[摘要]目的:探討激光排齦、電刀排齦及排齦線排齦在固定義齒修復(fù)中的臨床效果。方法:選取2021年12月-2022年12月就診于石家莊市第二醫(yī)院口腔科的120例后牙全冠修復(fù)患者,隨機(jī)分為激光組、電刀組和排齦線組,每組40例。比較三組術(shù)中疼痛程度,術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月的牙齦指數(shù)(GI)、牙周袋深度(PD),比較三組患者對印模、石膏模型及預(yù)備體的滿意度和臨床療效。結(jié)果:激光組無痛率高于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),輕度疼痛率低于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組與排齦線組無痛率及輕度疼痛率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),三組中度疼痛率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月三組GI均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),且術(shù)后1個月高于術(shù)后1周(P<0.05),術(shù)后3個月高于術(shù)后1個月(P<0.05),激光組術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月均低于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月低于排齦線組(P<0.05);術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月,三組PD均高于術(shù)前(P<0.05),且激光組PD均高于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組與排齦線組術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后3個月PD差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組預(yù)備體、印模以及石膏模型滿意度比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);三組排齦效果比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),激光組優(yōu)良率高于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組與排齦線組優(yōu)良率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:激光排齦、電刀排齦及排齦線排齦在固定義齒修復(fù)中均可獲得良好、穩(wěn)定的排齦效果,激光排齦法患者疼痛程度較低,其牙齦及牙周組織健康狀況更佳,排齦效果更好。
[關(guān)鍵詞]激光排齦;電刀排齦;排齦線排齦;固定義齒修復(fù);牙齦指數(shù)
[中圖分類號]R781.3" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A" " [文章編號]1008-6455(2025)06-0175-04
Comparison of Clinical Effects of Three Gingival Drainage Methods in Fixed Denture Restoration
ZHANG Yalin, ZHANG Shiying, ZHAO Ting, LIANG Xiaolong
( Department of Stomatology, Shijiazhuang Second Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China )
Abstract: Objective" Explore the clinical effects of laser gingival drainage, electric knife gingival drainage, and gingival drainage line gingival drainage in fixed denture restoration. Methodsnbsp; 120 patients with complete crown restoration of posterior teeth who visited Shijiazhuang Second Hospital from December 2021 to December 2022 were randomly divided, randomly divided into laser group, electric knife group, and gingival suture group, with 40 cases in each group. Compare the degree of intraoperative pain among three groups, compare the gingival index (GI) and periodontal pocket depth (PD) before, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery, and compare the satisfaction and clinical efficacy of three groups of patients with impression and plaster models. Results" The painless rate of the laser group was higher than that of the electrosurgical group and the gingival suture group (P<0.05), and the mild pain rate was lower than that of the electrosurgical group and the gingival suture group (P<0.05). There was no difference in the painless rate and mild pain rate between the electrosurgical group and the gingival suture group (P>0.05), and there was no difference in the moderate pain rate among the three groups (P>0.05). At 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery, the GI of the three groups was lower than before surgery (P<0.05), and at 1 month after surgery, it was higher than 1 week after surgery (P<0.05). At 3 months after surgery, it was higher than 1 month after surgery (P<0.05). The laser group was lower than the electric knife group and the gingival line group at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery (P<0.05), while the electric knife group was lower than the gingival line group at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery (P<0.05). After 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months of surgery, the PD levels in the three groups were all
higher than before surgery (P<0.05). The PD levels in the laser group at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery were all higher than those in the electrosurgical group and the gingival suture group (P<0.05). There was no difference in PD levels between the electrosurgical group and the gingival suture group at 1 week and 3 months after surgery (P>0.05). There was no difference in satisfaction among the three groups of preparations, impressions, and plaster models (P>0.05). There were significant differences in the distribution of gingival retraction effects among the three groups (P<0.05). The excellent and good rate of the laser group was higher than that of the electric knife group and gingival retraction line group (P<0.05), and there was no difference in the excellent and good rate between the electric knife group and gingival retraction line group (P>0.05). Conclusion" Laser gingival removal, electric knife gingival removal, and gingival line gingival removal can both achieve good and stable gingival removal effect in fixed denture restoration. Patients with laser gingival removal have lower pain levels, better gingival and periodontal tissue health, and better gingival removal effect.
Key words: laser gingival drainage; electric knife gingival discharge; gingival discharge line; fixed denture restoration; gingival index
固定修復(fù)是指通過一定治療將修復(fù)體與牙齒固定在一起形成一個整體,從而恢復(fù)牙齒的咀嚼功能[1]。固定修復(fù)時要考慮牙齒美觀及固位,因此邊緣一般設(shè)計(jì)在齦下,故需進(jìn)行排齦將游離牙齦組織推開,使肩臺邊緣完全暴露,從而使印模清晰、連續(xù),準(zhǔn)確記錄基牙解剖結(jié)構(gòu)、預(yù)備體邊緣、鄰牙及牙周組織,對獲得精密修復(fù)體至關(guān)重要[2-3]。排齦操作不僅要提高臨床舒適度,還要減少牙齦損傷,因此,選擇最佳的排齦方法對保護(hù)患者的牙齒健康具有重要意義[4]。本研究通過對比分析激光排齦與電刀排齦及排齦線排齦在固定義齒修復(fù)中的臨床效果,以期為臨床選取最佳的排齦方式提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 一般資料:選取2021年12月-2022年12月就診于石家莊市第二醫(yī)院口腔科的120例后牙全冠修復(fù)患者,隨機(jī)分為激光組、電刀組、排齦線組,每組40例。激光組:男24例,女16例,年齡23~46歲,平均(34.25±3.46)歲;電刀組:25例,女15例,年齡23~47歲,平均(34.10±3.54)歲;排齦線組:男26例,女14例,年齡22~45歲,平均(34.93±3.81)歲,三組患者性別、年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會審核批準(zhǔn)。
1.1.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①后牙需全冠修復(fù),且肩臺需位于齦下者;②根管治療完善、根尖區(qū)無低密度影像;③咬合關(guān)系正常,無深覆牙合、深覆蓋;④能夠配合研究治療及隨訪者;⑤簽署知情同意書。
1.1.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①合并心、肝、腎等重要臟器功能障礙者;②牙齦、牙周組織疾病;③合并血液系統(tǒng)疾??;④合并慢性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病;⑤合并甲狀腺疾?。虎奕焉锛安溉槠谂?。
1.2 方法:預(yù)備體肩臺位于齦下約0.5 mm,精修拋光完成預(yù)備。激光組采用半導(dǎo)體激光排齦,波長800~820 nm,功率1~3 W,頻率50 Hz,將光纖維攤?cè)臊l溝0.5 mm,以順時針方向移動照射;電刀組采用電刀排齦,根據(jù)齦溝寬度選擇合適的電刀頭,功率大小由小到大遞增,動作輕柔連續(xù)地切除游離齦組織;排齦線組采用排齦線排齦,根據(jù)牙齦溝深度選擇合適的排齦線,采用排齦器將排齦線以順時針加壓,輕輕放置于齦溝內(nèi),5 min后取出。治療結(jié)束進(jìn)行取模,灌制石膏模型。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
1.3.1 疼痛程度:比較三組患者術(shù)中疼痛程度,采用視覺模擬評分量表對患者術(shù)中疼痛進(jìn)行評價?;颊吒鶕?jù)自身情況在標(biāo)尺上游動到相應(yīng)位置,滿分為10分。無痛:0分;輕度疼痛:1~3分;中度疼痛:4~6分;重度疼痛:7~10分。
1.3.2 牙周指標(biāo):比較三組患者術(shù)前、術(shù)后1周、術(shù)后1個月、術(shù)后3個月的牙齦指數(shù)(GI)及牙周袋深度(PD)。GI:正常為牙齦色澤、外形健康,無炎癥、探診不出血,記為0分;輕度炎癥為牙齦輕度水腫,探診不出血,記為1分;中度炎癥為牙齦發(fā)紅、水腫,探診出血,記為2分;重度炎癥為牙齦有自動出血傾向,牙齦紅腫或潰瘍形成,記為3分。測定基牙頰、舌面近、遠(yuǎn)中乳頭及中央6個位點(diǎn),取其平均值作為最終結(jié)果,保留兩位小數(shù)。PD:采用適度力量將探針插到齦溝內(nèi),遇阻力后停止并記錄齦緣至探尖距離,計(jì)算其平均值作為最終結(jié)果,保留兩位小數(shù)。
1.3.3 滿意度:比較三組患者對印模、石膏模型及預(yù)備體的滿意度。滿意為印模邊緣連貫清晰,牙預(yù)備體表面光滑,肩臺清晰連續(xù),基牙與牙齦之間的界限清晰;不滿意為牙預(yù)備體肩臺不連續(xù)、粗糙,軟硬組織界限不明顯,印模邊緣不清晰、有斷裂。
1.3.4 排齦效果:比較三組患者的排齦效果。優(yōu):基牙游離齦排開1 mm,齦溝寬度合適,牙齦無出血,牙預(yù)備體及模型肩臺邊緣清晰、連續(xù);良:基牙游離齦排開0.5 mm,齦溝寬度改善,齦緣無出血,牙預(yù)備體及模型肩臺邊緣比較清晰、連續(xù);差:基牙游離齦未排開,牙齦緣少量滲血,牙預(yù)備體及模型肩臺邊緣不清晰、不連續(xù)。優(yōu)良率=(優(yōu)+良)例數(shù)/總例數(shù)×100%。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析:應(yīng)用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對病例資料進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料以“例(%)”描述,用χ2檢驗(yàn);計(jì)量資料以“xˉ±s”描述,組內(nèi)t檢驗(yàn),重復(fù)資料用重復(fù)方差分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1 疼痛程度:比較三組患者術(shù)中疼痛程度,激光組無痛率高于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),輕度疼痛率低于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05);電刀組與排齦線組無痛率及輕度疼痛率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),三組中度疼痛率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
2.2 三組手術(shù)前后GI比較:術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月,三組GI均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),且術(shù)后1個月高于術(shù)后1周,術(shù)后3個月高于術(shù)后1個月(均P<0.05);激光組術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月GI均低于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組低于排齦線組(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.3 三組手術(shù)前后PD比較:術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月,三組PD均高于術(shù)前(P<0.05),激光組術(shù)后1周、1個月及3個月的PD均高于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組與排齦線組術(shù)后1周、3個月PD比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
2.4 三組預(yù)備體、印模、石膏模型滿意度比較:三組預(yù)備體、印模以及石膏模型滿意度比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表4。
2.5 三組排齦效果比較:三組排齦效果比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),激光組優(yōu)良率高于電刀組及排齦線組(P<0.05),電刀組與排齦線組優(yōu)良率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表5。
3" 討論
在固定修復(fù)中,排齦是獲取精確印模以及齦下邊緣合適性的重要步驟[5]。排齦操作容易引起牙齦組織損傷,導(dǎo)致牙齦出血,從而使石膏模型邊緣不清晰,增加修復(fù)體制作難度,影響修復(fù)效果[6]。因此,選擇合適的排齦方法對固定修復(fù)意義重大。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,激光組無痛率高于電刀組及排齦線組,輕度疼痛率低于電刀組及排齦線組,說明半導(dǎo)體激光排齦能夠顯著減輕患者術(shù)中疼痛。半導(dǎo)體激光排齦是基于不同波長的激光對機(jī)體離子通道、神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)、神經(jīng)元周圍微環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不同的效應(yīng),從而改變神經(jīng)末梢電位而麻醉牙齦,使患者達(dá)到無痛效果[7-8]。電刀排齦時電刀的導(dǎo)電性會通過附近金屬、種植體傳導(dǎo)給患者遭受電擊,因此會有輕度疼痛[9]。排齦線操作時需要機(jī)械推擠牙齦邊緣,也會造成一定程度的疼痛[10]。有研究顯示,與牙齦線排齦比較,采用半導(dǎo)體排齦疼痛程度更低,能達(dá)到良好的齦溝寬度[11]。研究顯示,與排齦線比較,全冠修復(fù)前采用半導(dǎo)體激光排齦對組織損傷小,操作簡單且疼痛較輕,患者滿意度高[12]。結(jié)合本研究結(jié)果,半導(dǎo)體激光排齦能夠更好地減輕患者術(shù)中疼痛。
GI是臨床常用的觀察牙齦健康狀況的指標(biāo)之一,PD是臨床重要的牙周指標(biāo),能夠判斷牙周炎癥的程度[13]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,三組術(shù)后各時段GI均低于術(shù)前,激光組術(shù)后1周、1個月、3個月均低于電刀組及排齦線組,電刀組低于排齦線組,三組術(shù)后各時段PD均高于術(shù)前,激光組術(shù)后1周、1個月及術(shù)后3個月的PD均高于電刀組及排齦線組,說明三種排齦方法均可改善患者牙齦及牙周的健康狀況,但半導(dǎo)體激光的改善效果最佳。半導(dǎo)體激光通過其波長被牙齦上皮細(xì)胞的水分子吸收,引起水溫及水壓上升,且高頻波長激發(fā)水分子,使其具有高速動能,在升溫的靶組織內(nèi)微爆破,將其定位牙齦,能夠快速切削牙齦溝內(nèi)上皮,預(yù)備體間隙增寬,從而達(dá)到排齦效果[3]。半導(dǎo)體激光刺激性小、準(zhǔn)確度高、損傷小,因此引起的炎癥較輕,其牙齦健康狀況較好[14]。而電刀的導(dǎo)電性會使患者遭受電擊,電擊會損傷牙齦及牙周組織,加重牙齦炎癥。排齦線操作時會對周圍牙齦進(jìn)行機(jī)械擠壓,對牙周組織造成一定程度的損傷,加重牙周炎癥[11]。因此,電刀排齦及排齦線排齦的損傷較大,引起的炎癥較重,其患者牙齦健康狀況稍差,恢復(fù)較慢。本研究進(jìn)一步分析顯示,三組患者對預(yù)備體、印模以及石膏模型滿意度差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,激光組優(yōu)良率高于電刀組及排齦線組,分析原因在于半導(dǎo)體激光的損傷小、無痛效果較好,因此排齦效果較好。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與排齦線排齦比較,半導(dǎo)體激光排齦能夠有效減輕患者疼痛,且術(shù)后1周牙齦健康狀況更佳,對固定義齒修復(fù)效果更好[15]。因此,采用半導(dǎo)體激光排齦能夠減輕患者術(shù)中損傷,改善牙周健康狀況,修復(fù)效果較好。
綜上所述,激光排齦、電刀排齦及排齦線排齦均可在固定義齒修復(fù)中獲得較好的排齦效果,但半導(dǎo)體激光排齦的疼痛感更輕,損傷更小,術(shù)后牙周健康狀況更好。
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[收稿日期]2023-07-23
本文引用格式:張雅琳,張世英,趙廷,等.三種排齦方法在固定義齒修復(fù)中的臨床效果比較[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2025,34(6):175-178.