高考書面表達(dá)中的典型錯(cuò)誤及應(yīng)對

在今年及往年的高考英語閱卷過程中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)考生書面表達(dá)所犯錯(cuò)誤與平時(shí)大不相同，現(xiàn)對典型錯(cuò)誤及應(yīng)對策略總結(jié)如下。

審題、構(gòu)思上的錯(cuò)誤

1. 審題草率，偏離主題，缺漏要點(diǎn)或無限發(fā)揮。

對策：制定合理的答題方案，完成書表要安排足夠的時(shí)間，一般20-25分鐘。下筆前，認(rèn)真審題，弄清文章的主題、體裁、時(shí)態(tài)等，歸納出內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)，列出提綱，打草稿，用8-10句英語句子表達(dá)出來，切勿匆匆下筆。另外，注意根據(jù)需要適當(dāng)發(fā)揮，一般一至兩句，不可無限發(fā)揮而影響了重要內(nèi)容的表達(dá)。

2. 思路混亂，從頭至尾只有一段，或隨意、過多地分段，發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)類的作文中常犯自相矛盾的錯(cuò)誤。

如“以高中生對文、理科的選擇為話題，用英語介紹一下你所做的選擇，并說明理由”，有的考生第一段就亮明了觀點(diǎn)“選擇理科”——“I decided to choose science as my main subject. The reasons are as follows. ”接下來，便說明了選理科的理由，但在文章快要結(jié)束時(shí)卻寫道“But my physics is weak. What’s more， I like history very much， so I decided on arts as my main subject of study.” 這樣前后自相矛盾，不知道考生的選擇到底是什么。

對策：考生可根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序以及事物之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，進(jìn)行合理排序、分段。首段要點(diǎn)明主題，亮明觀點(diǎn)，中間段圍繞主題展開描述，根據(jù)需要可用一至兩段，結(jié)尾段一定要呼應(yīng)首段，將主題升華（首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)尾升華），不要出現(xiàn)自相矛盾的情況。

詞法上的錯(cuò)誤

1. 詞匯搭配不當(dāng)，如：

問題句：I can introduce our country for foreigners in English.

修改句：I can introduce our country to foreigners in English.

對策：平時(shí)熟記高頻單詞、固定搭配，考試時(shí)，在運(yùn)用某個(gè)單詞或者短語時(shí)，慎重考慮這個(gè)單詞或短語與其它內(nèi)容是否搭配。

2．詞性中的張冠李戴

× My English is very well.

√ My English is very good.

× I want to make friends with students from others country.

√ I want to make friends with students from other countries.

對策：平時(shí)記單詞時(shí)除了詞義，還要識記其詞性、名詞的可數(shù)性與不可數(shù)性、動(dòng)詞的延續(xù)性與非延續(xù)性、及物與不及物等。寫作時(shí)，如果對所寫單詞的詞性沒有把握，可換用其它單詞。

時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

大部分考生段首句子的時(shí)態(tài)還正確，但段中就開始出錯(cuò)，或者前半句時(shí)態(tài)還正確，后半句就錯(cuò)了。因?yàn)檫@部分考生對各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法以及什么樣的文體該用什么時(shí)態(tài)還弄不清。如：

× I’d be grateful if you accepted me as a member of your camp.

√ I’d be grateful if you accept me as a member of your camp.

× I was told that he has been looking for a new job all through the summer.

√ I was told that he had been looking for a new job all through the summer.

對策：弄清各種文體對應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)，如日記應(yīng)該用過去時(shí)態(tài)，通知用將來時(shí)態(tài)，發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)類的文章及圖表作文用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，書信根據(jù)需要可以交叉使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)、將來時(shí)態(tài)和過去時(shí)態(tài)。寫完后還要認(rèn)真檢查，看一下時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)一致方面是否出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤。

語態(tài)錯(cuò)誤

形式多為：不及物動(dòng)詞誤用被動(dòng)形式，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞變化拼寫錯(cuò)誤，該用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的地方?jīng)]有用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：

× I got a message that a summer camp will be hold in Singapore.

√ I got a message that a summer camp will be held in Singapore.

× I hope I will accept as a member of your summer camp.

√ I hope I will be accepted as a member of your summer camp.

對策：平時(shí)有意識地進(jìn)行主、被動(dòng)語態(tài)方面的轉(zhuǎn)換練習(xí)，熟記不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞變化形式。寫作時(shí)，要確保運(yùn)用被動(dòng)形式的是及物動(dòng)詞，檢查動(dòng)詞的過去分詞形式是否寫錯(cuò)，并思考一下此處語態(tài)應(yīng)用是否合適。

句法結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤

1. 句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整

閱卷發(fā)現(xiàn)：句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整的情況常出現(xiàn)在定語從句以及需要跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)中。

× I’d like to communicate with students come from foreign countries.

√ I’d like to communicate with students who come from different countries.

√ I’d like to communicate with students from different countries.

× I can tell the foreign students about China.

剖析：“告訴某人某物”為tell sb sth 。

√ I can tell the foreign students something about China.

對策：掌握好主謂、主謂賓、主系表、主謂雙賓、主謂賓補(bǔ)五種基本句型和there be結(jié)構(gòu)。通過翻譯、改錯(cuò)、改寫、轉(zhuǎn)換句型等將句法結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)化，要有意識地經(jīng)常運(yùn)用已糾正的常錯(cuò)句型，注意句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性。

2. 懸垂修飾語現(xiàn)象

懸垂修飾語是指句首的短語或修飾語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。分詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和省略句作為修飾語時(shí)考生受漢語影響常會(huì)出現(xiàn)懸垂現(xiàn)象。

× In order to help us learn English well， a foreign teacher will be hired.

√ In order to help us learn English well， our school will hire a foreign teacher.

× At the age of 19， my sister left hometown for Harvard University.

√ When my sister was 19， she left hometown for Harvard University.

√ When I was 19， my sister left hometown for Harvard University.

對策：使用非謂語動(dòng)詞和省略句作為修飾語時(shí)，要注意使它們的邏輯主語與句子的主語保持一致（獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)除外）。運(yùn)用短語作從句時(shí)，要記住短語所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不得與后面主句所描述的內(nèi)容有所沖突或者造成歧義。

3. 漢語式英語，逐字翻譯

比如表達(dá)“我對這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)感興趣，想?yún)⒓??！?/p>

× I’m interested in the activity and want to take part in.

√ I’m interested in the activity and want to take part in it.

表達(dá)“公園里有一則告示，上面寫道：‘注意安全，道路光滑?！?/p>

× There is a notice in the park， writing：“To take notice of safe， slippery sideway ”

√ There is a notice in the park， saying：“Watch your step. Slippery sideway. ”

對策：養(yǎng)成用英語思維進(jìn)行寫作的習(xí)慣，不逐字翻譯題目所列的要求，遇到自己沒有把握的，可換一種方式表達(dá)。

語法關(guān)系不一致

表現(xiàn)為：主謂不一致、指代不一致、單復(fù)數(shù)不一致、比較對象不一致、時(shí)態(tài)不一致等方面。如：

× In the bedroom there are a bed， a desk and a chair.

√ In the bedroom there is a bed， a desk and a chair.

× The shoes are very beautiful. I think you will like it.

√ The shoes are very beautiful. I think you will like them.

對策：日常學(xué)習(xí)中，要多留心各種特殊的語法關(guān)系，注意培養(yǎng)英語語感。寫作完成后，只要認(rèn)真檢查，就可以避免類似錯(cuò)誤的出現(xiàn)。

5. 重復(fù)累贅

累贅句：I can speak fluent English fluently.

簡潔句：I can speak fluent English. /I can speak English fluently.

累贅句：Just as the saying goes “every coin has two sides，” it is the same with the private cars， that is to say， it has its disadvantages.

簡潔句：Just as the saying goes， “every coins has two sides，” so does the private cars.或Every coin has two sides， so does the private cars.

對策：英語有一個(gè)原則叫簡潔原則（又叫經(jīng)濟(jì)原則）——能用三詞不用四詞。平時(shí)進(jìn)行長句短寫訓(xùn)練，學(xué)會(huì)用省略的方法使句子簡潔明了。寫作完成后，要認(rèn)真檢查，看有無重復(fù)累贅句。

句式結(jié)構(gòu)單一，無連接詞

結(jié)構(gòu)單一句：I’m Li Hua. I’m a middle school student. I’m from China.

修改句：I’m Li Hua， a middle school student from China.

結(jié)構(gòu)單一句：You practise more reading， you will improve your reading ability.

修改句：If you practise more reading， you will improve your reading ability.

對策：學(xué)會(huì)恰當(dāng)使用連接詞、同位語、非謂語動(dòng)詞、短語等對結(jié)構(gòu)單一的英語句子進(jìn)行合并，進(jìn)行簡單句和復(fù)合句的轉(zhuǎn)換訓(xùn)練，逐步掌握較復(fù)雜句式。

“高級表達(dá)”誤區(qū)現(xiàn)象

過多使用所謂的“高級詞匯”、 “高級語法結(jié)構(gòu)”如：

For so many years’ tough studying， I have conquered English. I totally master English. I can speak magnificent English. And I want to make my voice be widely heard throughout the world. So I want to take part in your summer camp.

剖析：考生雖然很認(rèn)真地使用了“高級詞匯”： tough，conquer，master，magnificent等，但因?yàn)椴粔蚝啙崪?zhǔn)確，有的用詞也不符合中學(xué)生的身份，反而使語言啰嗦，晦澀難懂。

修改：I’ve been learning English for many years， and I speak fluent English now. What is more， I’ll be able to tell students from other countries something about China and learn about their countries as well. I hope I will be accepted as a member of your summer camp.

又如：I strongly hope that this plan should be carried out continually not only because it has given us more space to develop our critical thinking and independent ability but also because we really feel much happier than ever before.

剖析：該句用詞39個(gè)，包含了一個(gè)賓語從句，兩個(gè)狀語從句，太冗長。

拆分修改：I strongly hope that this plan should be carried out continually because it has allowed us more space to develop our critical thinking and independent ability. What’s more， we really feel much happier than ever before. （一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句、一個(gè)簡單句，連接詞使句子流暢連貫）

對策：使用詞匯、語法結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該簡潔、準(zhǔn)確、恰當(dāng)、通俗易懂，少用生僻詞，不要為了所謂的“高級結(jié)構(gòu)”而牽強(qiáng)使用，走出所謂“高級結(jié)構(gòu)”的誤區(qū)。對于冗長啰嗦的長句子可運(yùn)用拆分省略法，使其簡潔有力。

總之，只要我們針對高考英語書面表達(dá)中的典型錯(cuò)誤，采取必要的對策，在老師的指導(dǎo)下扎實(shí)訓(xùn)練，高考中有針對性的檢查糾正，就一定能夠降低出錯(cuò)率，提高得分檔次，增加高考獲勝籌碼。