句子的種類(lèi)

趙　博

1.句子的類(lèi)型(Types of Sentences)

英語(yǔ)句子按結(jié)構(gòu)分為：簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句等三種類(lèi)型。

(1)簡(jiǎn)單句(The Simple Sentence)

由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))構(gòu)成的句子叫作簡(jiǎn)單句。例如:

I usually get up at six in the morning on weekdays.

在工作日，我一般在早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床。

My sister and I didnt go skating last week.

上周，我和妹妹沒(méi)有去滑冰。

Are you going to study and work in London?

你要去倫敦學(xué)習(xí)和工作嗎？

(2)并列句(The Compound Sentence)

由并列連詞(如and, but, or, so, yet)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起而構(gòu)成的句子叫作并列句。例如:

She turned off the light and went out. 她關(guān)了燈，出去了。

Mona was ill, so we took her to the hospital.

莫娜病了，因此我們送她去了醫(yī)院。

I like Spanish, but I need help.

我喜歡西班牙語(yǔ)，可是我需要人來(lái)幫我。

You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kept me waiting for a year. 你能在五分鐘內(nèi)畫(huà)好一匹馬，卻讓我等了你一年。

(3)復(fù)合句(The Complex Sentence)

由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫作復(fù)合句。例如:

Ill tell him as soon as I see him. (狀語(yǔ)從句)

我一看見(jiàn)他就告訴他。

She didnt come to the party because she was busy. (狀語(yǔ)從句)

她因?yàn)楹苊?，所以沒(méi)來(lái)參加聚會(huì)。

Hell go to see you if he has time. (狀語(yǔ)從句)

他如果有空，會(huì)去看你的。

I dont think you can miss it. (賓語(yǔ)從句)

我想你不會(huì)看不見(jiàn)的。

The problem is that he wont return on time. (表語(yǔ)從句)

問(wèn)題是他不能按時(shí)回來(lái)。

What surprised us most is a strange cup with three legs. (主語(yǔ)從句)

最使我們感到吃驚的是一個(gè)有三只腳的杯子。

The time Yang Lei spent as a volunteer was the best year of his life. (定語(yǔ)從句)

楊磊作為一名志愿者那段時(shí)光是他一生當(dāng)中最好的時(shí)間。

延伸 含時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句，既可以將狀語(yǔ)從句放在主句之后(念降調(diào))也可以將狀語(yǔ)從句置于主句之前(念升調(diào))，此時(shí)，從句和主句間加逗號(hào)。例如:

We were talking and laughing when the teacher came in.

(=When the teacher came in, we were talking and laughing.)

老師進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我們正在說(shuō)笑。

應(yīng)用 指出下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤，并改正。

①M(fèi)r Li with his children have fun in the park.

②Because she was ill, so she didnt come to school.

③Come to my house if you will have time.

④The man asked how we thought of his car.

⑤Sorry, Ive no pen to write now.

⑥The car hit the tree and slow down.

解答 ①have→has 主語(yǔ)是Mr Li。

②去掉Because或者sobecause與so不能同時(shí)用于一個(gè)句子中。

③去掉will在條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，將來(lái)的動(dòng)作常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示。

④how→what 句型“what…think of”意思是“覺(jué)得……怎樣”。

⑤write→write with 動(dòng)詞不定式to write with與被修飾詞pen有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。

⑥slow→slowed 前后時(shí)態(tài)一致，句中hit是過(guò)去式。

2.狀語(yǔ)從句(The Adverbial Clause)

在復(fù)合句中修飾主句的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等的從句叫作狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句根據(jù)它表達(dá)意思的不同可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、比較(或方式)和條件等狀語(yǔ)從句。

(1)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句

由when, before, after, while, until, as, as soon as等連詞引導(dǎo)。

I went to bed after the TV play was over. 電視劇播完后我就睡了。

She has been here since she came to the school.

自從她上學(xué)，她就一直住在這兒。

As I was waiting, I suddenly heard a voice from above.

我正等的時(shí)候，突然從上面?zhèn)鱽?lái)了聲音。

Go straight until you come to a crossing. 筆直走，一直走到十字路口。

(2)條件狀語(yǔ)從句

由if, unless等連詞引導(dǎo)。

Ill go with you to the movies this afternoon if Im free.

今天下午我如果有空，我將與你一起去看電影。

Youll be late unless you hurry. 如果不趕快，你會(huì)遲到。

(3)原因狀語(yǔ)從句

由because等連詞引導(dǎo)。

The store wont be open today because theyre repairing.

商店今天不開(kāi)業(yè)，因?yàn)樵诰S修。

(4)目的狀語(yǔ)從句

由so that, in order that等連詞引導(dǎo)。

Speak loudly so that all of us can hear clearly.

大點(diǎn)聲講，以便我們大家都能聽(tīng)清楚。

(5)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句

由though, although等連詞引導(dǎo)。

They were still working in the street though it was so hot.

天雖然這么熱，但是他們?nèi)匀辉诖蠼稚瞎ぷ鳌?/p>

警示 英語(yǔ)中表示“雖然……但是……”不同于漢語(yǔ)，要么用連詞though或although,要么用連詞but。例如:

Though (Although) Lisa is young, she knows much Chinese.

(=Lisa is young, but she knows much Chinese.)

麗莎雖然年輕，但是知道不少漢語(yǔ)。

類(lèi)似地，because也不與so同時(shí)用于一個(gè)句子中。

(6)比較(或方式)狀語(yǔ)從句

由than, as…as, not as(so)…as等引導(dǎo)。

Our earth is bigger than the moon (is). 我們住的地球比月球大。

This story is as interesting as that one (is).

這個(gè)故事與那個(gè)故事一樣有趣。

India is not so developed as the U.S.A. 印度不如美國(guó)發(fā)達(dá)。

應(yīng)用 選擇填空。

①What were you doing ____ Mum came in, Jenny?

A. since B. when C. while D. until

②____ you dont find the library book, youll have to pay for it.

A. If B. Unless C. After D. While

③____ I lose the library book, ____ Ill have to pay for it.

A. Because, so B. /, so C. If, / D. Though, but

④Do you think dancing is ____ funny ____ sports shows, Amy?

A. so, as B. as, so C. so, so D. as, as

⑤At that time the train ran slower than the carriage ____.

A. ran B. was C. did D. could

⑥Please be quick, ____ well miss the early bus.

A. and B. but C. so D. or

解答 ①B while引導(dǎo)的從句中不能用非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

②A 表示假設(shè)關(guān)系。

③B A和D不正確，C項(xiàng)前后時(shí)態(tài)不一致，只能是B。

④D so…as只用于否定句，as…as可用于所有句型。

⑤C 此空要么不填，要么用did代替前文的動(dòng)詞ran。

⑥D(zhuǎn) or表示“否則”的意思。