[摘要]目的:體外誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)人脂肪干細(xì)胞(adipose-derived stem cells, ADSCs),觀察是否可以分化形成血管平滑肌細(xì)胞(vascular smooth muscle cells, VSMCs),為構(gòu)建組織工程化血管尋找新的種子細(xì)胞來源。方法:免疫磁珠法分選收集原代脂肪干細(xì)胞,加入PDGF-BB、TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)14天后進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。結(jié)果:實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)呈現(xiàn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞所特有的峰谷樣生長(zhǎng),血管平滑肌細(xì)胞特有的表面抗原標(biāo)記物表達(dá)陽性。結(jié)論:脂肪干細(xì)胞定向誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)后,具有血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的特性,有可能成為構(gòu)建組織工程化血管新的種子細(xì)胞來源。
[關(guān)鍵詞]脂肪干細(xì)胞;血管平滑肌細(xì)胞;血小板衍生生長(zhǎng)因子;轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1
[中圖分類號(hào)]Q813.1 R622.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2010)02-0215-03
Experiments of adscs induced into vascular smooth muscle cells
JIANG Wei1,CAO Qiang1,WANG Ji-hua2,F(xiàn)ENG Xing-hua1
(1.Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,School of Stomatology,F(xiàn)ourth Military Medical University,Xi'an 710032,Shaanxi,China; 2. Department of Plastic Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming 650101,Yunnan,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the feasibility of ADSCs differentiating into VSMCs in vitro and to find the new source of seeding cells in constructing the tissue-engineered vessels.MethodsTo separate the cells from the original adipose stem cells by MACS and culture 14 days with PDGF-BB and TGF-β1.ResultsThe cells show \"peak and valley\" growth pattern specified as mature VSMCs and express the VSMC's markers.ConclusionADSCs were induced in vitro in specific environment,the cells show the significant characteristics of VSMCs and have the potentiality being seeding cells of construct the tissue-engineered vessels.
Key words: adipose-derived stem cells; vascular smooth muscle cells; platelet derived growth factor BB; transforming growth factor beta
脂肪干細(xì)胞由中胚層分化發(fā)育而來,具有類似于骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞特性[1],可以向脂肪細(xì)胞、軟骨細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞和成骨細(xì)胞分化[2],而且脂肪干細(xì)胞取材更方便、更容易獲取。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):體外培養(yǎng)ADSCs可表達(dá)肌源性標(biāo)志物MyoD1 和肌球蛋白重鏈[3],體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)也證明其表達(dá)α- 肌動(dòng)蛋白[4]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察研究了脂肪干細(xì)胞在特定的誘導(dǎo)環(huán)境下,向血管平滑肌細(xì)胞分化的情況。
1材料和方法
1.1 主要試劑與儀器:FBS、M-199 培養(yǎng)基(Gibco公司,美國(guó));TGF-β1(transforming growth factor, TGF-β1)、PDGF-BB(platelet derives growth factor-BB, PDGF-BB)(Sigma公司,美國(guó));單克隆鼠抗人α平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA,Dako Cytomation公司,美國(guó));單克隆鼠抗人平滑肌肌球蛋白重鏈(SM-MHC,Chemicon公司,加拿大);單克隆鼠抗人Calponin、單克隆羊抗人SM22α(Abcam公司,美國(guó));倒置相差顯微鏡(Olympus公司,日本);LSN-510 激光共聚焦顯微鏡(Zeiss公司,德國(guó))。
1.2 ADSCs 分離培養(yǎng)與傳代:脂肪組織由脂肪抽吸術(shù)獲得,37℃搖床中0.075%Ⅰ型膠原酶消化PBS清洗的脂肪,60min,加入同體積含10% FBS的M-199 培養(yǎng)液終止消化。300×g離心10min,去上清,100目濾網(wǎng)過濾,加入10%M199培養(yǎng)液吹打均勻接種,恒溫培養(yǎng)24h后PBS去除未貼壁的細(xì)胞。
1.3 免疫磁珠(MACS)細(xì)胞分選:胰酶消化法收集生長(zhǎng)至融合的原代細(xì)胞,離心去除上清,加入5%BSA/PBS吹打均勻,200目濾網(wǎng)過濾后離心去除上清,加入CD34b和CD34fc,比例為100μl/108cells,4°C避光30min,加入5%BSA洗除未結(jié)合抗體,離心去除上清,加入5%BSA進(jìn)行免疫磁珠分選,得到CD34+的細(xì)胞。
1.4 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組:分選出的CD34+細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)至融合后,酶消化法收集細(xì)胞,以2×104個(gè)/cm2接種于培養(yǎng)皿,實(shí)驗(yàn)組用加入含2.5ngTGFβ1、50 ng/ml PDGF-BB的5% M199培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),對(duì)照組以5%M199培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng)。
1.5 檢測(cè)指標(biāo)
1.5.1 常規(guī)培養(yǎng)并隔日換培養(yǎng)液每日觀察細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)情況和形態(tài)特征變化。
1.5.2 免疫熒光檢測(cè):培養(yǎng)14天后,收集兩組細(xì)胞,用乙醇及冰醋酸以99:1 比例固定15min,PBS漂洗,10%羊血清封閉30min,加入以0.1% BSA稀釋的1:100 抗體:α-SMA、SM-MHC和Calponin,4℃過夜,PBS漂洗,滴加FITC標(biāo)記相應(yīng)二抗,37℃孵育30min,PBS漂洗,碘化丙啶襯核后,熒光顯微鏡下觀察。胞漿內(nèi)綠色熒光為陽性表達(dá),細(xì)胞核為紅色熒光。
2結(jié)果
2.1形態(tài)學(xué):原代培養(yǎng)的脂肪干細(xì)胞貼壁后呈紡錘形或梭形,類成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)(圖1A);MACS分選獲得的脂肪干細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)呈紡錘形(圖1B),誘導(dǎo)48h后,形態(tài)較對(duì)照組有所增大并有一定方向性(圖1C),7天后呈現(xiàn)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞所特有的“峰-谷”樣生長(zhǎng)(圖1D);對(duì)照組細(xì)胞形態(tài)呈梭形或紡錘形,類成纖維樣生長(zhǎng),約5~6天可生長(zhǎng)至融合。
2.2 免疫熒光檢測(cè)(圖2):分別取誘導(dǎo)生長(zhǎng)14天的實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組細(xì)胞,制作爬片后進(jìn)行免疫熒光檢測(cè),結(jié)果顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組表達(dá)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞特有的表面抗原標(biāo)記物α-SMA、Calponin、SM22α和SM-MHC,對(duì)照組無陽性表達(dá),IgG為不加一抗,只加FITC二抗的自發(fā)光圖片。綠色為陽性表達(dá),紅色為襯染的細(xì)胞核。
3討論
組織工程是目前對(duì)組織缺損修復(fù)的研究熱點(diǎn),但其種子細(xì)胞的來源一直是所要解決的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題。脂肪干細(xì)胞來源廣泛、取材培養(yǎng)簡(jiǎn)單方便,并具有多向分化潛能,是組織工程目前研究的熱點(diǎn)之一。原代及傳代后的ADSCs均有較高的干細(xì)胞相關(guān)抗原表達(dá),經(jīng)過傳代后,造血系和內(nèi)皮系細(xì)胞的污染迅速降低,細(xì)胞成分得以相對(duì)純化,此實(shí)驗(yàn)我們又通過MACS分選的方法分離出CD34+的細(xì)胞,使獲得的ADSCs得到進(jìn)一步的純化。
在胚胎血管發(fā)生過程中,首先通過血管發(fā)生或血管生成的方式,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞延伸形成內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞索,繼而形成血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞管,構(gòu)成脈管系統(tǒng)的基本框架。隨后,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放募集因子,募集周圍間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞向內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞靠攏、貼附,包繞在管腔表面,形成最初的周細(xì)胞,然后在其它生長(zhǎng)因子以及細(xì)胞間接觸作用下,周細(xì)胞分化形成血管平滑肌細(xì)胞并增殖為多層細(xì)胞,管壁不斷增厚,管腔逐漸延伸。在其過程中內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通過分泌PDGF-BB招募壁細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞,PDGF-BB是間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞強(qiáng)烈的有絲分裂原,促進(jìn)其增殖[5-7];而TGF-β1是影響VSMCs 分化的最重要因子,此過程中分泌的TGF-β1加速了未分化的間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞的增殖并向VSMCs的轉(zhuǎn)化,具有抑制細(xì)胞增殖作用,并促進(jìn)周細(xì)胞向VSMCs 分化的作用[7],因此我們選擇了在誘導(dǎo)液中加入這兩種生長(zhǎng)因子。
血管平滑肌特異的細(xì)胞內(nèi)標(biāo)記物為α-SMA、Calponin、SM-MHC 和SM-22α[9]。Hirschi [10]認(rèn)為,任何細(xì)胞的標(biāo)記物都不是單一的存在于某種細(xì)胞,在其它種類細(xì)胞中都可能存在,某個(gè)單一的標(biāo)記物表達(dá)不足以證實(shí)細(xì)胞向平滑肌細(xì)胞分化,如果同時(shí)檢測(cè)多種標(biāo)記物的表達(dá),該細(xì)胞可基本認(rèn)定為平滑肌細(xì)胞。
我們對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)組細(xì)胞進(jìn)行了細(xì)胞形態(tài)、免疫熒光的檢測(cè),誘導(dǎo)后的脂肪干細(xì)胞表現(xiàn)出平滑肌細(xì)胞所特有的峰谷生長(zhǎng)模式;表達(dá)平滑肌細(xì)胞的標(biāo)記物α-SMA、Calponin、SM22α和SM-MHC,可以初步認(rèn)定脂肪干細(xì)胞在模擬體內(nèi)血管平滑肌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的環(huán)境下,向血管平滑肌細(xì)胞表型轉(zhuǎn)化,為尋找新的組織工程種子細(xì)胞提供了新的思路。當(dāng)然我們還需繼續(xù)檢測(cè)ADSCs分化的得到細(xì)胞是否具有血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的功能,為構(gòu)建組織工程化血管提供新方法。
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[收稿日期]2009-10-23 [修回日期]2010-01-12
編輯/張惠娟