Contents and Abstracts

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[Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations]

Title: On Poseidon’s Image in Homeric Epics……….…….….………………………………………………………………/2 Author: Zhu Yizhang， Lecturer， School of History and Culture， Shandong University， Jinan， Shandong， 250100， China. Abstract: Poseidon was an important role in religion， myth and literature of ancient Greece. His religious functions， and status in mythical image in literature were mainly established by Homeric Epics. Poseidon doesn’t only appear frequently in the Homeric Epics but also influences the development of the plots directly; therefore， he could be seen as one of the most important gods in the Epics. But Homeric Epics do not introduce his basic image clearly. In Homeric Epics， Poseidon carries the deity and humanity aspect of the figure， and the latter was emphasized， which implied his archetype was a mortal wanax.

Key words: Homeric Epics; Poseidon; image; archetype; influence

[Byzantine and the European Middle Ages]

Title: The Epoch of Great Change and the Formation of the Military System of the Byzantine Empire: On the Military Revolutions from the Epoch of Diocletian to the Times of Justinian………….……………………………………/10

Author: Ma Feng， Doctoral Candidate， School of History and Culture， Northeast Normal University， Changchun， Jilin， 130024， China.

Abstract: Under the shock of the third-century crisis， the Roman Empire passively undertook a series of changes， including military revolution. From the Epoch of Diocletian to the Times of Justinian the military reformation solved the problems in praetorian guards， barbarian mercenaries， the army reorganization and the mainly military strategies. The partition between the army and the administration had a significant impact on the military revolution during this period. Through these reformations， the Imperial Army completed the evolution from the heavy infantry-centered Roman legions of classical age to the cavalry-centered Byzantine army of the Middle Ages. This new system provided military protection for thousand- year-long rule of the Byzantine Empire.

Key words: Diocletian; Constantine the Great; Justinian; Military Revolution Title: On the Plurality of the Historiographical Activities in the Carolingian Period……………………………………/16 Author: Zhu Junyi， Doctoral Candidate， Center for History of World Civilizations， Northeast Normal University， Changchun， Jilin， 130024， China.

Abstract: There are two different academic opinions on the historiographical mechanism of west Europe during the Middle Ages in domestic academic community. One opinion claims that the historiographical activities were controlled by church. However， the other believes that they were private. In fact， these two opinions are slightly different from the historiographical practice in the Carolingian Period. In the Carolingian Period， although the vast majority of the historiographers were clergies or monks， church could not monopolize the historiographical activities.The Carolingian court also organized historiographical activities with official tint and also sponsored strongly private ones. There were several historiographical orbits in the Carolingian period， including royal， private， monasterial and episcopate historiographies. And the whole historiographical enterprise took on a look of plurality. Key words: plurality; Carolingian Period; historiographical enterprise[History of Pre-Qin China]

Title: The New Understandings of Jinteng Written on Bamboo Slips…..….………………………….…………….……/23 Author:Wang Kunpeng， Doctoral Candidate， School of History， Beijing Normal University， Beijing， 100875， China. Abstract: Through comparing the narrative structure and terminology of Jinteng in bamboo slips and the handed-down version， the article holds the argument that the historical events stated， such as “Duke Zhou lies in the east” and “Wind and Thunder imply changes”， are identical to the versions of Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan. It deduces the similar versions of Jinteng were still imparted after Warring States Period. The statements made by Ma and Zheng were interpretations on them. Based upon the clue of from “still having not welcome Duke Zhou”， “having welcome Duke Zhou himself” to“having gone outwards and welcome Duke Zhou”， the bamboo slips version appears to be more smooth and includes the editors’ ideas. The history narrated displays the feature of philosophical works of the Warring States Period. The bamboo slips version takes on more flavor of that times in terms of terminology and the situational setup.

Key words: Tsinghua Bamboo Slips; Jinteng; the versions of Shu King Title: On the Ritual Functions of Yan and Xiang Ceremony in the Zhou Dynasty……….………………………………/29 Author:Li Zhigang， Lecturer， School of History and Social Development， Taishan College， Taian， Shandong， 271021， China. Abstract: Yan Ceremony（宴禮） and Xiang Ceremony（饗禮）are important parts of the Zhou Civilization. Although the specific details of the manners may be different on diverse occasions， they were widely practiced in the upper-class.

The functionality of the ceremonies， included uniting clansmen， respecting friends; appeasing guests and entertaining ordinary people. From the clansmen to ordinary people or from the people of the same surname to different surnames， the ceremonies not only reflected the diversity of Zhou people’s communication loop network， but also showed that under the patriarchal system， Zhou people’s relationship ranged from small to large， from near to far. Key words: Zhou Dynasty; Yan and Xiang Ceremonies; functions

Title: Shen Shushi and the Earliest Discussion on Historical Education in China…….…………………………………/38 Author: Yan Jing， Lecturer， College of History and Social Development， Shandong Normal University， Jinan， Shandong， 250014， China.

Abstract: The historical education has a long tradition in China. In the middle Spring and Autumn Period， Shen Shushi， who was a senior official in State of Chu， made a discussion on the crown prince education. Shen Shushi’s discussion recorded in Chu Yu (I) of GuoYu has been regarded as the earliest discussion on historical education in China. This article explains the nine historical documents and their educational function proposed by Shen Shushi on the basis of The Interpretation of GuoYu by Wei Zhao， the related notes on GuoYu and some Pre-Qin documents， in order to reveal Shen Shushi’s profound educational idea and his historical position in China.

Key words: Chu Yu (I) of GuoYu; the Spring and Autumn Period; Shen Shushi; historical education

[Imperial China]

Title: On the Institutional Setting-up of Counties and Villages of Qin Dynasty in Liye Qinjian (I)….…………………/46 Author: Wang Yanhui， Professor， School of History and Culture， Northeast Normal University， Changchun， Jilin， 130024， China.

Abstract: Qianling county of the Qin Dynasty set up nine Caos according to Liye Qinjian， namely Shaocao， Weicao， Licao， Hucao， Cangcao， Kucao， Sikongcao， Yucao and Jiucao. Jinbu is a department of Shaocao， which especially dealt with cashier， census and accounts， while Shaonei， Cang， Ku， Sikong， Jiu are officials of Youzhi， and Weishi， Hucaoshi and Yushi are officials of Doushi， only nothing is said about Licao. County set two offices， the Office of County and the Office of Field， which is identical with the law articles of the Law of Early Han Dynasty. The meaning of the character“shou”(守) in the titles can be understood as exam-official and substitute ad interim.

Key words: Liye Qinjian; Court of county; Douguan; Official of county; Official of field

Title: Jiezu of Han Dynasty and the Urban Traffic Order……….…………………………………………………………/58 Author: Wang Zijin， Professor， Faculty of Chinese Classics， Renmin University of China， Beijing， 100872， China.

Abstract: Documents of Han Dynasty witness the appellation of Jiezu(街卒). So-called Jiezu had an economic relationship of serving and hiring forms. Jiezu’s duty was to domesticate the troublemakers on the street， to keep the public order. The contents in the documents of Han Jian (bamboo slip) discovered in Gangu refers to Zhizhi， which indicates that there had been full-time staff managing the traffic jam. All of these show that the traffic order had been attached importance at that time in the city administration. It can also exhibit the features of city culture of Han Dynasty through a special side view， and further enables us to know something about the composition of everyday life order.

Key words: Han Dynasty; Jiezu; managing the traffic jam; traffic management; Social administration

Title: A Research into Shi Xing and the Deeds of His Offspring in the View of Korean Documents………………….…/63 Author: Sun Weiguo， Professor， College of History， Nankai University， Tianjin， 300071， China.

Abstract: The Military Minister of the Ming Dynasty Shi Xing played a leading role in the early Ming Dynasty wars against Wokou (倭寇，the Japanese pirates) and aiding Korea. However， it was not mentioned in detail in the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties， but recorded as legends in Korean historical documents. Based on the Korean historical documents， with reference to the documents of Ming and Qing dynasties， the article intends to restore the true Shi Xing. Under the requisition of Zheng Kunshou， who was the Korean Official of Qingbing Chenzou (presenting asking for army to the emperor， 請(qǐng)兵陳奏使)， Shi Xing strongly backed going to Korean rescue， which was taken as his duty without any personal relationship， and had nothing to do with that Korean translator Hong Chunyan， who obliged the second wife of Shi Xing. Shi Xing relied on Shen Weijing in tributary， but Shen Weijing was not a right person for beguilement. The whole dynasty of Ming was ignorant of Japan， and it shouldn’t be Shi Xing’s duty to be in charge of tributary， which led to the tributary’s failure and the war again， Shi Xing died in jail. Korean felt grateful to him and built Muyeol Temple to worship him. It is said that the offsprings of Shi Xing migrated to Korea and settled there after the decline of the Ming Dynasty， which is proven only by popular folklore， no authoritative materials discovered. That Joseon Jeongjo showed kindness to the descendents of Shi Xing in legend reflects his strong mood of gratitude. Key words: Shi Xing; Shen Weijing; Zheng Kunshou; fight against Wokou and aid Korea; the War of Tributary[Eastern Asian History and Culture]

Title: On the Relations between the Mainland Immigrants and the Ancient Japanese Crown：From the Perspective of Characters and Literature…………………………………………….………….…….….……………………….…/73

Author: Wang Kai， Lecturer， College of Foreign Languages， Nankai University， Tianjin， 300071， China.

Abstract: The immigrants from China’s mainland and those from the Korean peninsula contributed valuable material and spiritual civilization to the formation of ancient Japanese nation， especially directed the maturity of ancient Japanese scepter through their devotion to the characters and literature. The characters bridged mainland immigrants and the ancient Japanese monarchy. Meanwhile， the Chinese immigrants， who served as an important carrier of the characters， were also a significant bond amidst China， the Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelagos. Analyzing the relation

between Chinese immigrants and ancient Japanese scepter through literature and characters will be beneficial to understanding the impact of Chinese immigrants in the development of ancient Japanese scepter and also helpful in learning unknown history of Ancient Japan.

Key words: the mainland immigrants; the ancient Japanese crown; characters; literature

Title: The Evolution of Kousinsisei in Ancient Japan and its Reasons………..…..…………………………….…………/80 Author: Zhang Lin， Doctoral Candidate， Chinese Academy of Social Sciences， Beijing， 102488， China.

Abstract: In Ancient Japan， the royals did not have Kabane. However， Kousinsisei emerged with the changes of political backdrop. The essence of Kousinsisei was the enhancement of centralized government with emperor in the center of government by adjusting identity system with emperor on the top of government. The changes of Kousinsisei reflected the transition from ancient Japan to the Middle Ages.

Key words: Ancient Japan; Kousinsisei; Changes; Reasons

Title: “Xiao Zhonghua Embassy” in Koryo Dynasty and the Origin of “Xiao Zhonghua Mind” of Joseon Dynasty…./88 Author: Huang Xiuzhi， Doctoral Candidate， Department of History， Fudan University， Shanghai， 200433， China..

Abstract: “Xiao zhonghua”(Little China) was the name presented to Koryo dynasty by Chinese in Song Dynasty from 1046 to 1083， which was related to Song naming Koryo’s embassy as “Xiao zhonghua embassy”. Because of its aspiration for China and the need of resisting Liao and Juchen Dynasty， Koryo tried to dispatch the embassadors to form an alliance with Song， while Song resonated strongly to Koryo due to the common strategic interests and excellent literary works of Koryo embassadors， consequently “Xiao zhonghua embassy” appeared in the diplomacy between Koryo and Song. It wasn’t total cultural consciousness of Koryo but a diplomatic symbol. In late Koryo Dynasty， Yi Saek recounted and reinterpreted “Xiao zhonghua embassy” because of the influence of Zhuzi doctrine and the change from Yuan to Ming， making it surmount the historical context of diplomacy between Koryo and Song and giving it distinct realistic meaning and Sino-barbarian mind. Here after， “Xiao zhonghua” was sublimated as Koryo’s cultural identity and political ideal， which implied the rise of burgeoning Confucian ministers. For this reason， “Xiao zhonghua embassy” became the origin of “Xiao Zhonghua mind” stressed constantly by Joseon Dynasty.

Key words: Xiao Zhonghua Embassy; Xiaohua ji (Collected Works of Little China); Xiao Zhonghua Mind; Yi Saek; Zhuzi doctrine

[Study of Traditional Chinese Scholarship]

Title: The New Exploration of the Original Meaning of Jade Bi and Jade Cong. ……….………………………………/97 Author: Liu Zheng， Doctoral Candidate， Department of History， Nanjing University， Nanjing， 210093， China.

Abstract: Jade Bi(璧) and Jade Cong(琮) are the two most important ritual utensils in ancient China. For the interpretation of the symbolism of both， there are many explanations. In fact， both from the view of literature， or of the archaeological material， they should be associated with the Yin(陰) and Yang(陽(yáng)) concept， the outside form of the abstract discourse: Yin and Yang， Qian(乾) and Kun(坤)， Heaven and Earth， father and mother， men and women. Where， Jade Bi is the materialization of the concept of Yin， Kun， mother， female， a symbol of Earth mother’s genital; Jade Cong is the figurative concept of Yang， Qian， father， heaven， male， a symbol of Gods’ genital. “Worship the gods by White Jade Bi， worship Mother Earth by Yellow Jade Cong” which is out of ancestors’ wishes for intercourse of Heaven and Earth， harmony of Yin and Yang and praying for high grain yield and population proliferation. Key words: Jade Bi; Jade Cong; Yin and Yang concept

Title: On the Causes and Implications of the Basic System of Poetry of the States ……………..………………………/105

Author: Wang Hongjuan， Doctoral Candidate， School of History and Culture， Northeast Normal University， Changchun，

130024， China.

Abstract: The sequencing system of Poetry of the States(“國(guó)風(fēng)”) recorded in Zuo Zhuan(《左傳》) is the basis and direct source of the system of our Mao Poetry(《毛詩(shī)》). King Ping pioneered the system in which he reposed strong political purpose. The formation reasons and implications of the system are as follows: “Zhou Nan and Shao Nan”(“二南”) to “Wang Feng”(“王風(fēng)”) symbolizes the process of Zhou Dynasty from rise to prosperity to reconstruction， indicating the legally constituted authority of Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the political pursuit of “inheriting the ancestors”(“紹祖”) and “revealing his aspirations”(“明志”) of King Ping; from “Zheng Feng”(“鄭風(fēng)”) to “Tang Feng”(“唐風(fēng)”) was the result that King Ping examined the four domains of the country from Luoyang， seeking to highlight Eastern Zhou Dynasty’s supreme power and position in the whole world; The others after “Chen Feng”(“陳風(fēng)”) was selected by King Ping from the small states for expansion ， and they have extended the system of“Poetry of the States”(“國(guó)風(fēng)”) of Zhou Dynasty and showed the effective control of the Zhou Dynasty over its princes of minor status or importance.

Key words: The book of Poetry; Poetry of the States; System; King Ping

[News Letters] The Five Volumes Collected Works of Zhichun Lin was Pulished……….…….…………………………………….……/104 English Contents and Abstracts………….…………………………………………………………………………………/112 Editor’s Notes…………………….…….…………………………….…………………….….….………………/cover page 2 Call for Papers…………….…………..….…………………………………………………….…..……….……/cover page 3