中圖分類號:S666 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)07-1389-08
Abstract: 【Objective】 Bendizao tangerine (Citrus succosa Hort. ex Tanaka), originally from Huangyan, Zhejiang Province,is a representative variety of the regional brand Huangyan Miju. It is an excellent variety for both fresh consumption and processing for canned fruit.In the 198Os,the Bendizao tangerine experienced its peak development period in Huangyan. However, due to long-term asexual propagation, problems such as the decline in yield and quality have emerged in recent years.And due to the seedy nature of Bendizao tangerine and the introduction of numerous of seedless varieties from abroad over the past few decades,the production and planting area of the Bendizao tangerine in Huangyan have declined sharply. Therefore, conducting genetic improvement to produce new seedless germplasms with application potential is an effective strategy to solve the above industrial problems of the Bendizao tangerine and enhance the brand value of Huangyan Miju.The creation of triploids through
When allotetraploids are used as parents in crosses with diploids,the resulting triploid hybrids are expected to inherit excellent traits from allthree parental genomes, except for sedlessness. This would facilitates the selection of new varieties that combine seedless fruits with other desirable traits.Based on this strategy, Huazhong Agricultural University previously generated over 3500 triploid plants from more tan 80 interploidy crosses,utilizing allotetraploid somatic hybrids as male parents and some local diploid seedy varieties as female parents.However, the creation of alotetraploids using cellfusion is relatively difficult.In contrast,exploring autotetraploids from seedlings based on their morphology is relatively straightforward due to the characteristic of nucellar cells in polyembryonic cultivars being prone to natural doubling. Moreover, utilizing autotetraploids as parents to cross with its corresponding diploids in interploidy crosses can generate autotriploids.This approach is expected to produce seedless fruit without altering other traits of the original variety,thereby enhancing its application value.Therefore,in this study,cellengineering techniques including interploidy hybridization and exploring polyploids from seedlings based on their morphology were utilized to produce or explore new polyploid germplasms from Bendizao tangerine for breeding elite resources for the healthy development of Huangyan tangerine.【Methods】For tetraploid exploration, the seeds of Bendizao tangerine were sown inthe pots after peeling off the seed coats and being accelerated germination in a thermostat, then cultivated in a plant growth chamber. After the seedlings grew with three or more leaves,putative polyploids were screened according to the morphological feature of polyploid plants and their ploidy level were further confirmed by flow cytometric analysis.For triploid production, interploidy hybridization and embryo rescue were employed. In this study,an interploidy cross was conducted with Bendizao tangerine as female parent and a sexual allotetraploid hybrid (abbreviated as BDZNS) from the cross between Bendizao tangerine and NS as male parent. The young fruits were collected 9O days after pollination. After extracted from the young fruits,the immature seeds were in vitro cultured in medium germination. When the seedling regenerated,their ploidy level was determined by the flow cytometry and their genetic origin were determined using SSR markers. 【Results】For tetraploid exploration, more than 1500 mature fruits of Bendizao tangerine were collcted, and more than 75oo seeds were obtained. The seeds were sowed in the pots and cultivated in a plant growth chamber for approximately one month, and over 90o0 seedlings were obtained. Based on the morphology trait screening,51 suspected polyploids were screened from the seedlings.23 tetraploids and one triploid were totally obtained through analyzing the ploidy level using flow cytometry. For triploid production,an interploidy cross was conducted with Bendizao tangerine as the female parent and allotetraploid BDZNS as the male parent. Totally 155 flowers were pollinated,and 35 fruits were set. On the 9Oth days after pollination,all young fruits were picked and 105 young ovules were extracted and subjected to in vitro rescue culture. After shooting and rooting induction,78 regenerated plants were obtained,among them eight plants were proved triploids by flow cytometry analysis.The genetic origin of allthe polyploids obtained was carried out with SSR molecular markers.Among the polyploids identified from the sedlings,19 tetraploids exhibited an identical band pattern to that of Bendizao tangerine,suggesting that they might originate from the natural doubling of nucellar cells in Bendizao tangerine.The remaining four tetraploids and one triploid exhibited an additional band that was not present in Bendizao tangerine, indicating that they were likely sexual hybrids of Bendizao tangerine with other citrus Varieties.The eight triploids produced by interploidy hybridization contained both female-specific and male-specific bands,indicating that they were sexual offspring resulting from contributions of both parents.【Conclusion】 The novel polyploid germplasms developed in this study would provide a valuable material foundation for the seedless breeding of Bendizao tangerine and for enhancing the fruit quality of Huangyan Miju. Key Words: Citrus; Bendizao tangerine; Polyploid; Seedless breeding; SSR marker
本地早橘(CitrussuccosaHort.exTanaka),原產(chǎn)浙江黃巖,是“黃巖蜜橘\"區(qū)域品牌的代表品種,味甜酸少,有香氣,是鮮食和制罐兼優(yōu)品種[1]。20世紀(jì)80年代,本地早橘在黃巖地區(qū)進(jìn)入發(fā)展鼎盛時(shí)期,當(dāng)前柑橘園中的橘樹多為當(dāng)時(shí)所種。然而,長期無性繁殖導(dǎo)致本地早橘種性衰退,產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)明顯下降;同時(shí)由于本地早橘果實(shí)有核和近幾十年國外無核寬皮柑橘的大量引進(jìn),本地早橘生產(chǎn)受到市場沖擊,導(dǎo)致其在黃巖乃至浙江地區(qū)種植面積和產(chǎn)量銳減,甚至面臨市場淘汰的困境,“黃巖蜜橘”品牌效益也受到很大沖擊。因此,對本地早橘進(jìn)行品質(zhì)提升,創(chuàng)制具有應(yīng)用潛力的無核新種質(zhì),是解決黃巖本地早橘果實(shí)有核和品質(zhì)退化等產(chǎn)業(yè)問題和提升“黃巖蜜橘”品牌價(jià)值的有效策略。
二倍體與四倍體倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體是轉(zhuǎn)移有益農(nóng)藝性狀和培育無核柑橘新品種的有效途徑,對豐富柑橘資源和進(jìn)行無核品種改良具有重要意義。特別是以異源四倍體為親本與二倍體倍性雜交創(chuàng)制的三倍體有望在無核的基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)3個(gè)親本優(yōu)良性狀聚合,遺傳變異將更加豐富,更易培育出果實(shí)無核且性狀優(yōu)良的柑橘新品種4。華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)前期通過細(xì)胞融合技術(shù)創(chuàng)制了大批柑橘異源四倍體,并以其為父本與中國一些地方特色有核品種為母本進(jìn)行倍性雜交,創(chuàng)制獲得了3500余株三倍體后代[5-。但利用細(xì)胞融合技術(shù)創(chuàng)制異源四倍體技術(shù)難度較高,與之相比,基于多胚品種珠心細(xì)胞易自然加倍的特點(diǎn)發(fā)掘雙二倍體(同源四倍體)相對容易,且以雙二倍體為親本與其對應(yīng)二倍體有性雜交創(chuàng)制同源三倍體,有望在不改變原有品種其他性狀條件下,實(shí)現(xiàn)果實(shí)無核,更具應(yīng)用價(jià)值。若能發(fā)掘本地早橘雙二倍體資源,通過開展本地早橘二倍體與其雙二倍體間的倍性雜交創(chuàng)制同源三倍體,有望在維持原有品種性狀的基礎(chǔ)上,培育獲得果實(shí)無核的本地早橘新品種?;诖?,筆者在本研究中擬以本地早橘為材料,通過實(shí)生播種、倍性雜交等手段,發(fā)掘和創(chuàng)制本地早四倍體和三倍體新種質(zhì),為本地早橘無核化品種選育及“黃巖蜜橘”品牌振興提供核心種質(zhì)資源。
1材料和方法
1.1試驗(yàn)材料
以本地早橘(CitrussuccosaHort.exTanaka)為材料開展四倍體資源發(fā)掘和倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體工作。用于實(shí)生播種的本地早橘成熟種子采自浙江黃巖蜜橘種源研究中心自然授粉的果實(shí)。以本地早橘為母本,異源四倍體BDZNS[本地早橘(C.succosaHort.exTanaka)與異源四倍體體細(xì)胞雜種NS(C.re-ticulata ×C paradise +C. sinensis)倍性雜交獲得[]為父本進(jìn)行倍性雜交,授粉地點(diǎn)為黃巖蜜橘種源研究中心,異源四倍體BDZNS的花粉采自華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)柑橘種質(zhì)資源圃。
1.2種子催芽及實(shí)生播種
本地早橘種子實(shí)生播種及多倍體發(fā)掘參考周銳等的方法。將種子從果實(shí)中剝出后,用 1mol?L-1 NaOH溶液消毒后去掉外種皮,并置于 28°C 暗培養(yǎng)箱中催芽2\~3d,胚根露白后將其播種于營養(yǎng)缽,待幼苗長至2\~3枚真葉時(shí),利用“觀根辨葉看油胞”發(fā)掘多倍體的技術(shù),篩選疑似四倍體植株并用流式細(xì)胞儀對其進(jìn)行倍性鑒定。
1.3花粉制備與人工授粉
四倍體花粉制備參考解凱東等的方法,花粉制備好后暫置于 4°C 冰箱保存?zhèn)溆?。本地早橘盛花期前期,選擇晴朗無風(fēng)的天氣進(jìn)行授粉,優(yōu)先選擇生長健壯且花量大的枝條,授粉時(shí)去除枝條上已經(jīng)開放的花和小花蕾,選擇即將開放的花蕾進(jìn)行人工去雄后授粉,授粉后套袋避免其他品種花粉干擾。授粉后1周進(jìn)行保果處理(噴施 3% 赤霉酸2000倍液 +0.01% 蕓臺素內(nèi)酯3000倍液 +KH2PO41000 倍液)。
1.4幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng)
于授粉后 90d ,采集授粉后的幼果用于幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng),具體參考Xie等[的方法。無菌條件下,用 75% 乙醇浸泡授粉的幼果 15min 后置于酒精燈上燃燒消毒;消毒完畢后剝?nèi)∮啄叟咧椴㈦x體培養(yǎng);幼胚萌發(fā)后,分別將其繼代至生芽培養(yǎng)基增殖生芽,長出2\~3枚真葉后,將萌發(fā)的莖段切下轉(zhuǎn)移至生根培養(yǎng)基誘導(dǎo)生根。待植株生根后,用流式細(xì)胞儀對再生植株進(jìn)行倍性鑒定篩選多倍體;最后對篩選出的多倍體幼苗進(jìn)行煉苗并移栽至溫室保存。
1.5 植株倍性鑒定
用流式細(xì)胞儀(Cyflowspace,Sysmex,Japan)對實(shí)生發(fā)掘的疑似多倍體和幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng)再生植株進(jìn)行倍性分析,詳細(xì)過程參照解凱東等的方法,待測樣品的倍性分析圖由流式細(xì)胞儀自帶的FloMax軟件自動生成。根尖染色體計(jì)數(shù)參照謝善鵬等的方法,將 1mm 初生根尖在 20°C 飽和對二氯苯溶液中水浴 3h 后,在 0.075mol?L-1KCl 溶液中室溫處理 30min ,用新制卡諾固定液(乙醇:乙酸 :=3:1 ,體積比)常溫固定 24h ,置于 70% 乙醇溶液 4°C 保存?zhèn)溆?。?2% 纖維素酶 +20% 果膠酶(1:1)酶液
37°C 水浴 90min 酶解根尖后制片觀察。
1.6 SSR分子標(biāo)記鑒定
基因組DNA提取參考Cheng等的方法。用基于毛細(xì)管電泳(QIAxcel Advanced,Germany)的SSR分子標(biāo)記對實(shí)生發(fā)掘的四倍體和倍性雜交創(chuàng)制的三倍體進(jìn)行遺傳鑒定,詳細(xì)方法參考謝善鵬等[]的報(bào)道。SSR引物篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):用于實(shí)生發(fā)掘四倍體后代遺傳鑒定的SSR引物需在本地早橘中能擴(kuò)增出2條帶;用于倍性雜交后代遺傳鑒定的SSR引物需滿足父母間具有多態(tài)性且父本要有特異條帶。依據(jù)該標(biāo)準(zhǔn),從前人發(fā)表的SSR引物[12-15]中篩選獲得5對多態(tài)性SSR引物(表1)對獲得的多倍體材料進(jìn)行遺傳鑒定,所有引物由上海生物工程股份有限公司合成。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1基于實(shí)生播種和形態(tài)初選發(fā)掘本地早橘四倍 體23株
果實(shí)成熟期,采集本地早橘果實(shí)1500個(gè),剝?nèi)~@得成熟種子7500余粒,催芽播種后獲得實(shí)生幼苗9000余株(圖1-A\~B)。將其移入溫室后(圖1-C),根據(jù)多倍體具有植株矮化、葉片顏色變深和葉形指數(shù)變小等形態(tài)特點(diǎn),從9000余株實(shí)生幼苗中篩選獲得51株疑似多倍體,利用流式細(xì)胞儀和根尖染色體計(jì)數(shù)對其倍性進(jìn)行檢測,獲得23株四倍體和1株三倍體植株(圖1-D\~J,多倍體形態(tài)初篩準(zhǔn)確率為47.06% ,本地早橘多倍體自然發(fā)生率約 0.27% 。
2.2以本地早橘為母本倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體8株
以本地早為母本、異源四倍體BDZNS為父本進(jìn)行倍性雜交,授粉155朵花,坐果35個(gè),坐果率22.58% ;于授粉后90d采集所有授粉果實(shí)(圖2-A),無菌條件下從中剝?nèi)∮啄叟咧?05粒(圖2-B),平均單果種子數(shù)3粒;對所有幼嫩胚珠進(jìn)行幼胚離體培養(yǎng)(圖2-C\~D)后獲得再生植株78株(圖2-E);用流式細(xì)胞儀對所有再生植株進(jìn)行倍性檢測,從78株再生植株中篩選獲得三倍體8株(圖2-F\~G),多倍體發(fā)生率 10.26% ;其中5株三倍體可以直接生根,通過煉苗移栽(圖2-H)將其移入溫室;剩余3株難以生根,通過試管嫁接將其擴(kuò)繁并移入溫室(圖2-I)。
2.3基于SSR分子標(biāo)記的本地早橘三倍體和四倍體新種質(zhì)遺傳鑒定
篩選獲得的5對多態(tài)性SSR引物中,3對mCrCIR05A05、mCrCI03D12a、Csin0342用于倍性雜交獲得的三倍體遺傳分析(圖3-A),3對mCrCI03D12a、TAA1、Ci02F07用于實(shí)生發(fā)掘獲得的多倍體遺傳分析(圖3-B)。由圖3可知,倍性雜交獲得的8株三倍體在3個(gè)SSR位點(diǎn)處均含有父本特異條帶,表明其均為雙親的有性后代。而本地早橘實(shí)生播種獲得23株四倍體后代中,19株四倍體后代在3個(gè)SSR位點(diǎn)處的帶型與本地早橘完全一致,推測這些四倍體為本地早橘珠心細(xì)胞自然加倍形成;而其余4個(gè)四倍體后代和1株三倍體后代至少在2個(gè)
A.本地早橘種子催芽播種;B.本地早橘實(shí)生幼苗;C.實(shí)生幼苗移入溫室后生長情況;D.不同倍性本地早橘植株株形對比(左:2x,中:3x,右: 4x) ;E-G.用流式細(xì)胞儀對疑似多倍體進(jìn)行倍性鑒定(E:二倍體,熒光強(qiáng)度約為50;F:三倍體,熒光強(qiáng)度約為75;G:四倍體,熒光強(qiáng)度約為 100);H\~J.根尖染色體計(jì)數(shù)(H:二倍體, 三倍體, 2n=3x=27;J :四倍體, 2n=4x=36) ,標(biāo)尺 =2μm 。SSR位點(diǎn)處的帶型與本地早橘不一致,均含有異源條帶(圖3-B,第9、14、19、22號單株),推測其為本地早橘與周邊其他品種天然有性雜交形成。
3討論
針對黃巖地方特色品種本地早橘存在的果實(shí)有核、品質(zhì)下降等問題,筆者在本研究中通過實(shí)生播種、倍性雜交結(jié)合幼胚離體挽救培養(yǎng)等技術(shù),發(fā)掘或創(chuàng)制獲得具有本地早橘血統(tǒng)的四倍體新種質(zhì)24株和三倍體新種質(zhì)9株,為本地早橘無核新品種培育和重振“黃巖蜜橘”品牌提供了寶貴的種質(zhì)資源。
三倍體果實(shí)一般無核,在鮮食市場具有較高的消費(fèi)需求,且三倍體果實(shí)一般較二倍體更大,營養(yǎng)更豐富[,這些特點(diǎn)決定了三倍體在柑橘高品質(zhì)鮮果市場具有較大的發(fā)展?jié)摿?,符合?dāng)前市場對鮮食柑橘的消費(fèi)需求。前人通過分析不同三倍體有性群體果實(shí)糖酸含量,發(fā)現(xiàn)三倍體后代糖酸含量受四倍體父本影響較大[17-I8],在本研究中,倍性雜交所用父本BDZNS遺傳物質(zhì)1/2來自本地早橘,以其為父本倍性雜交創(chuàng)制的三倍體后代能夠在保證果實(shí)完全無核的基礎(chǔ)上,較大限度地保留本地早橘原有性狀,達(dá)到無核化與品質(zhì)傳承雙重目標(biāo),進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)本地早橘品種的提純復(fù)壯。此外,三倍體對低溫和干旱等非生物逆境脅迫[的耐受能力較強(qiáng),利用倍性雜交策略創(chuàng)制的本地早橘三倍體資源可能在應(yīng)對非生物脅迫方面表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異。
柑橘四倍體植株與二倍體相比,通常表現(xiàn)植株矮、氣孔密度小、初生代謝物積累多等特點(diǎn)。在本研究中,通過實(shí)生發(fā)掘獲得的本地早橘四倍體植株株型較小、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,利于密植栽培,未來有望能減少管理成本,為“黃巖蜜橘\"的輕簡化栽培提供了新方向。此外,本地早橘雙二倍體還可作為核心種源進(jìn)一步與其二倍體親本進(jìn)行倍性雜交,創(chuàng)制能最大限度保留本地早橘原有性狀的同源三倍體無核新種質(zhì),形成“四倍體-三倍體\"協(xié)同育種體系,為本地早橘品種品質(zhì)提升和無核化改良奠定重要的種質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。
通過對實(shí)生發(fā)掘獲得的23株四倍體和1株三倍體進(jìn)行多位點(diǎn)SSR遺傳鑒定,發(fā)現(xiàn)19株四倍體在所有位點(diǎn)的帶型與二倍體完全一致,推斷其可能為本地早橘珠心細(xì)胞自然加倍形成的同源四倍體4。發(fā)掘獲得的1株三倍體在TAA1位點(diǎn)由于存在異源特異條帶,且在該位點(diǎn)擴(kuò)增的3條帶中,2條來自本地早橘,推斷該三倍體為本地早橘產(chǎn)生的 2n 雌配子與外來 n 雄配子受精產(chǎn)生,這也與目前柑橘中報(bào)道的天然三倍體多為 2n 雌配子受精形成的結(jié)論相符[19-21]。此外,發(fā)現(xiàn)有4株四倍體的帶型與本地早橘二倍體帶型不一致,根據(jù)其SSR帶型特點(diǎn)推斷其可能有如下來源:1)本地早橘形成的 2n 雌配子與附近四倍體形成的二倍體雄配子受精形成。但用流式細(xì)胞儀對本地早橘母本樹附近的柑橘植株進(jìn)行了倍性分析,未發(fā)現(xiàn)四倍體植株,因此可排除該可能。2)本地早橘與周邊二倍體有性雜交的合子胚再自然加倍形成。通過該途徑形成的四倍體擴(kuò)增條帶應(yīng)該不超過2條,第9和22號四倍體單株在3個(gè)SSR位點(diǎn)處的條帶數(shù)均不超過2條,因此推斷這2株四倍體為本地早橘與其他二倍體品種有性雜交后再自然加倍形成。3)本地早橘形成的 2n 雌配子與周邊品種形成的 2n 雄配子受精形成。減數(shù)分裂異常產(chǎn)生的 2n 配子既可以純合也可雜合,通過該途徑產(chǎn)生的四倍體在不同位點(diǎn)的條帶數(shù)一般介于1\~4條之間,根據(jù)第14和19號四倍體單株的SSR帶型,推斷其為本地早橘形成的 2n 雌配子與其他二倍體品種產(chǎn)生的 2n 雄配子受精形成。
4結(jié)論
筆者在本研究中針對黃巖本地早橘果實(shí)有核和品質(zhì)下降等產(chǎn)業(yè)問題,利用實(shí)生播種發(fā)掘多倍體和倍性雜交創(chuàng)制三倍體的細(xì)胞工程育種技術(shù),成功發(fā)掘或創(chuàng)制獲得了一批極具應(yīng)用和育種價(jià)值的本地早橘多倍體新種質(zhì),為本地早橘品種提純復(fù)壯、無核化改良和“黃巖蜜橘”品牌重振奠定了寶貴的材料基礎(chǔ)。
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