一、定語(yǔ)從句的基本概念
概念:在復(fù)合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句,也叫形容詞性從句,有時(shí)也可修飾一個(gè)句子。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句一般置于先行詞之后,由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。
二、關(guān)系詞的用法
A.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
1.關(guān)系代詞只能用 that 的情況:當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí),許多情況下,用 that , which 都可以,但先行詞是下列情況之一時(shí)只用 that 不能用 which:
a.先行詞是不定代詞 all, little , few , much ,anything , something ,nothing, everything ,none等時(shí);
b.先行詞被 all, few , much , little , any ,every ,no ,some ,both 等修飾時(shí);
c. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞,形容詞的最高級(jí)及 the only ,the very ,the last 修飾時(shí);
d. 先行詞是既含有人又含有物的名詞詞組時(shí);
e. 先行詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí);
. 在 there + be 的句型中句子的主語(yǔ)是先行詞,而且又是物時(shí).
2.先行詞指人時(shí),許多情況下既可以用 that, 也可用 who,但在下列情況下,宜用 that 不用 who 。
a. 當(dāng)先行詞既是人又是物;
b. 當(dāng)句子出現(xiàn)一個(gè)who等;
c. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。
①He talked a lot about the things and persons that he had remembered there .
②Who is the man that spoke to you just now ?
3.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),一般既可以用that,也可用 who,但在下列情況下,宜用 who 不用 that。
a.當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those時(shí);
b.當(dāng)先行詞為人稱代詞時(shí)。
①He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
②Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practise more.
4.用which 不用that:
a.介詞前置時(shí)關(guān)系代詞只能用which(先行詞為物);
b.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句修飾某物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)只能用which.
①The machine, which I have looked after for many years ,is still working perfectly.
②She failed the exam , which made her parents very angry.
whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
定語(yǔ)從句中某一成分的定語(yǔ)與先行詞的所有格相同,指人指物均可用 whose , whose 作定語(yǔ),指物時(shí),還可用 “ the + 名詞 + of which ”形式,
B.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
When,where ,why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句分別在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),原因狀語(yǔ),一般可以理解為 when=in/on/at+which,
where=in/on+which,
why=for+which.
when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的名詞如time , day , morning , night , week , year 等時(shí),同時(shí)又在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句由 when 引導(dǎo)。
2. where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).當(dāng)先行詞是表地點(diǎn)的名詞如 place ,spot, street ,house ,town ,country ,hotel等時(shí),同時(shí)又在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句由 where 引導(dǎo)
why 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ).當(dāng)先行詞是reason 時(shí),并且從句需要狀語(yǔ)時(shí),由 why 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
例:①Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine?
②The reason why (for which )you failed,I think, was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother’s advice.
[注意]:當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因的名詞時(shí),一定要注意分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu),如缺少主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系詞應(yīng)用 which 或that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)或原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),分別用 when ,where,why。
三、 “介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1.“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞若表示人,只用 whom , 若表示物,只用 which.
2.當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí),介詞賓語(yǔ)只用 which , whom, 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞末尾時(shí),可用 that , which (指物),用that , whom ,who(指人)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
3. “復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ) + 關(guān)系代詞which” 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝語(yǔ)序。
例:He lived in a big house , in front of which stood a big tree.
4.“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)中, 介詞既可是單個(gè)介詞,也可是短語(yǔ)介詞,介詞的選擇可遵循以下四種原則:
a.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞確定介詞,其動(dòng)詞與介詞是固定搭配,構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。
例:The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher.(shake hands with sb)
b.根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中的形容詞確定介詞,其形容詞與介詞是固定搭配,構(gòu)成形容詞短語(yǔ)。
例:The teacher with whom the students in our class are popular is Mr Wang, our English teacher.(be popular with)
c. 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞確定介詞,其先行詞往往是表時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式的名詞,它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。
d.根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。
例:①This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.(意思是:I bought a camera for the pilot.)
②This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. (意思是:My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years.)
注意:在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中,由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割,因此,不能把介詞移到關(guān)系代詞前。
例:The boys he is looking after are very healthy.
四、 特殊的定語(yǔ)從句
1.名(代)詞 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞(在從句中一般作主語(yǔ))結(jié)構(gòu),常用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的代詞有 one , both , all , some , any , most ,several ,few , a few , little , a little , many , much , none , half , either ,neither , each 等。
2.?dāng)?shù)量詞或形容詞最高級(jí)+ 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)。
例:① They have four children, the youngest of whom is a boy.
②.The company now has more than 100 employees, half/30/40 percent of whom are women.
五、定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致的問(wèn)題
1.one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 +復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞;
2.the (only) one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 +單數(shù)動(dòng)詞;
3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 as 或 which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí),若as 或 which 作主語(yǔ),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù);
4.其他情況。
例:① I,who am your teacher , will try my best to help you.
② Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.
六、 定語(yǔ)從句解析技巧
1.首先,要正確判斷是否是定語(yǔ)從句;
2.其次,在確定是定語(yǔ)從句后,就要找準(zhǔn)先行詞,看它是指人,還是指物,是表時(shí)間還是表地點(diǎn);
3.再次,弄清先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作什么成分;
4.最后,在根據(jù)關(guān)系詞各自的意義和用法的特點(diǎn)確定恰當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞。