摘要: 本文從對(duì)高考中表示“推測(cè)”情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的試題分析入手,認(rèn)為結(jié)合其用法,形成語(yǔ)感,把握規(guī)律,培養(yǎng)能力,才能掌握其基本準(zhǔn)則,真正把握其內(nèi)涵,在實(shí)踐中活學(xué)活用。
關(guān)鍵詞: 高考 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“推測(cè)”
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在高考試題中頻頻露面,特別是其表示“推測(cè)”的用法。為此,筆者結(jié)合近十年高考中與此有關(guān)的試題作了全面歸納,深層分析,系統(tǒng)總結(jié),以便學(xué)生能全面理解,正確分析,靈活運(yùn)用。
一、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè),其中以must最有“可能性”,might的“可能性”,按might,may,could,can的順序上升。如:
1.can表示推測(cè),只有疑問(wèn)式和否定式兩種形式:can’t表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句,比may not的語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng),can’t表示“不可能”,may not表示“可能不”。如:
——Isn’t that Ann’s husband over there?
——No,it_________be him.I’m sure he doesn’t wear glasses.(2004年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)
A.can’tB.must notC.won’tD.may not(Key A)
2.could表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句;couldn’t不用于否定句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),因?yàn)樗硎尽安豢赡堋保糜谝蓡?wèn)句中表示詢問(wèn)的“可能性”。如:
——I’ve taken someone else’s green sweater by mistake.
——It_______Harry’s.He always wears green.(2005年廣東卷)
A.has to be B.will be C.mustn’t be D.could be(Key D)
3.may表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),用于肯定句或否定句的陳述句。如:
You might just as well tell the manufacturer that male customers ______ not like the design of the furniture.(2004年上海春季卷)
A.mustB.shallC.mayD.need(Key C)
4.might表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),用于肯定句、否定的陳述句或疑問(wèn)句中,might be可和could be互換。如:
——Are you coming to Jeffs party?
——I’m not sure.I ______ go to the concert instead.(NMET 2000)
A.mustB.wouldC.shouldD.might(key D)
3.could/may/might+be+V-ing表示“現(xiàn)在可能正在……”。如:
Theyaren’t in the classroom.They could/may/might be doing some experiments in the laboratory.
4.must表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),能用于肯定句,否定句不用mustn’t,要用can’t(mustn’t表示“禁止”、“不允許”)。如:
Michael ______ be a policeman,for he is much too short.(1994年上海卷)
A.needn’tB.can’tC.shouldD.may(Key B)
5.must+be+V-ing表示“現(xiàn)在一定在……”。如:
The light is on in the workshop,so the workers must must be still working now.
二、對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)
must,may,might,can,could,etc.+have+P.P,可表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的推測(cè)。
1.mustn +have+P.P推測(cè)的程度“可能性”最大,表示“想必已經(jīng)”,“一定已經(jīng)”,多用于肯定的陳述句,否定句用can’t+have+P.P。如:
(1)——Guess what!I have got A for my term paper.(2007年 上海卷)
——Great!You ______ read widely and put a lot of work into it.
A.mustB.shouldC.must haveD.should have(Key C)
(2)——Do you know where David is?I couldn’t find him anywhere.
——Well.He ______ have gone far——his coat’s still here.(2005年湖北卷)
A.shouldn’tB.mustn’tC.can’tD.would(Key C)
2.may+have+P.P表示單純的推測(cè),表示“可能已經(jīng)”;might+have+P.P表示不肯定的推測(cè),語(yǔ)氣更委婉,可能性更小,表示“或許已經(jīng)”。此外,還用于表示過(guò)去可能發(fā)生但未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)均可用于肯定句或否定句。如:
——Where is my dictionary?I remember I put it here yesterday.
——You ______ it in the wrong place.(2007年江西卷)
A.must put B.should have put
C.might put D.might have put(Key D)
3.could +have+P.P表示主語(yǔ)過(guò)去具有做某事的能力,但沒(méi)有做,表達(dá)“本來(lái)能夠”之意。couldn’t+have+P.P用來(lái)表示過(guò)去情況的否定推測(cè),其含義為“決不會(huì)”,“不可能”。如:
My MP4 player isn’t in my bag.Where ______ I have put it?(2007年福建卷)
A.canB.mustC.shouldD.would(Key A)
4.should/+ought to+have+P.P表示“本應(yīng)該做,但實(shí)際卻沒(méi)做”,shouldn’t/ought to+have+P.P“本來(lái)不該做,但實(shí)際卻做了”,均含有對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行責(zé)備之意。如:
(1)——How’s your tour around the North Lake?Is it beautiful?
——It ______ be,but it is now heavily polluted.(2007年全國(guó)卷I)
A.willB.wouldC.shouldD.must(Key C)
(2)——My cat’s really fat.
——You______ have given her so much food.(2007年浙江卷)
A.wouldn’t B.couldn’t C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t(Key C)
(3)I told your friend how to get to the hotel,but perhaps I ______ have driven her there.(2007年陜西卷)
A.could B.must C.night D.should(key D)
5.needn’t+have+P.P表示“本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。如:
——Catherine,I have cleaned the room for you.
——Thanks.You ______ it.I could manage it myself.(2005年福建卷)
A.needn’t do B.needn’t have done C.mustn’t do D.should n’t have done(Key B)
三、對(duì)將來(lái)情況的推測(cè)
could/may/might+V原形,表示對(duì)將來(lái)情況的推測(cè),其含義為將來(lái)可能;should/ought to+V原形表示“將來(lái)會(huì)……”;will+V原形表示“將來(lái)一定、準(zhǔn)會(huì)……”;must+V原形表示“將來(lái)一定……”。如:
1.It could/might rain this afternoon because it’s very dark with cool and wind now.
2.The dinner should be ready now,for it’s nearly 6 o’clock.
3.Work hard and your wonderful dream will come true.
4.I am sure she must be better in a day or two.
總之,要真正掌握其用法,除準(zhǔn)確掌握其機(jī)構(gòu)和基本含義之外,還要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境,整體感知,捕捉信息,化隱為顯,才能達(dá)到正確理解、提升能力及準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用的目的。