[摘要]目的:探究雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)進(jìn)行面部年輕化治療的臨床效果及安全性。方法:選擇2021年6月-2022年6月筆者醫(yī)院收治的50例面部老化就醫(yī)者作為研究對(duì)象,用雙股雙向鋸齒線接力式、多層次、網(wǎng)格化的從外上矢量、垂直矢量復(fù)位提升中下面部,觀察術(shù)前、術(shù)后就醫(yī)者的鼻唇溝、唇頜溝、顴頰溝、下頜緣、下頜脂肪垂袋、顳區(qū)凹陷改善情況,并測(cè)量術(shù)前、術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后6~12個(gè)月中面部軟組織最高點(diǎn)至鼻翼下緣水平線的垂直距離,評(píng)估就醫(yī)者滿意程度。結(jié)果:50例就醫(yī)者術(shù)后即刻效果明顯,術(shù)后隨訪6~12個(gè)月,面部老化程度均有不同程度的改善,過(guò)瞳孔中線中面部軟組織最凸點(diǎn)至鼻翼下緣水平線的垂直距離有明顯提升(P<0.05),就醫(yī)者總滿意率為96%。結(jié)論:雙矢量網(wǎng)格化布線方式提升中下面部效果明顯,且具有安全、操作簡(jiǎn)單、微創(chuàng)、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)后疼痛不明顯、效果持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、就醫(yī)者滿意度高、并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),值得臨床推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞]雙矢量;埋線提升術(shù);脂肪室;表淺肌肉腱膜系統(tǒng);面部年輕化
[中圖分類號(hào)]R622" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A" " [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2025)08-0047-04
Application of Mid-lower Facial Double Vector Gridding Linear Lift in Facial Rejuvenation
HE Hangyuan1, LYU Jingling2, HAN Wei3, LI Pan2, XI Huihui2, LI Songbo2, LI Changjiang2
( 1.Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Medical Aesthetic Center, Suzhou 215028, Jiangsu, China; 2.Shanghai Shengya Medical Aesthetic Clinic, Shanghai 201700, China; 3.Institute of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich 81377, Bayern, Germany )
Abstract: Objective" To explore the clinical effect and safety of mid-lower facial double vector gridding linear lift in facial rejuvenation. Methods" A total of 50 patients with facial aging admitted to the author's hospital from June 2021 to June 2022 were selected as the research objects. A double-strand bidirectional sawtooth relay method, involving multi-layer and grid-like repositioning from the outer upper and vertical vectors, was used to lift the mid and lower face. The improvements in nasolabial folds, labiomental folds, zygomatic-cheek grooves, mandibular contour, jowl fat pads, and temporal hollowing were observed before and after surgery. The vertical distance from the highest point of the mid-facial soft tissue to the horizontal line at the base of the alar was measured before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at 6-12 months postoperatively to assess patient satisfaction. Results" The immediate postoperative effects were significant for all 50 patients. Follow-up at 6-12 months showed varying degrees of improvement in facial aging. The vertical distance from the most protruding point of the mid-facial soft tissue to the horizontal line at the base of the alar was significantly increased (P<0.05). The overall satisfaction rate of patients was 96%. Conclusion" The dual-vector gridded wiring method for mid and lower facial lifting demonstrates significant effects and offers advantages such as safety, simplicity, minimal invasiveness, rapid recovery, minimal postoperative pain, long-lasting results, high patient satisfaction, and few complications. It is worth promoting in clinical practice.
Key words: double vector; thread lifting; fat compartment; SMAS; facial rejuvenation
面部衰老是一個(gè)漸進(jìn)性的生理過(guò)程,通常在20~30歲年齡段開始顯現(xiàn)。鼻唇溝、顴頰溝、唇頜溝、下頜脂肪垂袋、眶顴部扁平下垂及下頜緣輪廓變鈍是面部衰老的典型表現(xiàn)[1]。傳統(tǒng)線性中下面部提升術(shù)雖然效果確切,但術(shù)后會(huì)出現(xiàn)維持時(shí)間較短、疼痛明顯、術(shù)后凹凸不平及顴弓變寬等并發(fā)癥,降低了手術(shù)滿意度[2]。中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)是根據(jù)面部不同部位組織老化的解剖特點(diǎn),采用雙股雙向鋸齒線,接力式、多層次、網(wǎng)格化的對(duì)分離移位的脂肪室進(jìn)行復(fù)位收緊,對(duì)松弛下垂的淺表肌肉腱膜系統(tǒng)(Superficial muscloaponeurotic system,SMAS)及皮膚進(jìn)行外上矢量及垂直矢量提升的一種新型中下面部提升術(shù)。2021年6月-2022年6月,上海圣婭醫(yī)療美容門診部對(duì)就診的50例中下面部老化就醫(yī)者采用雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)進(jìn)行面部年輕化治療,并系統(tǒng)評(píng)估了其臨床效果和安全性?,F(xiàn)將研究結(jié)果報(bào)道如下。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:本組就醫(yī)者共50例,其中男2例,女48例,年齡34~72歲。完善術(shù)前檢查,排除重度高血壓、糖尿病、心功能不全、皮膚病、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、瘢痕體質(zhì)、精神疾病者。就醫(yī)者均有不同程度的顴頰溝加深、唇頜溝加深、鼻唇溝加深、口角下垂、面頰部組織松弛下垂、下頜緣及頸部松弛等。本研究已通過(guò)筆者醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審核。
1.2 方法:就醫(yī)者均行顳區(qū)發(fā)際開口,眶顴部脂肪室深層、下頜脂肪室深層采用雙股雙向鋸齒線進(jìn)行外上矢量的復(fù)位提升,頰部采用雙股雙向鋸齒線進(jìn)行垂直矢量的提升,脂肪室淺層采用單股雙向鋸齒線加固,具體方法如下。
1.2.1 切口線及安全區(qū)設(shè)計(jì):術(shù)前,在顳區(qū)備皮,鼻唇溝輪廓線上1 cm設(shè)計(jì)直線L1,口角與下頜角設(shè)計(jì)直線L2,鼻唇溝中點(diǎn)a過(guò)眶外側(cè)增厚區(qū)與發(fā)際線交于點(diǎn)b,過(guò)L1L2的交點(diǎn)c設(shè)計(jì)一平行于ab的線cd,點(diǎn)d位于發(fā)際線邊緣,取bd的中點(diǎn)e做一垂線交L2于點(diǎn)f,另取顴弓上緣、耳前約1.0 cm為點(diǎn)g,點(diǎn)g在L2的垂直投影為點(diǎn)h,點(diǎn)g的水平線前0.5 cm設(shè)為點(diǎn)i,鼻唇溝起點(diǎn)為點(diǎn)j,點(diǎn)g上0.5 cm為點(diǎn)k,點(diǎn)h后1 cm為點(diǎn)l。abdc范圍為深層次的提升手術(shù)安全分離區(qū),在這個(gè)區(qū)域進(jìn)行提拉手術(shù),可有效避免顳支、頰支和顴支的損傷。見圖1A。
1.2.2 顴骨下脂肪室復(fù)位提升:局部腫脹麻醉(生理鹽水80 ml,2%鹽酸利多卡因20 ml,0.1%鹽酸腎上腺素0.4 ml)后,在點(diǎn)b將導(dǎo)引針連同絞索樣雙股雙向鋸齒線垂直進(jìn)針,沿ba走行于皮下層,至眶外側(cè)增厚區(qū)時(shí)將針向深層穿行后跨過(guò)顴弓韌帶,用左手拇指與食指將鼻唇溝脂肪室、頰內(nèi)側(cè)脂肪室、頰中間脂肪室向中間擠壓復(fù)位并向外上矢量推擠,針繼續(xù)走行于脂肪室深層至a點(diǎn)穿到皮下淺層,緩慢出針并向上提拉線尾確保固定牢靠,針退至顴弓后將顳部組織向外上方提拉后出針,見圖1B;在點(diǎn)d將導(dǎo)引針連同雙股鋸齒線垂直進(jìn)針,沿dc走行于皮下層,跨過(guò)顴弓韌帶后針走行于深層,用拇指與食指將下頜脂肪室、鼻唇溝脂肪室、頰內(nèi)側(cè)脂肪室、頰中間脂肪室向中間擠壓并向外上矢量推擠,針繼續(xù)走行于脂肪室深層至c點(diǎn)穿到皮下淺層,緩慢出針并向上提拉線尾確保固定牢靠,針退至顴弓后將顳部組織向上方提拉后出針,見圖1C;同理埋置鋸齒線ef,并將顴頰部組織進(jìn)行垂直矢量的復(fù)位提升,見圖1D。
1.2.3 顴骨上皮膚及皮下組織提升:將三角針從點(diǎn)d在皮下層穿行至點(diǎn)g出針,將點(diǎn)d的鋸齒線從皮下層穿行至點(diǎn)g,再將三角針從點(diǎn)g在皮下層穿行向上30度至發(fā)跡上2 cm出針,用剪刀貼皮剪斷線尾,見圖1C;同理將鋸齒線從點(diǎn)e從皮下層穿行至點(diǎn)i出針,再將鋸齒線從點(diǎn)i從皮下層穿行向上45°至發(fā)跡上2 cm出針,用剪刀貼皮剪斷線尾,見圖1D;此時(shí)可見皮膚堆積于顴弓上緣,用左手用力按住顴弓,避免顴弓下的線牽拉移位,右手用尺鑷分別將點(diǎn)e、點(diǎn)d、點(diǎn)i、點(diǎn)g向外上提拉,可見堆積的皮膚組織向外上移位,并自然展平;將導(dǎo)引針從點(diǎn)g上0.5 cm的點(diǎn)k進(jìn)針,在皮下穿行至點(diǎn)b出針,將鋸齒線從皮下層牽引至點(diǎn)k,用三角針從點(diǎn)k將鋸齒線從皮下層穿行向上45°至發(fā)際上2 cm出針,用剪刀貼皮剪斷線尾,見圖1B。
1.2.4 鋸齒線脂肪室淺層復(fù)位提升:將導(dǎo)引針從點(diǎn)i穿入,走行皮下脂肪淺層跨過(guò)顴弓,走行于脂肪室淺層后至j點(diǎn),用拇指與食指將顴前組織向中間擠壓并向上推擠,導(dǎo)引針回撤至顴弓;將導(dǎo)引針反折至點(diǎn)a,用拇指與食指將顴前組織向中間擠壓并向上推擠,導(dǎo)引針回撤至顴弓;將導(dǎo)引針反折至c點(diǎn),用拇指與食指將顴頰部組織向中間擠壓并向上推擠,導(dǎo)引針回撤至顴弓;將導(dǎo)引針反折至f點(diǎn),用拇指與食指將頰部組織向中間擠壓并向上推擠,導(dǎo)引針回撤至顴弓;將導(dǎo)引針反折至h點(diǎn),用拇指與食指將顴頰部組織向中間擠壓并向上推擠,導(dǎo)引針回撤至顴弓;再將導(dǎo)引針反折至點(diǎn)l,用拇指與食指將頰部組織向中間擠壓并向上推擠,將導(dǎo)引針拔出,將線完全埋置于皮下或剪掉線尾。見圖1E。
1.3 術(shù)后處理及評(píng)價(jià):術(shù)后針眼處用創(chuàng)可貼覆蓋,并佩戴面罩1個(gè)月,避免大笑及面部夸張動(dòng)作1周,飲食軟食1周,傷口避免碰水4 d。觀察不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生情況,包括血清腫、出血、線頭外漏、面部不對(duì)稱、凹凸不平;觀察手術(shù)前后就醫(yī)者的鼻唇溝、唇頜溝、顴頰溝、下頜緣、下頜脂肪垂袋、顳區(qū)凹陷改善情況,并測(cè)量術(shù)前、術(shù)后即刻、術(shù)后6~12個(gè)月過(guò)瞳孔中線中面部軟組織最凸點(diǎn)至鼻翼下緣水平線的垂直距離,評(píng)估中面部軟組織最高點(diǎn)提升程度;記錄就醫(yī)者非常滿意、比較滿意、不滿意例數(shù),評(píng)估就醫(yī)者對(duì)手術(shù)的滿意程度。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:采用SPSS 19.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù),符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以“xˉ±s”表示,采用t檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
本組50例就醫(yī)者,術(shù)后均未出現(xiàn)出血、瘀青等并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后腫脹輕微,1周后可自行恢復(fù)。1例1個(gè)月后鋸齒線從口腔穿出,將露出的線剪斷后恢復(fù);3例出現(xiàn)顳區(qū)組織堆積,3個(gè)月后恢復(fù)平整;6例面頰凹陷、5例左右臉不對(duì)稱,對(duì)比術(shù)前照片,就醫(yī)者術(shù)前就有面頰凹陷、左右臉不對(duì)稱的問題,術(shù)后改善不佳。術(shù)后獲隨訪6~12個(gè)月,所有就醫(yī)者面部均得到提升,鼻唇溝、顴頰溝、唇頜溝、下頜脂肪垂袋均得到明顯改善,下頜緣輪廓線緊致清晰,顳區(qū)飽滿度增加。術(shù)前過(guò)瞳孔中線中面部軟組織最凸點(diǎn)至鼻翼下緣水平線的垂直距離為(13.86±1.78)mm,術(shù)后即刻過(guò)瞳孔中線中面部軟組織最凸點(diǎn)至鼻翼下緣水平線的垂直距離為(22.06±2.52)mm,術(shù)后6~12個(gè)月過(guò)瞳孔中線中面部軟組織最凸點(diǎn)至鼻翼下緣水平線的垂直距離為(18.96±2.60)mm,術(shù)前與術(shù)后即刻比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-18.79,P<0.001);術(shù)前與術(shù)后隨訪6~12個(gè)月比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=-11.43,P<0.001)。就醫(yī)者自評(píng)非常滿意39例(78%),比較滿意9例(18%),不滿意2例(4%)。
3" 典型病例
某女,39歲。鼻唇溝加深、唇頜溝加深、口角下垂,左側(cè)更明顯,頰部松垂,下頜緣松弛。采用中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù),將3根雙向鋸齒線從中間對(duì)折后形成雙股線,來(lái)進(jìn)行脂肪室深層外上矢量及垂直矢量的提升,脂肪室淺層用單股雙向鋸齒線進(jìn)行外上矢量及垂直矢量的提升。術(shù)后鼻唇溝、唇頜溝得到明顯改善,顴脂肪墊位置上移,頰部、頸部松弛明顯改善,顳部凹陷改善。術(shù)后隨訪11個(gè)月,效果依舊明顯。見圖2。
4" 討論
1976年,Mitz V等[3]首次報(bào)道了基于SAMS在面部提升中的有效性,但因手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大、操作難度較大、術(shù)后恢復(fù)較慢,臨床應(yīng)用受到了一定的限制。2002年,Sulamanidze M等[4]在臨床中首次使用了倒刺線提升面部松垂老化的軟組織,因手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較小、操作較簡(jiǎn)單、恢復(fù)較快、并發(fā)癥較少、對(duì)松弛下垂組織提升明顯而在臨床上得到廣泛應(yīng)用。隨后各種材質(zhì)及形狀的線被發(fā)明并應(yīng)用于臨床中,取得了滿意的面部提升效果。2023年,呂京陵等采用雙矢量小切口面部提升術(shù)對(duì)松弛下垂的面部進(jìn)行外上矢量及垂直矢量的提升,全方位的收緊提升面部組織,取得了滿意的手術(shù)效果[5]。
面部松垂老化的原因主要是由于皮膚膠原蛋白的流失[6],淺層脂肪室的分離移位及松弛下垂[7],韌帶及SAMS筋膜的松弛下垂[8],深層脂肪容量的萎縮[9],骨骼的吸收等[10]。在面部的不同部位,面部老化產(chǎn)生的主要原因有所差異,在面部呈現(xiàn)出的老化表現(xiàn)有所不同??麸E部老化主要是由于淺層鼻唇溝脂肪室、頰內(nèi)側(cè)脂肪室、頰中間脂肪室的分離移位,因?yàn)楦髦臼抑g有韌帶阻隔,其在重力的作用下,表現(xiàn)為顴頰溝、鼻唇溝加深,眶顴部扁平下垂,因此眶顴部年輕化的目的應(yīng)該著重復(fù)位脂肪室,減輕顴頰溝、鼻唇溝,從而達(dá)到眶顴部飽滿緊致、弧度流暢的目的[11-13];下頜及顴頰部老化主要是由于頸闊肌產(chǎn)生的持續(xù)向下的拉力及下頜脂肪室的松弛下移[14],表現(xiàn)為口角外側(cè)下頜脂肪垂袋、唇頜溝形成,面頰凹陷,下頜線模糊,因此下頜及顴頰部年輕化應(yīng)該著重于提升復(fù)位下頜脂肪及SMAS筋膜系統(tǒng),從而達(dá)到下頜緣輪廓緊致清晰、減輕唇頜溝的目的。此外,由于有各種韌帶的存在,面部即使出現(xiàn)老化松弛,也不會(huì)全部下垂,組織下垂至韌帶附近堆積增厚,形成囊袋及溝壑加深樣老化外觀[15]。同理,由于各種韌帶的存在,線性面部提升術(shù)不能跨韌帶提升,否則會(huì)使組織堆積于韌帶附近形成諸如顴弓變寬樣外觀。
中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)針對(duì)不同部位面部老化產(chǎn)生的主要原因,采用復(fù)位與提升并行,接力式、多層次、一體化對(duì)面部進(jìn)行提升。眶顴部屬表情肌分布密集區(qū),提升復(fù)位后的固定應(yīng)該相對(duì)牢靠[16],本手術(shù)在脂肪室深層采用雙股雙向鋸齒線,此方法相較于傳統(tǒng)線性面部提升術(shù),雙股線鉤掛能力更強(qiáng),受面部肌肉活動(dòng)影響小,可以維持更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的手術(shù)效果。傳統(tǒng)的皮下淺層的線性面部提升術(shù)不能對(duì)深層的SMAS筋膜層進(jìn)行有效提升、不能對(duì)脂肪室進(jìn)行有效的復(fù)位,本手術(shù)用雙股雙向鋸齒線進(jìn)行SMAS筋膜的提升、脂肪室深層的復(fù)位,并進(jìn)行脂肪室淺層的提升,深淺兩層的組織提升及脂肪室復(fù)位使固定更加牢靠。鋸齒線在顳區(qū)各進(jìn)行兩次反折,將皮膚及皮下組織進(jìn)行外上矢量及垂直矢量的接力性提拉,既避免了顴弓的變寬,又在反折處增加了有效鉚釘點(diǎn),使鉤掛更加牢靠,提升的組織還對(duì)顳區(qū)凹陷有一定的填充作用。鑷子向上提拉顳部堆積的組織,對(duì)顳區(qū)皮下組織造成醫(yī)源性的切割損傷,會(huì)刺激膠原增生[17],并形成片狀的瘢痕粘連,使術(shù)后效果維持更久。鋸齒線在顴骨上下形成了兩個(gè)上下一體化的網(wǎng)格化結(jié)構(gòu),可以使面部組織下垂的重力相對(duì)分散,并使深淺兩層組織鉚釘成為一體,術(shù)后可以維持更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。鋸齒線穿行于相對(duì)無(wú)運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)的安全區(qū)內(nèi),不會(huì)對(duì)SMAS筋膜深層的運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)造成損害。除此之外,相較于將線材埋置于顳深筋膜的傳統(tǒng)線性面部提升術(shù),顳區(qū)的鋸齒線埋置于皮下,不會(huì)對(duì)深層的血管、神經(jīng)、肌肉造成損傷,因此不會(huì)造成術(shù)后疼痛及血腫等并發(fā)癥。開口在發(fā)際線內(nèi),可有效掩蓋傷口,不會(huì)形成可視的炎癥性色素沉著,提高了手術(shù)滿意度。
中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)也存在以下問題:①不能單獨(dú)改善面頰凹陷及左右臉不對(duì)稱,術(shù)中可以聯(lián)合脂肪或透明質(zhì)酸填充凹陷部位、調(diào)整左右臉不對(duì)稱[18];②線材為可吸收線,維持時(shí)間有限,需要開發(fā)應(yīng)用拉力更強(qiáng)維持時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)的線;③中下面部脂肪堆積嚴(yán)重者可先行中下面部吸脂術(shù),術(shù)后即刻再行中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)。
綜上,中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)通過(guò)在脂肪室深淺兩個(gè)平面進(jìn)行外上矢量及垂直矢量的提升及脂肪室的復(fù)位,并在顳區(qū)皮下脂肪層將下垂的組織進(jìn)行接力式提升,有效改善了鼻唇溝、顴頰溝、唇頜溝、下頜脂肪垂袋,并使下頜緣輪廓緊致清晰,實(shí)現(xiàn)面部年輕化。該手術(shù)具有安全、操作簡(jiǎn)單、微創(chuàng)、恢復(fù)快、術(shù)后疼痛不明顯、效果持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、就醫(yī)者滿意度高、并發(fā)癥少等優(yōu)點(diǎn),值得臨床推廣。
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[收稿日期]2024-07-01
本文引用格式:何航遠(yuǎn),呂京陵,韓未,等.中下面部雙矢量網(wǎng)格化線性提升術(shù)在面部年輕化中的應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)美容醫(yī)學(xué),2025,34(8):47-50.