽力理解過程的計劃,監(jiān)控和評估能力。
二、應對聽力困難的對策
學生一定要克服心理障礙,尤其是當聽力讀音語速很快的時候;一定要加強語音詞匯語法教學,只有過硬的語言功底才能應對要求越來越高的英語聽力;我們要加強對英美文化的導入,只有通過廣泛的閱讀,接觸到各種各樣的英美文化知識,才能應對聽力中的廣泛的話題;要運用靈活有效的方法,這些方法包括連續(xù)性訓練、關(guān)聯(lián)性儲備、充分性利用、綜合性提高;提高聽力必須有相應的詞匯量;先聽、精聽、泛聽、測聽、后聽;有恒、有序、有量、有效;要意識到提高聽力必須花費大量時間;在平時的學習中要做到自學與老師指導相結(jié)合;要重視聽力理解不成功者的情感特征,要減少他們的語言焦慮;在同步聽力訓練中要注重多樣化訓練;科學有效的材料的選用,目前我校就選用了《百朗聽力風暴》、《維克多英語》等好材料進行聽力訓練。
三、英語聽力提高的微技能
老師要夯實學生基礎(chǔ),加強語音訓練(模仿、識別、朗讀、背誦),尤其是對容易混淆的元音和輔音的甄別教學,對連讀和弱讀要有意識的引導學生關(guān)注;要循序漸進地教學要由教授單詞到整合成句子,最后會成文章,提高語言的表達能力;要盯住學生的詞匯,重視學生的通關(guān)能力;在教學中藥盡快擴大詞匯量,通過構(gòu)詞法、詞根詞綴構(gòu)詞法、聯(lián)想記憶法等好的詞匯記憶方法來擴大學生的詞匯來那個;要盡量做到聽說、聽寫、聽讀相結(jié)合,最大程度的多途徑運用英語;可以教授適當?shù)乃儆浤芰Αs寫、字母圖像、數(shù)學符號、邏輯符號。訓練要有針對性,要針對學生的薄弱話題、題型、測試點等來進行突破;要提高語音識別和上下文猜字的能力;在聽力訓練中我們既聽主旨又聽細節(jié),為了培養(yǎng)學生的耐久力;作為老師還需要專題訓練豐富英美文化背景知識,只有知識面得到拓寬,學生才能在聽力考試中取得好的成績。要正確處理練習與考試的關(guān)系,逐步養(yǎng)成良好習慣,在平時的訓練中,要有分數(shù)和時間意識。
四、英語聽力應試技巧
1.學會聽前搶讀
具體做法:認真審題,對選項采取快速閱讀的方法,運用略讀的技巧,避免逐詞逐句閱讀。找出選項中的異同點,確定聽音的重點。預測聽力內(nèi)容。
例1:Where did Jim live?
A. Next door to the woman.
B. In another town.
C. In the woman's house.
Script: M: Could you please tell me where Jim lives? W: At one time Jim lived next door to us, and now he is living in another town. But he still works here.
2.學會邊聽邊記
用阿拉伯數(shù)字記數(shù)字,用字母代地名和人名,單詞用縮寫,句子記關(guān)鍵詞等等。
3.學會聽關(guān)鍵詞
把注意力相對集中在實詞上。注意意義轉(zhuǎn)折、否定、和遞進的詞上。But,however,not,no,what's more,besides等。
4.學會科學的判斷推理
(1)防止以偏概全
例2:What time is John supposed to arrive?
A. 8:00 B. 7:30 C. 8:15
Script: W: Where is John? He should be here by 8:00 for the meeting. M: His wife said he left at 7:30. I think he'll be here at 8:15.
(2)防止斷章取義
例3:Where is the lake?
A. the east of the village.
B. the north of the village.
C. the west of the village.
Script: W: Excuse me, sir. Where can I get to the nearest village? M: Go straight along the road, and you'll see a small lake. The village is to the east of it.
(3)防止是似而非
例4:What is David going to do? Go home. Do his homework. Go to the park.
Script: W: David, are you coming with us to the park? M: No, I'm sorry, but I have to catch up with my homework.
五、心理調(diào)試
1.消除緊張心理
測試前的深呼吸有利于緩解緊張情緒。測試時,心情平靜,心態(tài)放松,精力集中。測試時,保持全神貫注的狀態(tài),將視線落在試卷對應的題目上。
2.克服急躁心理
學會暫時放棄,學會自我暗示。
3.視線落點
控制好答題時間。即使遇到難題,也不可在一道題上花費太多時間。聽到下道題號時,注意力必須立即回到錄音上來。
六、常見聽力試題設(shè)置特點
1.在全國英語等級考試(第二節(jié))的聽力試題中,有一定數(shù)量的題干中的考點是原材料中信息的同義轉(zhuǎn)述或者反向轉(zhuǎn)述,增加了設(shè)問的靈活性。
例5(2012年3月卷)3. What is the man angry about?(答案為A)
A. Telephoning while driving.
B. Some women drivers.
C. Traffic lights.
原文:M: It drives me mad when people use their cell phones at the wheel. W: Hmm. What happened?
M: I nearly had an accident because the woman was talking on her cell phone while driving and didn't see the traffic lights turn red. She nearly killed me.(原文中男性的第一句話It drives me mad…就引出了答案A。)
2.正確選項的設(shè)置,包括需要同義轉(zhuǎn)述的正確選項和需要對信息進行概括的正確選項。
例6(2012年3月卷)20. What will the speaker probably do if he's stuck on the road?(答案為B)
A. Have a map ready.
B. Be understanding.
C. Change directions.
原文:Next time you are stuck in a traffic jam and feel mad, spare a thought for the taxi drivers who have to spend most of their working life in them.(B選項中的be understanding和原文材料中spare a thought for同義轉(zhuǎn)述)
3.聽力考試對學生能力考查特點分析
聽力考試考查理解主旨、要義;獲取事實性的具體信息;對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單的推斷;理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度。
(1)理解主旨、要義
常見的提問方式有:What's the conversation mainly about? What's the topic/theme of the talk? What are the speakers talking about?
例7(2011年3月卷)14. What are the speakers talking about?(答案為B)
A. Sea adventures.
B. Vacation plans.
C. Life at the Caribbean.
原文:M:Where are you going on vacation this year? W:Well, we were thinking about going on the voyage to the Caribbean Sea. It's a beautiful part of the world. M:It certainly is. I went on one last year. But the weather can sometimes be really bad. W:I know. I have been reading weather reports for the Caribbean on the Internet. They seem to have lots of storms. M:They certainly do. When we went on a voyage, we stopped at Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands. And both had been hit by storms two weeks before. You could still see a lot of damage. W:Well, if I decide to go, I'll just have to hope for the best.(原文材料只能怪的vacation、Caribbean、lots of storms、hit by storms、a lot of damage 可知是關(guān)于一個vacation plans)
(2)獲取事實性的具體信息,分為直接獲取和間接獲取
例8(2011年9月卷)20. Who will go out of the building through the double doors?(答案為C)
A. The preschool children.
B. The third grade children.
C. The fourth grade children.
原文:Finally, the fourth graders and I, the three of you, please follow me down the hall through the double doors and to the other side of the building…(原文中的the fourth graders 和through the double doors可以直接獲取答案C)
(3)對所聽內(nèi)容作出簡單推斷
常見的提問方式有:What is the man/woman doing? What will the man/woman do? Where does the conversation take place? Where are the speakers? When does the conversation take place? Who do you think the woman probably is? What's the probable relationship between the speakers?
例9(2010年9月卷)1. What do we know about the man?(答案為A)(此題為推測正在做的事情)
A. He's leaving the hotel.
B. He's making a phone call.
C. He's asking about room rates.
原文:W: Here's your bill, sir. M: Oh, thank you. Let's have a look at it now. Goodness, it's a lot more than I expected. W: Would you like me to explain anything, sir? M: Just a moment. Yes, what's this charge for $21.50 marked “J”?W: “J” is a charge for a long distance telephone call, sir. Did you make a telephone call that night? M: Yes. I remember now. Good heavens! We must have talked for a long time. And these ones, “L” for $32.40, and here's another, $9.50. What are they for?
(4)理解說話者的意圖、觀點或態(tài)度
常見的提問方式有:What can we learn from the conversation/ speakers? What does the man mean? What does the speaker want to tell us? What's the woman's opinion about the man's dress? How does the woman think about the man's way of working? Which word best describes the day the speaker had?
例10(2012年3月卷)4. What does the woman mean?(答案為B)(此題為揣摩說話者的言外之意)
A. She will choose the man.
B. The man was late in asking.
C. She may run for the position.
原文:M: Sarah, I'm prepared to run for class monitor and I'm wondering if I… er… if I can count on your support? W: Oh, maybe if you had asked me sooner. But my roommate is running, too, and I've already promised her that she had my support.
通過對以上材料的分析,我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)聽力水平的提高是一個反復實踐的過程,需要長期的艱苦的訓練才能見到成效。教師多學生的聽力成績的提高要分析影響聽力的主要因素,應對聽力困難的對策、聽力提高的微技能、聽力應試的技巧和心理調(diào)試和常見聽力試題設(shè)置特點。只有弄清楚這些東西,才能引導學生走出聽力難以提高的困境,提高聽力成績,為將來學生的英語口語的交流和跨文化交際打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
【參考文獻】
[1] 教育部. 普通高中英語課程標準(試驗)[M]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[2] 羅之慧. 高中學生英語聽力發(fā)展的教學策略,《中小學外語教學(中學篇)》,2011年第8期.
(作者單位:浙江省安吉縣昌碩高級中學)