中圖分類號(hào):R619;R614 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1000-503X(2025)03-0434-07
DOI:10.3881/j. issn.1000-503X.16159
Effects of Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Inhalational Anesthesia on Postoperative Recovery in Patients Undergoing Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery : A Systematic Review
FENG Yunying', ZHANG Yupei2, ZHANG Yuelun3, XING Bing4,LIAN Wei4, GUO Xiaopeng4,MA Lulu', HUANG Yuguang
1 Department of Anesthesiology, 2 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 3 Center for Prevention and Early Intervention, NationalInfrastructuresforTranslationalMedicine,InstituteofClinicalMedicine,Departmentof Neurosugery,PUHospial, CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China
Corresponding author:MA Lulu Tel:O10-69152020,E-mail:malulu@pumch.cn
ABSTRACT:ObjectiveTo systematically evaluate the effects of total intravenous anesthesia and inhalational anesthesia onpostoperative recovery in patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary tumor resection.MethodsA comprehensivesearch wasconducted in international biomedical databases including Ovid Medline,Embase,CINAHL (EBSCO),Cochrane Library,and Web of Science,from inception to July 4, 2023.Aditionally,ClinicalTrials.govand the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched for ongoing and completed trials.The randomized controlled trials(RCT)comparing total intravenous anesthesia andinhalational anesthesia in patientsundergoing transshenoidal surgery forpituitary tumors were included.The methodological qualityof the included studies was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration tool.Relevant data were extractedand synthesized foranalysis.ResultsAtotal of327records were identified,of which eight RCTs met the inclusion criteria.Four studies showed that the patients receiving desflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia experienced faster emergence from anesthesia than those receiving propofol.Two studies indicated that patients in the propofol group had lower levels of emergence agitation anda lower incidence of early postoperative nausea and vomiting.The results on postoperative cognitive function were inconsistent across studies.No differences were found between the groups in terms of postoperativecomplications or overallrecoveryquality during hospitalization. ConclusionsInhalational anesthesia appears to provide an advantage in promoting faster emergence following transsphenoidal pituitary surgery,whereas total intravenous anesthesia maycontribute to smootherand more stablerecovery.Further high-qualitystudiesareneeded to clarifytheefects of diferent anesthetic techniques on both short- and long-term postoperative recovery.
Keywords:inhalational anesthesia;total intravenous anesthesia;pituitary tumor;postoperative recovery
ActaAcadMedSin,2025,47(3):434-440
垂體瘤是常見的原發(fā)性腦腫瘤,占成人鞍區(qū)病變的 90% [1],根據(jù)激素分泌類型分為無(wú)功能性腺瘤和功能性腺瘤(包括催乳素腺瘤、生長(zhǎng)激素腺瘤、促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素腺瘤、促甲狀腺激素腺瘤等)[2]。1907 年奧地利外科醫(yī)生Schloffer[3]報(bào)道1例成功實(shí)施經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體瘤切除手術(shù)的病例,之后該術(shù)式在垂體外科得到長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展[4]。經(jīng)鼻蝶入路術(shù)式能夠通過(guò)鼻腔這一通道快速、直接到達(dá)鞍區(qū),具有創(chuàng)傷小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)較快的優(yōu)勢(shì)[5],目前是可切除垂體瘤的首選治療方式[6],但同時(shí)對(duì)手術(shù)麻醉的需求量也大幅增加。吸人麻醉和基于丙泊酚的全靜脈麻醉是臨床上最常用的兩種全身麻醉方法,盡管已有較多研究探討了他們?cè)诓煌愋褪中g(shù)中的差異,但這些研究多為回顧性分析,且對(duì)于經(jīng)鼻蝶人路垂體瘤切除手術(shù)的麻醉選擇尚無(wú)明確定論[7-9]。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的前瞻性研究報(bào)道經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體瘤手術(shù)中采用不同麻醉方式對(duì)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)的影響[10-12]。如何確保經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體瘤切除術(shù)患者的平穩(wěn)麻醉和術(shù)后快速康復(fù)是當(dāng)前亟待解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。本研究系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)全靜脈麻醉與吸人麻醉對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體瘤切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)的影響,以期為臨床實(shí)踐及后續(xù)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域研究提供參考依據(jù)。
1資料和方法
本研究依據(jù)系統(tǒng)綜述和meta分析優(yōu)先報(bào)告條目(preferredreportingitemsforsystematicreviewsand meta-analyses,PRISMA)規(guī)范[13]進(jìn)行報(bào)告,研究方案已在PROSPERO平臺(tái)注冊(cè)(注冊(cè)編碼:CRD42023441491)。
1.1 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納人標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究設(shè)計(jì):隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(ran-domizedcontrolledtrial,RCT);(2)研究人群:接受擇期、限期或急診經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體瘤切除術(shù)的患者;(3)干預(yù)措施及對(duì)照:干預(yù)措施為試驗(yàn)組手術(shù)中行全靜脈麻醉,對(duì)照組行靜脈誘導(dǎo)麻醉及吸人維持麻醉;(4)包含患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)相關(guān)結(jié)局指標(biāo)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)提供信息不完整,無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確判斷是否符合本研究提出的臨床問(wèn)題;(2)重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn);(3)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)與檢索策略
檢索外文生物醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)OvidMedline、Embase、CINAHL(EBSCO)、Cochrane Library 及Web of Sci-ence,檢索關(guān)鍵詞包括“pituitaryadenoma”“anesthe-sia”“randomizedcontrolled trial”,采用主題詞和自由詞相結(jié)合的檢索策略,檢索時(shí)限為建庫(kù)至2023年7月4日,同時(shí)在ClinicalTrials.gov及世界衛(wèi)生組織國(guó)際臨床試驗(yàn)注冊(cè)平臺(tái)(International Clinical Trials RegistryPlatform,ICTRP)檢索正在進(jìn)行和已完成的臨床試驗(yàn)。本研究檢索對(duì)語(yǔ)言不設(shè)限制。
1.3文獻(xiàn)篩選和數(shù)據(jù)提取
將數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索獲取的文獻(xiàn)導(dǎo)人Endnote20.5軟件,刪除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后,根據(jù)納人和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行標(biāo)題及摘要初步篩選,排除明顯不符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn)后,再進(jìn)行全文篩選以確定最終納入的文獻(xiàn)。核對(duì)納入文獻(xiàn)的結(jié)果,若存在分歧而難以確定是否納入時(shí)交由第三方?jīng)Q定。根據(jù)預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)的提取表格進(jìn)行資料收集,包括:(1)一般資料:文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題、第一作者、發(fā)表時(shí)間、研究地點(diǎn)等;(2)研究特征:研究設(shè)計(jì)類型、研究人群特征、麻醉方法選擇等;(3)結(jié)局指標(biāo):術(shù)后蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、術(shù)后認(rèn)知評(píng)分、手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、術(shù)后恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分、住院時(shí)長(zhǎng)。文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取過(guò)程由兩名評(píng)價(jià)員獨(dú)立操作并進(jìn)行交叉核對(duì),以保證研究的客觀性,減少人為偏倚。
1.4 文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
納人RCT研究依照Cochrane評(píng)價(jià)手冊(cè)中的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14]進(jìn)行偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估:(1)隨機(jī)序列生成;(2)分配隱藏;(3)盲法;(4)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)完整性;(5)報(bào)告偏倚。文獻(xiàn)評(píng)價(jià)由兩名評(píng)價(jià)員獨(dú)立完成并進(jìn)行交叉核對(duì),有分歧的評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)將交由第三方?jīng)Q定。
2 結(jié)果
2.1納入研究的基本情況
從外文生物醫(yī)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中共檢索到408篇關(guān)于經(jīng)鼻蝶人路垂體手術(shù)全靜脈麻醉和吸人麻醉比較的RCT文獻(xiàn),去除89篇重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后,得到319篇待篩選文獻(xiàn)。另通過(guò)檢索ClinicalTrials.gov及ICTRP,得到8項(xiàng)相關(guān)注冊(cè)試驗(yàn)。經(jīng)標(biāo)題及摘要的初步篩選排除310篇文獻(xiàn),再進(jìn)行全文篩選后最終納入8項(xiàng)研究。
在納入的8項(xiàng)研究中,全靜脈麻醉組均采用丙泊酚作為主要麻醉藥物,吸入麻醉組采用七氟醚[10-12,15-7]地氟醚[1,17-19]或異氟醚[15]作為主要麻醉藥物,6項(xiàng)研究重點(diǎn)關(guān)注手術(shù)過(guò)程中患者血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化及蘇醒期的功能評(píng)估,僅2項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告了術(shù)后1d或住院期間的評(píng)估結(jié)果。納入研究均為單中心研究,每個(gè)試驗(yàn)組患者人數(shù)為 12~56 例。
2.2納入研究的質(zhì)量評(píng)估
納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)整體較低,其中2項(xiàng)研究未報(bào)告足夠的信息以判斷分配隱藏方式,因此無(wú)法評(píng)估這2項(xiàng)研究是否存在選擇偏倚;2項(xiàng)研究因受試者術(shù)后未立即拔管以及出現(xiàn)其他嚴(yán)重不良事件導(dǎo)致無(wú)法進(jìn)行功能評(píng)估而在結(jié)果分析中被排除,因此認(rèn)為存在較高隨訪偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn);1項(xiàng)研究未報(bào)告術(shù)后蘇醒期的并發(fā)癥結(jié)果,尚不確定對(duì)報(bào)告偏倚的影響(圖1)。
2.3不同麻醉方式對(duì)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)的影響
總結(jié)8項(xiàng)研究的報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)(表1),結(jié)果顯示,在加快垂體手術(shù)患者蘇醒和拔管方面,麻醉維持期間使用地氟醚的效果要顯著優(yōu)于七氟醚或丙泊酚。而在七氟醚和丙泊酚的比較中,Cafiero等[1°]和Kim等[1]研究表明,使用七氟醚維持麻醉的患者蘇醒速度更快;Kim等[2還發(fā)現(xiàn)七氟醚組患者拔管時(shí)間更短,與Caf-iero 等[10]及Chowdhury等[16]研究結(jié)果不一致。此外,使用異氟醚麻醉患者的蘇醒和拔管時(shí)間顯著長(zhǎng)于七氟醚組和丙泊酚組[15]。
在麻醉蘇醒期躁動(dòng)程度方面,Kapil等[1]通過(guò)評(píng)估使用七氟醚、地氟醚和丙泊酚維持麻醉的3組垂體手術(shù)患者發(fā)現(xiàn),各組在蘇醒期的躁動(dòng)程度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而Fu等[19]和Kim等[12]研究顯示丙泊酚全靜脈維持麻醉的患者蘇醒期躁動(dòng)程度低于地氟醚或七氟醚吸人維持麻醉組。
圖1偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)圖
在麻醉蘇醒期認(rèn)知功能方面,Ali等[15]比較了分別使用七氟醚、異氟醚和丙泊酚維持麻醉的差異,結(jié)果表明丙泊酚組蘇醒期認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分優(yōu)于七氟醚組和異氟醚組。Kapil等[認(rèn)為使用七氟醚、地氟醚和丙泊酚維持麻醉對(duì)垂體手術(shù)患者麻醉蘇醒期認(rèn)知功能的影響差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,而Bharadwaj等[18]研究結(jié)果顯示地氟醚組患者在拔管 10min 后的認(rèn)知功能評(píng)分優(yōu)于丙泊酚組。
在麻醉蘇醒期其他并發(fā)癥方面,F(xiàn)u等[9]研究結(jié)果提示丙泊酚維持麻醉的垂體手術(shù)患者短期術(shù)后惡心嘔吐(postoperativenauseaandvomiting,PONV)發(fā)生率低于地氟醚組;而在七氟醚和丙泊酚維持麻醉的比較研究中,Cafiero等[10]和Kim等[12]研究結(jié)論不一致。目前尚無(wú)研究表明不同麻醉維持方式會(huì)導(dǎo)致垂體手術(shù)患者麻醉蘇醒期低氧血癥、術(shù)后寒戰(zhàn)等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率存在差異。
表1納入研究的特征總結(jié)
在術(shù)后患者恢復(fù)情況方面,Oguz等[17]評(píng)估了垂體手術(shù)患者使用七氟醚、地氟醚或丙泊酚維持麻醉術(shù)后1d內(nèi)的肺功能狀況及血?dú)夥治鲋笜?biāo),結(jié)果顯示3組之間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。Kim等[12比較了使用七氟醚和丙泊酚維持麻醉的垂體手術(shù)患者術(shù)后40項(xiàng)恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分、院內(nèi)并發(fā)癥和住院時(shí)長(zhǎng),未發(fā)現(xiàn)差異。
3討論
本研究系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)全靜脈麻醉與吸入麻醉對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶人路垂體手術(shù)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)的影響,通過(guò)對(duì)納人的8項(xiàng)RCT研究分析表明,與全靜脈麻醉相比,七氟醚或地氟醚吸入維持麻醉可讓經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)患者術(shù)后更快蘇醒,而丙泊酚對(duì)于減少患者蘇醒期躁動(dòng)程度、降低PONV發(fā)生率方面可能更有優(yōu)勢(shì);目前未發(fā)現(xiàn)不同麻醉維持方式在經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)后麻醉蘇醒期其他并發(fā)癥、術(shù)后院內(nèi)并發(fā)癥、患者恢復(fù)質(zhì)量和住院時(shí)長(zhǎng)方面存在差異。
經(jīng)鼻蝶人路垂體手術(shù)的麻醉管理存在獨(dú)特挑戰(zhàn)。有功能的垂體瘤可導(dǎo)致患者心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和困難氣道管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[20-21];手術(shù)過(guò)程中的操作對(duì)患者具有強(qiáng)刺激性,易引起出血及血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變[22];手術(shù)結(jié)束后須盡快讓患者蘇醒,恢復(fù)自主呼吸功能后再拔除氣管插管[23];垂體瘤經(jīng)手術(shù)切除后仍有復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如垂體瘤復(fù)發(fā)符合再次手術(shù)指征,手術(shù)的難度會(huì)明顯高于初次手術(shù)[24],對(duì)麻醉管理也提出了更高要求。
本系統(tǒng)綜述所納人的研究在比較不同麻醉維持方式對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)患者術(shù)后拔管時(shí)間、蘇醒期躁動(dòng)程度、認(rèn)知功能和PONV的影響方面結(jié)論不一致,這可能是由于不同手術(shù)環(huán)境、不同麻醉深度監(jiān)測(cè)方法造成的;麻醉醫(yī)生在患者術(shù)中及蘇醒期的給藥方案會(huì)直接影響患者的麻醉蘇醒速度以及蘇醒期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生;此外,患者生理因素也會(huì)對(duì)相關(guān)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響。關(guān)于全靜脈麻醉與吸入麻醉對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)影響差異的證據(jù)尚不充分,僅有8項(xiàng)相關(guān)RCT研究,且均為小型單中心試驗(yàn),共納入579例患者,由于樣本量較小,各項(xiàng)研究中術(shù)后恢復(fù)的主要研究結(jié)果及次要研究結(jié)果設(shè)計(jì)不同,結(jié)局指標(biāo)異質(zhì)性較大,無(wú)法進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行meta分析。因此,本研究的證據(jù)強(qiáng)度有限,在臨床實(shí)踐時(shí)仍需結(jié)合患者個(gè)體狀況、醫(yī)療條件以及其他具體因素進(jìn)行決策。
不同全身麻醉用藥的影響一直是麻醉學(xué)界關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題,既往已有研究報(bào)道全靜脈麻醉與吸入麻醉在多種類型手術(shù)中的差異。Gupta等25總結(jié)16項(xiàng)RCT的麻醉用藥情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)吸人麻醉有助于門診手術(shù)患者更快蘇醒,而丙泊酚引起的PONV等并發(fā)癥較少;Kumar等[26]對(duì)18項(xiàng)RCT的全靜脈麻醉和吸入麻醉用藥進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果表明使用丙泊酚麻醉的門診手術(shù)患者PONV發(fā)生率較低,而術(shù)后疼痛和出院后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率與吸入麻醉組相似。本研究對(duì)納人的8項(xiàng)RCT進(jìn)行總結(jié)分析,也發(fā)現(xiàn)吸人麻醉能夠使經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)患者更快蘇醒,而丙泊酚可降低PONV的發(fā)生率。Herling等[27]對(duì)3項(xiàng)機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡下根治性前列腺切除術(shù)相關(guān)RCT進(jìn)行總結(jié),結(jié)果提示與七氟醚相比,使用丙泊酚麻醉可減少PONV發(fā)生,并預(yù)防腹腔鏡手術(shù)頭低位和建立氣腹導(dǎo)致的眼壓升高,而兩種麻醉方式對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛的影響差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義??刂菩越祲嚎梢詼p少術(shù)中出血、提供較清晰的手術(shù)視野,多項(xiàng)研究指出,對(duì)于擇期開顱手術(shù)患者,與吸入麻醉相比,異丙酚麻醉具有更低的術(shù)中平均顱內(nèi)壓和更高的腦灌注壓,可減少腦腫脹的發(fā)生[28-29]。而經(jīng)鼻蝶入路對(duì)腦組織創(chuàng)傷較小,患者很少出現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)壓升高,因此通常不采用有創(chuàng)顱內(nèi)壓監(jiān)測(cè),這導(dǎo)致難以評(píng)估不同麻醉藥物對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶人路垂體手術(shù)顱內(nèi)壓的影響。本系統(tǒng)綜述納入的RCT研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)使用七氟醚或丙泊酚維持麻醉會(huì)對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶人路垂體手術(shù)患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分產(chǎn)生不同影響[12],而Shui等[7]的一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)綜述與meta分析納入了包括腹腔鏡、耳鼻喉、甲狀腺、眼科和整形手術(shù)在內(nèi)的9項(xiàng)RCT,結(jié)果顯示使用丙泊酚進(jìn)行全靜脈麻醉可能會(huì)改善患者術(shù)后當(dāng)天的恢復(fù)質(zhì)量評(píng)分。在垂體瘤手術(shù)的全身麻醉方案和預(yù)后方面,已有回顧性研究分析了89例接受經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體瘤切除術(shù)患者使用七氟醚或丙泊酚麻醉術(shù)后神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)丙泊酚麻醉導(dǎo)致促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放減少并增加三碘甲狀腺原氨酸、黃體生成素和催乳素的釋放[30]。而另一項(xiàng)針對(duì)184 例患者進(jìn)行的傾向性評(píng)分匹配分析研究顯示,使用七氟醚或丙泊酚的垂體瘤患者在術(shù)后3個(gè)月的隨訪中,其神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[31],但相關(guān)結(jié)論仍需大規(guī)模前瞻性研究進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
綜上,本研究結(jié)果表明,吸入麻醉能讓經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)患者更快蘇醒,而全靜脈麻醉能讓患者蘇醒更平穩(wěn);不同麻醉維持方式對(duì)經(jīng)鼻蝶入路垂體手術(shù)術(shù)后短期和長(zhǎng)期恢復(fù)情況的影響仍有待更多高質(zhì)量RCT進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明馮蕓穎、張鈺佩:提出研究思路、文獻(xiàn)檢索和篩選、數(shù)據(jù)分析和文章撰寫;張?jiān)絺悾貉芯吭O(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)據(jù)分析、文章修改;幸兵、連偉、郭曉鵬:研究選題和設(shè)計(jì);馬璐璐、黃宇光:文章修改和審查、同意對(duì)研究工作誠(chéng)信負(fù)責(zé)
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(收稿日期:2024-05-09)
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2025年3期