中圖分類號:S512. 1+2 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1001-4330(2025)04-0820-09
0 引言
【研究意義】小麥種子質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣直接影響小麥種質(zhì)資源可持續(xù)利用,溫度作為種子萌發(fā)過程的重要因素之一,不僅影響種子萌發(fā)相關(guān)的生理生化反應(yīng)[2.3],而且制約了植物的區(qū)域分布、生長發(fā)育及作物產(chǎn)量。低溫冷害在新疆早春時(shí)節(jié)是主要影響作物萌發(fā)的氣象災(zāi)害[4],氣溫過低輕則影響種子萌發(fā),重則抑制種子萌發(fā)速率[5.6],即便后期溫度回升,也會在一定程度上使得種子的活力和幼苗生長特性受到不可逆影響[7]?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】低溫會導(dǎo)致種子在萌發(fā)時(shí)出現(xiàn)代謝功能障礙、胚胎敗育甚至導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞死亡[8],尤其是棉花、水稻等作物的種子,在萌發(fā)狀態(tài)下[9],對低溫有較為強(qiáng)烈的敏感度[10]。與此同時(shí),低溫還會在種子的發(fā)芽率、萌發(fā)時(shí)長等方面表現(xiàn)出極顯著性差異[1],,因此,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)及種質(zhì)資源培育上,應(yīng)盡量降低由低溫給種子帶來的傷害。耐低溫型品種,能在低溫冷害的環(huán)境中保持良好的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),因此,在春小麥種植中,了解不同品種春小麥耐低溫性并選擇合適的品種至關(guān)重要?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】目前,專注于低溫脅迫對小麥幼苗生理生化特性的研究較多[12,13],但是從小麥種子萌發(fā)角度出發(fā)研究低溫脅迫的文獻(xiàn)尚較少,尤其是對不同品種小麥種子對低溫脅迫萌發(fā)響應(yīng)的差異比較與綜合評價(jià)鮮少報(bào)道,需探究低溫脅迫對春小麥種子萌發(fā)的響應(yīng)差異?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】選取2023年度種植并收獲的33個(gè)春小麥種子,基于綜合耐冷系數(shù)與隸屬函數(shù)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)聚類分析,為春小麥在高產(chǎn)栽培中選育耐冷型高活力的種子提供參考。
材料與方法
1.1材料
選取2023年新疆當(dāng)季種植并收獲的33個(gè)不同春小麥參試品種。表1
表1供試材料
1.2 方法
1. 2.1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
選取籽粒飽滿、大小均勻的種子均勻放在鋪有2層濾紙的發(fā)芽盒內(nèi),每盒50粒,每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3次。對33個(gè)品種春小麥種子分別設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)芽溫度( 22% ,即對照CK和低溫脅迫 (10°C)2 個(gè)處理。第3d記錄正常發(fā)芽種子數(shù),第7d記錄正常發(fā)芽種子總數(shù)。
1. 2.2 測定指標(biāo)
發(fā)芽率 (%)=7 d內(nèi)正常發(fā)芽種子數(shù)/供試種子數(shù) ×100% :
成苗率 (%)= (成苗數(shù) ÷ 播種粒數(shù)) × 100% ;
發(fā)芽勢 (%)=3 d內(nèi)正常發(fā)芽種子數(shù)/供試種子數(shù) ×100% ;
種子發(fā)芽指數(shù) Σ=Σ 逐日萌發(fā)數(shù)/相應(yīng)的發(fā)芽天數(shù);
種子活力指數(shù) Σ=Σ 種子發(fā)芽指數(shù) × 幼苗鮮重;
幼苗活力指 Σ=Σ (苗長 + 根長) × 成苗率。
參考張國琴、韓瑞宏等[14,15]方法分析試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)耐低溫性,基于綜合系數(shù)和隸屬函數(shù)值,采用歐氏距離中的組間連接法進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)聚類分析。
耐冷系數(shù) CTC= 低溫脅迫條件的指標(biāo)平均值/常溫條件的指標(biāo)平均值。
綜合耐冷系數(shù) (20
1,2,3…n
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理
所得數(shù)據(jù)由Excel2021SPSS26.0處理。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 33個(gè)春小麥種子萌發(fā)期耐低溫性比較
研究表明,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)萌發(fā)條件下的指標(biāo)變異系數(shù)為 2.16%~19.49% ,低溫脅迫下的指標(biāo)變異系數(shù)為 2.35%~20.72% 。試驗(yàn)組各項(xiàng)測定指標(biāo)與對照組均存在極顯著性差異。此外,平均值下降幅度最大、最小分別出現(xiàn)在了種子活力指數(shù)和發(fā)芽率兩個(gè)指標(biāo)上,分別為 68.94%.1.16% 。表2
2.2 33個(gè)春小麥種子耐冷系數(shù)變化
研究表明,新春6號的綜合耐冷系數(shù)最大(0.681),而新春49號的綜合耐冷系數(shù)最?。?.437),且新春49號各項(xiàng)測定指標(biāo)的數(shù)值均小于新春6號,即新春6號種子萌發(fā)期耐低溫性最強(qiáng),新春49號種子萌發(fā)期耐低溫性最弱。表3
表233個(gè)春小麥種子測定指標(biāo)的變化
表3不同品種春小麥種子各測定指標(biāo)的耐冷系數(shù)
2.3 33個(gè)春小麥種子隸屬函數(shù)
研究表明,低溫脅迫處理下的新春6號各項(xiàng)測定指標(biāo)的隸屬函數(shù)平均值最大(0.789),新春29號、新春31號和新春49號測定值較小,分別為0.189、0.179和0.147,新春6號種子萌發(fā)期耐 低溫性最強(qiáng),而新春29號、新春31號和新春49 號種子萌發(fā)期耐低溫性較弱。表4
2.433個(gè)春小麥種子耐低溫性綜合評價(jià)
49號為低溫敏感型品種。
研究表明,春小麥材料分為4個(gè)類型,分別是強(qiáng)耐低溫型、中耐低溫型、弱耐低溫型和低溫敏感型,占比分別為 3% 、 9.1% 、 81.8% 和 6.1% 。其中,新春6號為強(qiáng)耐低溫型品種,新春31號、新春測試品種分為強(qiáng)耐低溫型、中耐低溫型、弱耐 低溫型和低溫敏感型4個(gè)類型。其中,新春6號 為強(qiáng)耐低溫型,新春31號、新春49號和新春29 號為低溫敏感型品種。表5
注:類型I:強(qiáng)耐低溫性;類型Ⅱ:中耐低溫性;類型ⅡI:弱耐低溫性;類型V:低溫敏感性 Notes:TypeIsonglotmperatretoleranc;TypeI:edmlotmperatuetorance;Typel:weaklowtemperaturetolerae;Tye N : low temperature sensitivity
篩選出強(qiáng)耐低溫型品種1個(gè)(新春6號),低溫敏感型品種2個(gè)(新春31號,新春49號),其中,新春49號的綜合耐冷系數(shù)和隸屬函數(shù)平均值均為最低值,因此,可將新春49號定為低溫敏感型品種。圖1
3討論
種子萌發(fā)是作物整個(gè)生命周期中最關(guān)鍵的時(shí)期[16],種子萌發(fā)進(jìn)程是否順暢,很大程度上取決于溫度[17]。袁暉、賈祥等[18,19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),發(fā)芽勢、種子活力指數(shù)等常規(guī)性指標(biāo)可以較好地反應(yīng)出低溫條件下紫花苜蓿的種子活力情況。高茜、李波、張玉霞等研究[20-22]發(fā)現(xiàn),低溫可以導(dǎo)致種子發(fā)芽率、發(fā)芽時(shí)長、幼苗生長滯后。采用綜合分析法、隸屬函數(shù)法、主成分分析法等,可以較為客觀和準(zhǔn)確的反應(yīng)種子萌發(fā)情況,特別是對低溫脅迫等不良條件的反應(yīng)情況[18.23.24]。生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中,耐低溫型品種,能在低溫冷害的環(huán)境中保持良好的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)。研究結(jié)果表明,對照組與試驗(yàn)組在各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)上均達(dá)到極顯著性差異,同時(shí),結(jié)合綜合耐冷系數(shù)和隸屬函數(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn),新春6號被確認(rèn)為強(qiáng)耐低溫型品種,新春49號為低溫敏感型品種。若進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證,還需要進(jìn)行田間播種試驗(yàn),并針對種子不同萌發(fā)階段進(jìn)行基因測序,進(jìn)而為篩選挖掘關(guān)鍵基因提供參考依據(jù)。
4結(jié)論
4.1低溫脅迫下,種子萌發(fā)指標(biāo)與對照組均達(dá)到極顯著性差異,其中,受影響最大的是種子活力指數(shù)和幼苗活力指數(shù)。
4.2新春6號為強(qiáng)耐低溫型品種,新春49 號為低溫敏感型品種。
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Abstract:【Objective】 The aim of this study is to compare the low temperature tolerance of spring wheat seeds during germination by low temperature stress,It has provided basic data for the low temperature tolerance quality screening and planting utilization of spring wheat,and also laid a theoretical foundation for the low temperature tolerance gene mining and new germplasm creation.【Methods】 Cold tolerance coefficient,membership function and cluster analysis were used to evaluate the low temperature tolerance of33 spring wheat seds during germination.【Results】 Under low temperature stress,9 indexes related to seed germination and seedling growth characteristics of spring wheat varieties showed a downward trend. Based on the comprehensive cold tolerance coeffcient and membership function,the 33 varieties of spring wheat were divided into four different low temperature tolerance types,namely,strong low temperature tolerance,medium low temperature tolerance,weak low temperature tolerance and low temperature sensitivity.【Conclusion】 The selection of the strong low temperature tolerance variety Xinchun 6 and the low temperature sensitivity variety Xinchun 49.
Key words:spring wheat;seed germination stage;low temperature resistance; comprehensive evaluation ; cluster analysis