摘要: 隨著雅思考試在中國的廣泛開展,越來越多的中國學(xué)生在雅思考試中的成績得到了逐步提高,而且閱讀單項(xiàng)的成績也取得了很大的進(jìn)步。但是,在閱讀題型中,給中國學(xué)生造成很大的困難的題型依然是判斷題。在近一到兩年的考試中,判斷題的數(shù)量一直維持在十五到二十道左右,同時(shí)中國學(xué)生在思維上對判斷題的解題方法依然存在著很大的困難,直接造成中國學(xué)生很難取得更高的分?jǐn)?shù)。本文作者對劍橋雅思考試中心發(fā)布的劍橋雅思考試真題第四冊的題目進(jìn)行了分析,旨在能總結(jié)出一個(gè)廣泛適用于做判斷題的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),幫助廣大學(xué)子提高成績。
關(guān)鍵詞: 雅思學(xué)術(shù)類考試閱讀是非判斷題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
雅思學(xué)術(shù)類考試作為準(zhǔn)備出國學(xué)習(xí)的一項(xiàng)成績,在很多學(xué)子的出國路上造成了不小的障礙。而閱讀題型的一大難點(diǎn)是其變化多端、紛繁復(fù)雜,這些題型粗略地可以分為九大類:標(biāo)題對應(yīng)題、真假判斷題、總結(jié)題、簡答題、句子完成題、圖表填空題、配對題、選擇題、流程圖題。在這些題型當(dāng)中,是非判斷題占40%左右。所以是非判斷題的答題情況直接決定考生閱讀方面的成績。
在是非判斷題的考試中,考生要對試卷上所列出的一系列命題(即陳述句)進(jìn)行判斷。如果這些陳述句是反映觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度的,那么考生的任務(wù)就是判斷這些句子是否和作者的觀點(diǎn)一致。在這種情況下,答案的選擇有“YES”,“NO”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。如果這些陳述句表述的內(nèi)容是有關(guān)事實(shí)信息,那么考生就要判斷這些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在這種情況下,答案的選擇有“TRUE”,“FALSE”或者是“NOT GIVEN”。這里要特別說明的是在考試中“YES”,“NO”,“NOT GIVEN”和“TRUE”,“FALSE”,“NOT GIVEN”只是考試形式的區(qū)別,在判斷方式上并沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。
一、判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
判斷命題是否正確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么呢?現(xiàn)在有很多不同的說法,在多年的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,我總結(jié)出了以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
TRUE或YES:所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)完全對應(yīng)。
FALSE或NO:所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)相矛盾。
NOT GIVEN:所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯(cuò)誤的前提之下,至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯文章沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。
二、實(shí)例分析
下面我就結(jié)合劍橋雅思考試真題第四冊的題目來講解我的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
(一)TRUE/YES的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
即所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)完全對應(yīng)。從表述中可以看出,正確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是唯一性的,只有在全部考點(diǎn)都正確的情況下,該命題才能被判斷為TRUE/YES。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
3.
題干:It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the “pure” science that they study at school.
原文:Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about “pure” science,curriculum science.
分析:此題答案為TRUE。從兩個(gè)句子表達(dá)中不難看出,兩句話都是針對“children”這同一對象,并且在觀點(diǎn)陳述中“hold”對應(yīng)“harbour”都作動(dòng)詞,表示“包含,擁有”,“mistaken views”對應(yīng)“misconceptions”,表示“錯(cuò)誤的概念”,“that they study at school”對應(yīng)“curriculum science”,在這里“curriculum”作名詞,表示“學(xué)校課程”的意思。
4.
題干:The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.
原文:These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organised,conceptual framework,making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous,more robust but also accessible to modification.
分析:雖然原文是一個(gè)長難句,但從表達(dá)意思的主體上來看并沒有太大的改變?!癱hildren’s ideas about science”對應(yīng)“these misconceptions,都指兒童對于科學(xué)的認(rèn)識,只不過文章中表達(dá)為錯(cuò)誤的概念?!癴orm part of a larger framework of ideas”對應(yīng)“do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted,but organised,conceptual framework”,都表達(dá)了兒童的觀點(diǎn)形成了一個(gè)大的框架的觀點(diǎn),區(qū)別就在于文章對這個(gè)框架作了一些詳細(xì)的描述,“means that it is easier to change them”對應(yīng)“making it and the component ideas,some of which are erroneous,more robust but also accessible to modification”,在這里,考點(diǎn)的對應(yīng)集中在了“easier”,正好對應(yīng)了文章中的“more accessible,to change them”,對應(yīng)了“modification”。
7.
題干:The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rain forests.
原文:These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils’views about the use and conservation of rain forest...
分析:在這里,關(guān)鍵的考點(diǎn)對應(yīng)集中在了“follows on from”,對應(yīng)了“consistent”,都表示“一致的”意思?!癮 series of studies that have looked at children’s understanding of rain forests”對應(yīng)了“our previous studies of pupils’ views about the use and conservation of rain forest”,同樣表示了“之前已經(jīng)研究過的兒童對于熱帶雨林的觀點(diǎn)”。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
12.
題干:The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.
原文:All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates).
分析:題干中表達(dá)“the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed”對應(yīng)文章中“All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans”,全部計(jì)劃都要收利息,所以兒童必須還錢,并且有了利息的存在,所以兒童要還比他借的錢多的一部分錢;并且,“slightly”對應(yīng)了“modest,generally the rates have been modest(lower than bank rates)”,利率不多,并且比銀行的要低,所以只高出了一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。
Academic Test 4
Reading Passage 1
1.
題干:Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
原文:Since the early years of the twentieth century,when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records...
分析:“about 1900”對應(yīng)“the early years of the twentieth century,Modern official athletic records date from”,對應(yīng)“when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records”。
6.
題干:The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.
原文:Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic——and greater rewards to tempt athletes——it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.
分析:“The growing international importance of athletics”對應(yīng)“with increasing global participation in athletic——and greater rewards to tempt athletes,gifted athletes”對應(yīng)“individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance,recognised at a younger age”對應(yīng)“more likely...can be identified early”。
從這些例子中可以看出,所有被判斷為正確的陳述表達(dá)無一例外地都和文章中的考點(diǎn)表達(dá)存在一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系。
(二)FALSE/NO的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
即所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯和原文中的表達(dá)相矛盾。無論其它的考點(diǎn)是什么結(jié)論,只需要其中有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的,那么這個(gè)命題的答案都是錯(cuò)誤的。
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
1.
題干:The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.
原文:In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage...
分析:“ignored”與“coverage”矛盾,文章表達(dá)了媒體關(guān)注了雨林,而題干的表達(dá)卻是忽視,二者相矛盾,因此為錯(cuò)誤。
5.
題干:The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as “are there any rainforests in Africa?”
原文:Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.
分析:題干中說的是一般疑問句的提問方式,而文章中給出的信息是“five open-form questions”,意思為特殊疑問詞提問的問題,相矛盾,故為錯(cuò)誤。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 1
10.
題干:The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.
原文:Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers,and at least 3,000 have fewer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.
分析:從文章中給出的信息看出,“Navajo is considered endangered”可以和“The Navajo language will die out”對應(yīng),但是文章中說有150,000人說Navajo語,從數(shù)量上來說并不少,而題干中的“it currently has too few speakers”相矛盾,故為錯(cuò)誤。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
9.
題干:Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.
原文:Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone,nor for every street child.
分析:題干中說“任何街道兒童都有機(jī)會建立他們自己的小生意”,而原文中說“成為企業(yè)家并不是每個(gè)人能做,也并不是每一個(gè)街道兒童都能做”,二者表述相互矛盾。
11.
題干:Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.
原文:The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.
分析:文章中給出信息貸款數(shù)量是可以變化的,但題干中的fixed loan是“固定貸款”的意思,相互矛盾。
從以上的例子中可以看出,命題表達(dá)中至少會有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)需要作出判斷,無論其它考點(diǎn)如何,只要我們能從中找出一個(gè)考點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤的,那么該命題都是錯(cuò)誤的。
(三)NOT GIVEN的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
即所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯(cuò)誤的前提之下,至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)詞匯文章沒有提到相關(guān)內(nèi)容。從表述中可以看出,被判斷的命題中,首先不能有錯(cuò)誤的成分存在,因?yàn)橹灰霈F(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn),那么該命題就是FALSE/NO了。只有在沒有錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的情況下,至少有一個(gè)考點(diǎn)文章中沒有提到,那么該命題就可以被判斷為NOT GIVEN。而在考試中,有一種NOT GIVEN情況很好判斷,就是全文沒有找到相關(guān)內(nèi)容,那么就可以直接下結(jié)論了。看看下面的例子:
Academic Test 1
Reading Passage 1
6.
題干:Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rain forests destruction.
原文:More girls(70%) than boys(60%) raised the idea of rain forest as animal habitats...more girls(13%) than boys(5%) said that rainforests provided human habitats.
分析:從原文的表達(dá)中可以找到題干的部分信息“Girls are more likely than boys”,但是后半部分信息在文章中沒有出現(xiàn),所以該命題為NOT GIVEN。
8.
題干:A second study has been planned to investigate primary school children’sideas about rain forests.
原文:One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children...
分析:從題干和原文的表述中可以看出,二者并不存在對應(yīng)關(guān)系,所以答案為NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 2
Reading Passage 2
21.
題干:Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.
原文:Part of the incentive was financial,Dr. Laver said.“The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere,they might want to be able to offer a similar service.”
分析:題干中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)在于中醫(yī)的工資比其他醫(yī)生要高,而原文只陳述了從事中醫(yī)這一行的人很多是商人,他們?yōu)榱四芰糇☆櫩?,也想提供同樣的服?wù),但并不能得出結(jié)論說中醫(yī)就比其他醫(yī)生工資高的結(jié)論,二者表述不相關(guān),答案為NOT GIVEN。
Academic Test 3
Reading Passage 1
10.
題干:In some cases,the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.
原文:There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program...
分析:題干中提到家庭需要獲得財(cái)政資助,但是文章中只是談到說能有父母或者監(jiān)護(hù)人的參與會有很多好處,并沒有提到家庭需要財(cái)政資助的問題,二者并不相關(guān),所以為NOT GIVEN。
從這些例子中可以看出,在判斷中,只要命題中沒有錯(cuò)誤信息出現(xiàn),而同時(shí)又有考點(diǎn)在文章中找不到匹配的信息,那么該命題的答案就是NOT GIVEN。
總之,我們在把握住了是非判斷題的答題關(guān)鍵之后,只要仔細(xì)對語言點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對比,就能在解題中快速、準(zhǔn)確地作出判斷。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]Cambridge IELTS 4 [M]. Cambridge University Press.2005.