[摘要]目的:評(píng)估基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的互動(dòng)式術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育,降低假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者手術(shù)前后疼痛與焦慮的效果。方法:本研究為開放標(biāo)簽、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。132例擬行假體隆乳術(shù)的就醫(yī)者被隨機(jī)分配到干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組。干預(yù)組使用三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)進(jìn)行術(shù)前教育,對(duì)照組使用紙質(zhì)單頁進(jìn)行術(shù)前教育。主要研究就醫(yī)者在術(shù)前教育前、術(shù)前教育后且手術(shù)前1 h,術(shù)后2 h以及術(shù)后24 h的疼痛評(píng)分與焦慮評(píng)分。結(jié)果:132例就醫(yī)者參與了隨機(jī)化分配,其中122例就醫(yī)者完成了試驗(yàn)(干預(yù)組60例,對(duì)照組62例)。兩組的人口學(xué)特征及術(shù)前生命體征等指標(biāo)差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),干預(yù)組的術(shù)后24 h的疼痛評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。干預(yù)組術(shù)前1 h的狀態(tài)焦慮評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。干預(yù)組術(shù)后24 h狀態(tài)焦慮評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:相對(duì)于常規(guī)的基于紙質(zhì)單頁的就醫(yī)者教育方式,基于3D解剖平臺(tái)的術(shù)前互動(dòng)式就醫(yī)者教育可以有效地降低假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的術(shù)后疼痛與焦慮。
[關(guān)鍵詞]術(shù)前教育;疼痛;焦慮;隆乳手術(shù);三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)
[中圖分類號(hào)]R655.8" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A" " [文章編號(hào)]1008-6455(2025)06-0064-05
Effects of Three-dimensional Anatomy Platform-based Preoperative Education on Pain and Anxiety Among Patients Undergoing Implant-based Breast Augmentation Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study
ZHANG Sihang1, QU Yaping2, JIA Zhongwei1
( 1.School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; 2.Breast Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100144, China )
Abstract: Objective" To assess the effects of three-dimensional anatomy platform-based preoperative education in reducing anxiety and pain among patients undergoing implant-based breast augmentation surgery. Methods An open-label, randomized, controlled study was conducted. 132 patients undergoing implant-based breast augmentation surgery were randomized into an intervention group (three-dimensional anatomy platform-based preoperative education) or a control group (leaflet-based preoperative education). The outcome was the change in pain and anxiety that was measured by the Visual Analog Scale and Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The pain and anxiety levels were assessed before education, after education and 1 hour preoperatively, 2 hour postoperatively and 24 hour postoperatively. Results" A total of 132 patients participated in the randomized assignment, of which 122 completed the trial (60 in the intervention group and 62 in the control group). There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics and preoperative vital signs between the two groups. The study found that 24 h postoperative pain scores in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.001). State anxiety score 1 h before operation in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The 24 h state anxiety score of the intervention group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion" Compared with traditional leaflet-based preoperative education, three-dimensional anatomy platform-based preoperative education can significantly reduce pain and anxiety in patients undergoing implant-based breast augmentation.
Key words: preoperative education; pain; anxiety; breast augmentation; three-dimensional anatomy platform
隆乳手術(shù)是最流行的美容整形手術(shù)之一,術(shù)后疼痛是其最常見的并發(fā)癥之一[1-2]。術(shù)后疼痛會(huì)對(duì)就醫(yī)者的手術(shù)滿意度、生活質(zhì)量、個(gè)人社交、家庭關(guān)系甚至整個(gè)醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)帶來顯著的影響[3]。術(shù)前焦慮是一種情緒反應(yīng),通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致術(shù)后不滿意以及多種術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,比如術(shù)后疼痛,惡心,嘔吐,較長的住院時(shí)間甚至?xí)黾铀劳鲲L(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4-5]。術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育是假體隆乳手術(shù)中用來提升就醫(yī)者舒適度和術(shù)后滿意度的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一[6]。隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,術(shù)前教育的方式也越來越多。已有研究表明,基于個(gè)性化語音、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)、遠(yuǎn)程視頻進(jìn)行術(shù)前教育均可有效地降低就醫(yī)者手術(shù)住院期間的焦慮或疼痛[7-8]。然而基于這種新技術(shù)輔助下的術(shù)前教育的有效性仍然是有爭議的。例如一項(xiàng)為了調(diào)查視頻媒體在術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育當(dāng)中的作用的系統(tǒng)綜述發(fā)現(xiàn),近一半的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)視頻輔助下的術(shù)前教育是無效的[9]。這種爭議性的發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣出現(xiàn)在心臟手術(shù)[10]、膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)[11]與腫瘤手術(shù)中[12]。隨著信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)作為一種幫助醫(yī)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)解剖學(xué)與語言的工具,已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用教學(xué)當(dāng)中[13-14]。盡管,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有越來越多的醫(yī)生利用三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)用作術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育的輔助工具[15]。然而,基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的術(shù)前教育的有效性,尤其是針對(duì)假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的有效性的證據(jù)仍然是缺乏的。本研究的目的是驗(yàn)證基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育在降低假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的術(shù)前焦慮與術(shù)后疼痛的效果。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:本研究是開放標(biāo)簽、隨機(jī)、對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。本研究的研究時(shí)間為2022年5月-2022年11月,研究地點(diǎn)為中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院,研究對(duì)象為擬行腋下雙平面假體隆乳手術(shù)的就醫(yī)者。本研究開始前獲得中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院整形外科醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并在中國臨床試驗(yàn)注冊(cè)中心注冊(cè)(編號(hào):ChiCTR2200060371)。
1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡在18歲以上;②擬行腋下雙平面假體隆乳手術(shù);③可以流暢地使用中文聽說讀寫;④沒有精神紊亂與癡呆等精神類疾??;⑤同意參與本研究。
1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①曾經(jīng)做過重大胸部手術(shù)(3 h以上);②60 d內(nèi)服用過抗精神疾病類藥物;③60 d內(nèi)參加過其他臨床試驗(yàn);④未實(shí)施手術(shù)而直接出院;⑤手術(shù)中或術(shù)后發(fā)生了嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥(如血腫、休克、心臟驟停等);⑥手術(shù)時(shí)間超過2.5 h。
1.1.3 隨機(jī)化分組:本研究采用區(qū)組隨機(jī)化的方法將就醫(yī)者隨機(jī)分配到干預(yù)組(基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的術(shù)前教育組)與對(duì)照組(基于紙質(zhì)單頁的術(shù)前教育組)。根據(jù)就醫(yī)者的入院時(shí)間將132位就醫(yī)者分為33個(gè)區(qū)組,區(qū)組大小為4。一位獨(dú)立的研究者負(fù)責(zé)通過SAS軟件生成分組號(hào),并將就醫(yī)者分配到相應(yīng)的組。
1.1.4 樣本量計(jì)算:本研究樣本量的計(jì)算參考了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于個(gè)性化音視頻術(shù)前教育與常規(guī)教育的效果比較的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究的研究結(jié)果[16]?;诖搜芯康臄?shù)據(jù),假設(shè)干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組的疼痛評(píng)分分別為5.7分與5.1分,取α為0.05,β為0.1,計(jì)算出最小樣本量為120例(干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組各60例)??紤]到約10%的脫落率與失訪率,最終設(shè)定招募樣本量為132名就醫(yī)者。所有符合以上納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的潛在就醫(yī)者,均會(huì)被告知本研究的目的與實(shí)施流程。所有同意參與研究的就醫(yī)者均要求簽署書面知情同意書。
1.2 方法:當(dāng)就醫(yī)者完成知情同意與入院手續(xù)后,會(huì)在24 h內(nèi)對(duì)就醫(yī)者進(jìn)行基線調(diào)查。人口學(xué)特征與數(shù)據(jù)在醫(yī)生辦公室通過面對(duì)面采訪的方式獲取。心率與血壓等生理學(xué)特征數(shù)據(jù)由一名專業(yè)的護(hù)士,使用校準(zhǔn)過的設(shè)備進(jìn)行測(cè)量?;谌S虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化術(shù)前教育課程由3名高年資整形外科醫(yī)生開發(fā)。課程的開發(fā)使用Complete Anatomy(CA) App 8.5.0版本,課程內(nèi)容包含了胸部解剖結(jié)構(gòu),手術(shù)步驟,術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備,并發(fā)癥,傷口護(hù)理,營養(yǎng)以及醫(yī)療等內(nèi)容(見圖1)。一名能熟練地使用Complete Anatomy App進(jìn)行就醫(yī)者教育的醫(yī)生被指定為教育醫(yī)生,教育醫(yī)生負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)就醫(yī)者進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的術(shù)前教育。整個(gè)教育過程共30 min,包括15 min的講解與15 min的問答。在就醫(yī)者完成基線評(píng)估后,被分配到干預(yù)組的就醫(yī)者會(huì)在24 h內(nèi)按照以上的流程接受術(shù)前教育。之后,就醫(yī)者會(huì)被建議在個(gè)人手機(jī)與平板上安裝CA APP,教育醫(yī)生會(huì)將教育內(nèi)容分享給就醫(yī)者,使得就醫(yī)者可以在任何時(shí)間利用個(gè)人的電子設(shè)備多次瀏覽該教育課程。被分配到對(duì)照組的就醫(yī)者,接受常規(guī)的基于A4紙的單頁術(shù)前教育,該教育過程由同一位教育醫(yī)生完成。紙質(zhì)單頁中包含的信息與內(nèi)容與CA平臺(tái)中內(nèi)容基本一致。對(duì)照組的術(shù)前教育同樣要求在入院后24 h內(nèi)完成。對(duì)照組的術(shù)前教育過程共25 min,包含10 min講解與15 min的問答。術(shù)前教育完成后,紙質(zhì)單頁會(huì)留給就醫(yī)者。為了降低兩組之間的污染,所有的就醫(yī)者都被告知不要分享他們的教育工具(CA APP與紙質(zhì)單頁)給病房內(nèi)的其他就醫(yī)者。在手術(shù)之前,不會(huì)給就醫(yī)者服用任何藥物。手術(shù)由同一個(gè)手術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì),以同樣的手術(shù)方式(腋下雙平面假體隆乳)與同樣的麻醉方式(常規(guī)麻醉)完成。當(dāng)就醫(yī)者完成術(shù)后2 h的疼痛與焦慮評(píng)估后,會(huì)被給予5 mg的羥考酮用來緩解疼痛。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo):本研究的主要結(jié)局為就醫(yī)者疼痛評(píng)分(通過視覺模擬量表測(cè)量[17])與焦慮評(píng)分(通過斯皮爾伯格狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮量表測(cè)量[18])。疼痛評(píng)分與焦慮評(píng)分會(huì)在以下4個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)量:術(shù)前教育前,教育后且術(shù)前1 h,術(shù)后2 h以及術(shù)后24 h。視覺模擬量表是通過一條水平線來衡量疼痛水平。得分范圍在0~10分(0分代表沒有疼痛,10分代表最嚴(yán)重的疼痛)。本研究利用視覺模擬量表來測(cè)量就醫(yī)者的疼痛水平,克隆巴赫信度系數(shù)為0.84。通過斯皮爾伯格狀態(tài)-特質(zhì)焦慮量表(STAI)包含兩個(gè)子量表,分別為狀態(tài)焦慮量表(STAI-S)與特質(zhì)焦慮量表(STAI-T)。狀態(tài)焦慮量表用來表現(xiàn)個(gè)人在特定環(huán)境和條件下的狀態(tài),而特質(zhì)焦慮量表用來表現(xiàn)個(gè)人長期的狀態(tài)(不受特定環(huán)境與條件影響)。每個(gè)子量表均包含20個(gè)條目,整體得分范圍在20~80分。在本研究中,狀態(tài)焦慮量表與特質(zhì)焦慮量表的克隆巴赫信度系數(shù)分別為0.75與0.83。為規(guī)范量表數(shù)據(jù)填寫質(zhì)量,所有受試者在入組后的24 h內(nèi),均接受了量表填寫規(guī)范培訓(xùn)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:使用SPSS 23.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,分類變量用n(%)的形式來展示。數(shù)值變量用xˉ±s或M(P25,P75)的形式來展示。使用Shapiro-Wilk檢驗(yàn)來確定數(shù)值型變量是否為正態(tài)分布。使用χ2檢驗(yàn)來比較分類變量的差異。使用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn)和獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)來比較數(shù)值變量的差異。雙側(cè)P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2022年5月-2022年11月,本研究共評(píng)估了206例潛在就醫(yī)者,其中132例符合入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且完成了基線調(diào)查與隨機(jī)化分組。隨機(jī)化分組后,10例就醫(yī)者因?yàn)橐韵略蚴гL:未接受手術(shù)而直接出院(5例),術(shù)中或術(shù)后出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥(3例),手術(shù)時(shí)間超過3 h(2例)。最終,122例就醫(yī)者(干預(yù)組60例,對(duì)照組62例)被納入到研究與分析當(dāng)中,見圖2。
2.1 基線信息:干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組的平均年齡分別為30歲左右。兩組中超過45%的就醫(yī)者都是已婚。大多數(shù)就醫(yī)者的受教育程度為本科及以上學(xué)歷。對(duì)照組的就醫(yī)者的收縮壓比干預(yù)組高4.13 mmHg。然而,兩組就醫(yī)者的人口學(xué)特征與臨床特征比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
2.2 疼痛評(píng)分結(jié)果:結(jié)果顯示,兩組就醫(yī)者的疼痛評(píng)分在術(shù)前教育前、教育后術(shù)前1 h差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。然而,干預(yù)組術(shù)后2 h、24 h的疼痛評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.001)。見表2。
2.3 焦慮評(píng)分結(jié)果:術(shù)前教育前,兩組就醫(yī)者的狀態(tài)焦慮評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。然而,干預(yù)組的焦慮評(píng)分在術(shù)前教育后術(shù)前1 h、術(shù)后24 h顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),見表3。而兩組的特質(zhì)焦慮評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表4。
3" 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的基于紙質(zhì)單頁的術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育,基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的互動(dòng)式術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育可以有效地降低假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的手術(shù)后的疼痛與手術(shù)前后的焦慮。
術(shù)后疼痛在隆乳手術(shù)后非常常見。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后就醫(yī)者的疼痛評(píng)分會(huì)顯著提升[19]。就醫(yī)者教育是隆乳手術(shù)中非常重要的一環(huán),但在臨床上卻普遍被整形外科醫(yī)生所忽視[5]。2020年一項(xiàng)美國的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)基于口頭或書面材料的就醫(yī)者教育可以有效地降低隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的術(shù)后疼痛[20]。此類結(jié)果同樣在心臟手術(shù)、膝蓋手術(shù)等其他手術(shù)中被發(fā)現(xiàn)[21-24]。隨著信息技術(shù)與工具的發(fā)展,很多臨床醫(yī)生開始利用這些信息工具來協(xié)助就醫(yī)者教育。作為第一個(gè)利用三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)來做就醫(yī)者教育的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的基于紙質(zhì)單頁的術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育,基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的術(shù)前就醫(yī)者教育可以進(jìn)一步降低就醫(yī)者的疼痛評(píng)分。這個(gè)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)跟前人的很多研究結(jié)果都是一致的。其原因可能是,更豐富更生動(dòng)的信息緩解了就醫(yī)者的疼痛感[25]。然而,在不同的手術(shù)中,“基于新技術(shù)的就醫(yī)者教育”未必比傳統(tǒng)的基于口頭或書面的就醫(yī)者教育更有效。比如,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于扁桃體手術(shù)就醫(yī)者教育的研究就發(fā)現(xiàn),多種手段相結(jié)合的術(shù)前教育(提前體驗(yàn)病房,就醫(yī)者教育DVD,游戲性干預(yù)與術(shù)前教育小冊(cè)子)相對(duì)于單純的基于術(shù)前教育小冊(cè)子的方式,在降低術(shù)后疼痛上沒有任何差別[26]。同樣,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于眼整形手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),“口頭加視覺“的就醫(yī)者教育手段反而比“僅口頭”的就醫(yī)者教育,給就醫(yī)者在術(shù)后1 d和1周時(shí)帶來了更嚴(yán)重的術(shù)后不舒適感[27]。
除了術(shù)后疼痛,本研究還觀察了就醫(yī)者術(shù)前術(shù)后的焦慮評(píng)分。結(jié)果顯示,兩組就醫(yī)者接受術(shù)前教育前的狀態(tài)焦慮評(píng)分并沒有什么差異,但接受術(shù)前教育后,干預(yù)組的狀態(tài)焦慮評(píng)分顯著低于對(duì)照組?;谌S虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的就醫(yī)者教育課程為就醫(yī)者提供了更多的信息來幫助就醫(yī)者了解手術(shù)的各個(gè)方面,這幫助緩解了就醫(yī)者在術(shù)前術(shù)后的焦慮感受[28]。同樣的現(xiàn)象,也在其他信息工具中被證實(shí),比如基于個(gè)性化音頻的術(shù)前教育、基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的術(shù)前教育、基于虛擬卡通片的術(shù)前教育,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的術(shù)前教育,基于視頻的術(shù)前教育以及基于沉浸式虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)的術(shù)前教育[29-33]。然而,兩組的特質(zhì)焦慮評(píng)分在任何一個(gè)觀察時(shí)點(diǎn)都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)差異。這意味著,就醫(yī)者教育的效果只是一種短期效果,無法影響就醫(yī)者長期穩(wěn)定的焦慮感受。
據(jù)文獻(xiàn)檢索的結(jié)果,本研究是第一個(gè)直接將基于三維解剖模型的新型就醫(yī)者教育方式與傳統(tǒng)的基于紙質(zhì)單頁的就醫(yī)者教育方式相比較,對(duì)假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者,在緩解就醫(yī)者疼痛與焦慮上有效性的研究。本研究的樣本量為122,統(tǒng)計(jì)效能足夠。同時(shí),本研究的失訪率與脫落率較低,僅為7.5%(10/132),且所有造成失訪的原因皆與術(shù)前教育的方式不相關(guān)。
本研究有以下局限性。第一,所有的就醫(yī)者均從同一家醫(yī)院中招募,這會(huì)限制本研究結(jié)論在其他人群中的普適性。第二,本研究是一項(xiàng)開放標(biāo)簽試驗(yàn),雖然對(duì)實(shí)施手術(shù)的醫(yī)生和收集信息的護(hù)士設(shè)盲,但實(shí)施教育的醫(yī)生與就醫(yī)者并沒有辦法被設(shè)盲。這意味著所觀察到的現(xiàn)象可能會(huì)受到霍索恩效應(yīng)的影響。第三,就醫(yī)者的疼痛與焦慮等級(jí)均由量表測(cè)量,這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致一定程度上的測(cè)量偏倚。
基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的術(shù)前互動(dòng)式就醫(yī)者教育,相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的基于紙質(zhì)單頁的就醫(yī)者教育,可以有效地降低假體隆乳手術(shù)就醫(yī)者的術(shù)后疼痛與術(shù)前術(shù)后的焦慮感。
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[收稿日期]2023-02-06
本文引用格式:張思航,曲亞平,賈忠偉.基于三維虛擬解剖平臺(tái)的互動(dòng)式術(shù)前教育在假體隆乳手術(shù)中降低就醫(yī)者疼痛與焦慮的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2025,34(6):64-68.