Comparative Study of Electrochemical Performances of Three Carbon-Based Electrode Materials

ZHOU Yan-Li ZHI Jin-Fang ZHANG Xiang-Fei XU Mao-Tian

(1Department of Chemistry,Shangqiu Normal University,Shangqiu 476000,Henan Province,P.R.China;2Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,P.R.China)

Comparative Study of Electrochemical Performances of Three Carbon-Based Electrode Materials

ZHOU Yan-Li1,*ZHI Jin-Fang2ZHANG Xiang-Fei1XU Mao-Tian1,*

(1Department of Chemistry,Shangqiu Normal University,Shangqiu 476000,Henan Province,P.R.China;2Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials,Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,P.R.China)

The electrochemical properties of three carbon-based electrodes including boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond(BDND),boron-doped microcrystalline diamond(BDMD),and glassy carbon(GC)were compared.We used scanning electron microscopy to characterize the two diamond electrodes and the grain sizes of the BDMD and BDND films were 1-5 μm and 20-100 nm,respectively.The phase composition was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and high-quality BDMD and BDND films were formed by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition.Cyclic votammograms for 0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4showed that the potential windows for the BDND and BDMD electrodes were 3.3 and 3.0 V,respectively.The potential windows were much wider than that of the GC electrode(2.5 V).The cyclic voltammograms and Nyquist plots of the impedance measurements for[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-show peak to peak separations(△Ep)of 73,92,and 112 mV and electron transfer resistances(Ret)of(98±5),(260±19),and(400±25)Ω for the BDND,BDMD,and GC electrodes,respectively.We also investigated the oxidation of 0.1 mmol·L-1bisphenol A(BPA)on the three carbon-based electrodes.The above-mentioned electrochemical results reveal that the two diamond electrodes have wider potential windows,better reversibility,faster electron transfer,and higher stability than the GC electrode.Additionally,the BDND electrode shows better electrochemical properties than the BDMD electrode.

Electrochemical property;Boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond;Boron-doped microcrystalline diamond; Glassy carbon; Electrode

Carbon materials,such as graphite,glassy carbon(GC),carbon black,carbon nanotubes,and vapor-deposited carbon films have been widely used in electroanalytical chemistry[1-2].The oftencited advantages of carbon electrodes include low cost,wide potential window,relatively inert electrochemistry,and electrocatalytic activity for a variety of redox reactions[3-7].Boron-doped diamond(BDD)prepared by chemical vapor deposition(CVD) is a relatively new carbon electrode material.BDD electrodes have an unique combination of electrochemical properties,for example,wide electrochemical potential window,low and stable background current,and high resistance to deactivation by fouling[8-12].

Depending on growth parameters,such as vapor pressure, temperature,and substrate seeding,CVD growth of BDD can produce two types of films,which are generally classified according to the crystal grain size as microcrystalline(BDMD, grain size in micrometer range)and nanocrystalline(BDND, grain sizes below 100 nm)films[13].In addition to the smoother surface,BDND electrodes have more sp2-bonded carbon phase on grain boundaries than BDMD electrodes.It has demonstrated that the electrochemical properties are influenced mainly by morphological features,non-diamond impuritycontent(sp2-bonded carbon),and surface chemistry[14-17].In a recent study,the effect of the sp2-bonded nondiamond carbon impurity on the response of BDD thin-film electrodes was reported and the results indicated the incorporated sp2-bonded carbon in BDND electrodes can provide charge carriers and pathways of high carrier mobility[18-19].

In this paper,the basic electrochemical properties of BDND electrodes were systematically compared with BDMD and GC (complete sp2-bonded carbon)electrodes.The comparison of stability for the above three electrodes was also studied by the detection of bisphenol A(BPA),which usually fouls the conventional electrode surfaces after electrochemical oxidation.

1 Experimental

BPA was supplied by Wako(Japan).Trimethyl borate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich(USA).All other chemicals were of analytical grade,and water was obtained from a Millipore MQ purification system(＞18 MΩ·cm).The phosphate buffer solution(PBS)was prepared with KH2PO4and K2HPO4.

BDMD and BDND thin films were prepared by hot-filament CVD on silicon(100)wafers.Prior to deposition,Si substrates were abraded with 1 μm diamond powder,and then ultra-sonically cleaned successively in acetone and in distilled water for 1 min.Acetone and hydrogen were used as a carbon source and carrier gas,respectively.Trimethyl borate dissolved in the acetone was used as boron source at a B/C molar ratio of 0.5%.The experimental conditions were as follows:the diameter and length of Ta filament were 0.6 mm and 14 cm,respectively; filament-substrate distance was 6 mm,Tfilwas(2100±200)℃,Tsubwas 850-950℃,acetone flow rate was 50 mL·min-1,and H2flow rate was 200 mL·min-1.After 7 h growth,BDMD and BDND thin films were obtained under the similar condition except that the vapor pressure was 1.7 and 0.7 kPa,respectively.The surface morphologies and phase composition of the two diamond films were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM, Hitachi S-4300,Japan)and Raman spectroscopy(Renishaw 1000,England)using a He-Ne laser(632.8 nm)as an excitation source,respectively.

The electrochemical measurements were performed in a threeelectrode cell system using a 263A Potentiostat/Galvanostat with a FRD 100 frequency response detector(Princeton,USA).Diamond electrodes were sonicated successively in 2-propanol and distilled water before use.GC electrodes were polished with 4.0, 1.0,and 0.01 μm alumina powder in succession,rinsed thoroughly with distilled water between each polishing step,and then sonicated in acetone and distilled water in succession.The planar working electrodes were mounted on the bottom of the glass cell by use of a silicone O-ring with an exposed area of 0.07 cm2.Platinum wire and Ag/AgCl(saturated KCl)electrode were used as auxiliary electrode and reference electrode,respectively.The electrolyte solutions were purged with high-purity N2gas for 15 min to reduce the level of oxygen dissolved before each electrochemical measurement.

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Characterization of as-deposited BDD films

Fig.1 shows the SEM images obtained from the as-deposited BDMD and BDND films.Uniform BDD films were deposited after growth for 7 h,and the grain sizes of BDMD and BDND films are 1-5 μm and 20-100 nm,respectively.There are four features in the Raman spectrum of the BDMD film as shown in Fig.2a.The 1332 cm-1diamond peak widens,decreases in intensity,and shifts to a lower wavenumber(1313 cm-1)according to the Raman result of conductive diamond.Broad peaks at 500 and 1200 cm-1and a secondary feature around 1000 cm-1are associated with Fano effect due to the doped boron[17].In Fig.2b,the Raman of BDND film has some change with that of the BDMD films.Firstly,a shoulder peak around 1150 cm-1is often used as a signature for nanocrystalline diamond and is attributed to a surface phonon mode of diamond[20].Secondly,the signal with a maximum at 1540 cm-1is assigned to disordered sp2-bonded carbon in the grain boundaries,and the signal is weak indicating the low proportion of sp2-bonded carbon[21].The characterization of the above surface morphologies and phase composition demonstrated that high-quality BDMD and BDND films have formed by hot-filament CVD.

2.2 Comparison of electrochemical potential window

The surfaces of as-grown diamond electrodes that have been cooled to room temperature under atomic hydrogen are terminated with hydrogen.Due to the hydrophobic surfaces,electrode reactions that involve adsorbed intermediates may be strongly inhibited on diamond.Thus,the rate of water electrolysis is negligible in a very wide potential range on the two diamond electrodes.Fig.3 shows a cyclic voltammogram for different electrodes in 0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4electrolyte.The potential windows for BDND and BDMD electrodes are 3.3 and 3.0 V,respectively.The potential windows are greatly wider than that of GC electrode(2.5 V).Also,as shown in Fig.3,the current for both diamond electrodes is significantly less than that for GC electrode.In contrast,potential window of the BDND electrode is improved compared to that of BDMD electrode.However,the mechanistic cause of this overpotential at BDND electrode is currently unknown.A low background current and wide working potential window at BDND electrode is very similar to what has been reported for nitrogen-incorporated nanocrystalline diamond and carbon film consisting sp2/sp3mixed bonds[22-24].

Fig.3 Cyclic voltammograms for water electrolysis at the three carbon-based electrodes(a)BDND,(b)BDMD,(c)GC;supporting electrolyte:0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4; scan rate:200 mV·s-1

2.3 Comparison of electrochemical behavior for redox species

[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-is an excellent redox system for probing the electronic properties,surface clealiness,and surface structure of electrodes,particularly carbon-based electrodes. As shown in Fig.4,the cyclic voltammograms for 0.5 mmol·L-1[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-in 0.1 mol·L-1PBS and Nyquist plots of impedance measurementsfor10 mmol·L-1[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-in 0.1 mol·L-1KCl were performed at the above three electrodes.In Fig.4A,well-defined and symmetric CV curves of [Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-on the three electrodes were obtained, indicating nearly reversible or quasi-reversible electron transfer kinetics for the electrode interfaces.The anodic peak current of 11.1,7.76,and 6.06 μA and the separation of peak to peak(△Ep) of 73,92,and 112 mV were obtained at the BDND,BDMD,and GC electrodes,respectively.In Fig.4B,the profiles showed a semicircular portion at high frequencies corresponding to the electron transfer limited process and a linear part at low frequencies to the diffusion process.The electron transfer resistance,Ret, is equal to the semicircle diameter.Thus,the Retcould be estimated to be(98±5),(260±19),and(400±25)Ω for the BDND, BDMD,and GC electrodes,respectively.These facts suggest that the reversibility of electrode reaction becomes better and electron transfer is faster at diamond electrodes than GC electrode.In comparison with BDMD electrode,BDND electrode shows superior electron transfer properties due to the increased sp2-bonded carbon phase on grain boundaries of BDND films which may provide charge carries and high carrier mobility pathways.Bennett et al.[19]also studied the effect of sp2-bonded non-diamond impurity on the electrochemical properties of diamond electrodes and as a result,the peak separation of[Fe(CN)6]3-/ [Fe(CN)6]4-decreases with increasing of sp2-bonded carbon. Clearly,the sp2carbon sites on the grain boundaries can have a profound impact on the electrode-reaction kinetics for redox sys-tems.

Fig.4 (A)Cyclic voltammograms of 0.5 mmol·L-1[Fe(CN)6]3-/ [Fe(CN)6]4-in 0.1 mol·L-1PBS(pH 7.0)and(B)Nyquist plots of 10 mmol·L-1[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-in 0.1 mol·L-1KCl by applying an ac voltage with 10 mV amplitude in a frequency range from 10 kHz to 0.1 Hz under open-circuit potential conditions obtained at the three carbon-based electrodes (a)BDND,(b)BDMD,(c)GC

2.4 Comparison of electrochemical stability

Fig.5 Cyclic voltammograms of 0.1 mmol·L-1BPA at the three carbon-based electrodes(a)BDND,(b)BDMD,(c)GC;(1)first sweep,(2)second sweep,(3)third sweep; supporting electrolyte:0.1 mol·L-1PBS(pH 7.0);scan rate:50 mV·s-1

BPA,as an environmental endocrine disrupter,can be used as model compounds for examining electrode stability due to strong adsorption of the reaction product and intermediate product[25-26].Fig.5 shows the cyclic voltammograms for three times sweeps in 0.1 mmol·L-1BPA solution at the above three electrodes.A well-defined cyclic voltammogram was obtained with a peak potential at 1.2 V and the peak current of second and third sweeps has a slight decrease on the two diamond electrodes.As mentioned above,the BDND electrode showed a bigger peak current than BDMD electrode.At GC electrode,BPA oxidation results in a distinct deactivation,indicating that the GC surface is blocked due to the strong adsorption of the oxidation reaction products.Diamond electrodes,even though belonging to the carbon family,are inert with respect to adsorption. The result demonstrates that the diamond electrodes,especially BDND electrode,possess the promising features for analytical applications.

3 Conclusions

Both BDND and BDMD electrodes showed wider potential window,faster electron transfer,and better reversibility of electrode reaction than the GC electrodes.Importantly,compared to the BDMD electrode,the BDND electrode demonstrated superior electrochemical properties ascribed to the incorporated sp2-bonded carbon as charge transfer mediators and flat surface.The oxidation of BPA was detected on the two diamond electrodes with a very low background current,unlike the case of GC, which is known to be vulnerable to deactivation and fouling due to the strong adsorption of the oxidation products.Besides electroanalytical application,the BDND thin film with the outstanding electrochemical properties,inherent biocompatibility and flat surface,have the potential to be used to amperometric biosensors.

1 McCreery,R.L.Chem.Rev.,2008,108:2646

2 Wang,Y.R.;Hu,P.;Liang,Q.L.;Luo,G.A.;Wang,Y.M.Chin. J.Anal.Chem.,2008,36:1011 [王月榮,胡 坪,梁瓊麟,羅國安,王義明.分析化學,2008,36:1011]

3 Chen,P.H.;Fryling,M.A.;McCreery,R.L.Anal.Chem.,1995, 67:3115

4 Wang,J.;Musameh,M.;Mo,J.W.Anal.Chem.,2006,78:7044

5 Hermans,A.;Seipel,A.T.;Miller,C.E.;Wightman,R.M. Langmuir,2006,22:1964

6 Lü,Y.F.;Yin,Y.J.;Wu,P.;Cai,C.X.Acta Phys.-Chim.Sin., 2007,23:5 [呂亞芬,印亞靜,吳 萍,蔡稱心.物理化學學報, 2007,23:5]

7 Zhang,B.;Adams,K.L.;Luber,S.J.;Eves,D.J.;Heien,M.; Ewing,A.G.Anal.Chem.,2008,80:1394

8 Zhi,J.F.;Tian,R.H.Prog.Chem.,2005,17:55 [只金芳,田如海.化學進展,2005,17:55]

9 Granger,M.C.;Witek,M.;Xu,J.;Wang,J.;Hupert,M.;Hanks, A.;Koppang,M.D.;Butler,J.E.;Lucazeau,G.;Mermoux,M.;Strojek,J.W.;Swain,G.M.Anal.Chem.,2000,72:3793

10 Tatsuma,T.;Mori,H.;Fujishima,A.Anal.Chem.,2000,72:2919

11 Compton,R.G.;Foord,J.S.;Marken,F.Electroanalysis,2003, 15:1349

12 Swain,G.M.;Ramesham,R.Anal.Chem.,1993,65:345

13 Zhou,Y.L.;Zhi,J.F.;Zou,Y.S.;Zhang,W.J.;Lee,S.T.Anal. Chem.,2008,80:4141

14 Wilson,N.R.;Clewes,S.L.;Newton,M.E.;Unwin,P.R.; MacPherson,J.V.J.Phys.Chem.B,2006,110:5639

15 Barnard,A.S.;Sternberg,M.J.Phys.Chem.B,2006,110:19307

16 Zhang,Y.;Yoshihara,S.;Shirakashi,T.;Kyomen,T.Diamond Relat.Mater.,2005,14:213

17 Fischer,A.E.;Show,Y.;Swain,G.M.Anal.Chem.,2004,76: 2553

18 Duo,I.;Fujishima,A.;Comninellis,C.Electrochem.Commun., 2003,5:695

19 Bennett,J.A.;Wang,J.;Show,Y.;Swain,G.M.J.Electrochem. Soc.,2004,151:E306

20 Show,Y.;Witek,M.A.;Sonthalia,P.;Swain,G.M.Chem.Mater., 2003,15:879

21 Prawer,S.;Nugent,K.W.;Jamieson,D.N.;Orwa,J.O.;Bursill,L. A.;Peng,J.L.Chem.Phys.Lett.,2000,332:93

22 Chen,Q.;Gruen,D.M.;Krauss,A.R.;Corrigan,T.D.;Witek,M.; Swain,G.M.J.Electrochem.Soc.,2001,148:E44

23 Niwa,O.;Jia,J.;Sato,Y.;Kato,D.;Kurita,R.;Maruyama,K.; Suzuki,K.;Hirono,S.J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2006,128:7144

24 Jia,J.;Kato,D.;Kurita,R.;Sato,Y.;Maruyama,K.;Suzuki,K.; Hirono,S.;Ando,T.;Niwa,O.Anal.Chem.,2007,79:98

25 Yin,H.;Zhou,Y.;Ai,S.J.Electroanal.Chem.,2009,626:80

26 D′Antuono,A.;Dall′Orto,V.C.;Lo Balbo,A.;Sobral,S.; Rezzano,I.J.Agric.Food Chem.,2001,49:1098

三種碳基電極材料的電化學性質對比研究

周艷麗1,*只金芳2張向飛1徐茂田1,*

(1商丘師范學院化學系,河南商丘 476000;2中國科學院理化技術研究所,中國科學院光化學轉換與功能材料重點實驗室,北京 100190)

對硼摻雜納米金剛石(BDND),硼摻雜微米金剛石(BDMD)和玻碳(GC)電極的電化學性質做了對比研究.利用掃描電子顯微鏡表征了BDMD和BDND電極,其表面粒子大小分別為1-5 μm和20-100 nm.利用Raman光譜對兩種金剛石薄膜的成分進行了表征,結果表明利用熱絲化學氣相沉積法得到了高質量的BDND和BDMD薄膜.采用0.5 mol·L-1H2SO4溶液測定了三種電極的電化學窗口,BDND和BDMD電極的電化學窗口分別為3.3和3.0 V,遠比GC電極(2.5 V)的要寬.[Fe(CN)6]3-/[Fe(CN)6]4-溶液的循環(huán)伏安和交流阻抗測定表明,在BDND、BDMD和GC電極上的峰間距(△Ep)分別為73、92和112 mV,且其電子傳遞電阻(Ret)分別為(98±5)、(260±19)和(400±25)Ω.我們也研究了0.1 mmol·L-1雙酚A在三種電極上的電化學氧化行為.上述的電化學測定結果表明,兩種金剛石電極均比GC電極表現(xiàn)出了更寬的電化學窗口、更好的電化學可逆性質、更快的電子傳遞速度和更高的電化學穩(wěn)定性,更為重要的是與BDMD相比BDND的電化學性質有進一步的提高.

電化學性質;硼摻雜納米金剛石;硼摻雜微米金剛石;玻碳;電極

O646

Received:April 18,2010;Revised:May 18,2010;Published on Web:July 2,2010.

*Corresponding authors.ZHOU Yan-Li,Email:zhouyanli@mails.gucas.ac.cn.XU Mao-Tian,Email:xumaotian@sqnc.edu.cn;Tel:+86-370-2595685.

The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(20775047),International Cooperative Project Foundation of Science and Technology Department of Henan Province,China(084300510075),and Youth Foundation of Shangqiu Normal University,China(009QN08).

國家自然科學基金(20775047),河南省科技廳國際合作項目基金(084300510075)和商丘師范學院青年基金(009QN08)資助

?Editorial office of Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica