【摘要】 目的 探討帕金森?。≒D)患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的發(fā)生情況,以及高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生是否存在相關(guān)性。方法 納入2023年3月至2025年1月泰州市第四人民醫(yī)院收入的150例PD患者,采用老年?duì)I養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)(GNRI)評(píng)估PD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,GNRI評(píng)分≥98分表示不存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn),評(píng)分lt; 98分表示高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。將150例患者分為高GNRI組(評(píng)分≥98分)和低GNRI組(評(píng)分lt; 98分),采用簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)量表(MMSE)對(duì)2組PD患者進(jìn)行認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估,分析認(rèn)知障礙的患病率。采用Logistic回歸分析營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與認(rèn)知障礙的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 150例PD患者中存在高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患者共70例,高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生率為46.7%。低GNRI組70例,高GNRI組80例,合并認(rèn)知障礙患者共71例,患病率為47.3%,其中低GNRI組43例發(fā)生認(rèn)知障礙,發(fā)病率為61.4%,MMSE評(píng)分為21.5(14.0,26.0)分,高GNRI組發(fā)生認(rèn)知障礙者有28例,發(fā)病率為35.0%,MMSE評(píng)分為23.5(18.8,27.0)分,2組患者的認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生率、MMSE評(píng)分對(duì)比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P lt; 0.05)。同時(shí),2組患者的年齡、發(fā)病時(shí)間、H-Y分級(jí)、甘油三酯、甲狀腺功能、血紅蛋白、血糖、尿酸比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P lt; 0.05),在血管危險(xiǎn)因素、文化程度等方面比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05)。多因素二元Logistic回歸分析顯示,在校正了疾病病程、H-Y分級(jí)等因素后,存在認(rèn)知障礙(OR=2.66,P = 0.009)、年齡(OR=0.93,P = 0.004)、促甲狀腺激素(OR=1.36,P = 0.006)是PD患者發(fā)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響因素。結(jié)論 PD患者發(fā)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,有營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的PD患者認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)病率更高,存在認(rèn)知障礙是PD患者發(fā)生高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的危險(xiǎn)因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 帕金森病;營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良;老年?duì)I養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù);認(rèn)知障礙
Nutritional status and its correlation with cognitive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease
LI Jing, BIAN Laifang, SHEN Jun, JIANG Yu, ZHOU Renhua
(Department of Neurology, the Forth People’ s Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou 225300, China)
Corresponding author: ZHOU Renhua, E-mail: 2740866043@qq.com
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the prevalence of malnutrition risk in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and explore the correlation between high malnutrition risk and cognitive impairment. Methods A total of 150 PD patients admitted to the Forth People’s Hospital of Taizhou from March 2023 to January 2025 were included. The GeriatricNutritional Risk Index (GNRI) was used to assess the nutritional status of PD patients. A GNRI score ≥98 indicated no malnutrition risk, while a score lt; 98 indicated malnutrition risk. The patients were divided into a high GNRI group (score ≥98) and a low GNRI group (score lt; 98). Cognitive function
was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the prevalence of cognitive impairment was analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between malnutrition risk and cognitive impairment. Results Among the 150 patients, 70 were at risk of malnutrition, with a high malnutrition risk prevalence of 46.7%. The low GNRI group comprised 70 patients, while the high GNRI group comprised 80 patients. A total of 71 patients had cognitive impairment, with an incidence rate of 47.3%.In the low GNRI group, 43 patients had cognitive impairment, with an incidence rate of 61.4% and an MMSE score of 21.5 (14.0, 26.0). In the high GNRI group, 28 patients had cognitive impairment, with an incidence of 35.0% and an MMSE score of 23.5 (18.8, 27.0). The differences in the incidence of cognitive impairment and MMSE scores between the two groups were statistically significant (both P lt; 0.05). At the same time, significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, disease duration, H-Y stage, triglyceride levels, thyroid function, hemoglobin , blood glucose, and uric acid levels (all P lt; 0.05), while there were no statistically significant differences in vascular risk factors or educational level (all P gt; 0.05). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis suggested that cognitive impairment (OR=2.66,P = 0.009),age(OR=0.93, P = 0.004), TSH(OR=1.36,P =
0.006) were influencing factors for malnutrition risk in PD patients after correcting factors such as disease duration and H-Y stage. Conclusions PD patients have a high risk of malnutrition, and those at risk of malnutrition exhibit a higher incidence of cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for high malnutrition risk in PD patients.
【Key words】 Parkinson’s disease; Malnutrition; Geriatric nutritional risk index; Cognitive impairment
帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是第二大最常見(jiàn)的神經(jīng)退行性疾病[1],在老年人群中的發(fā)病率僅次于阿爾茨海默?。?]。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),至2042年,中國(guó)人群PD患病率將達(dá)到904.08/100 000[3],在未來(lái)30年內(nèi)全球PD患者的數(shù)量將翻倍,預(yù)計(jì)至2050年全球PD患者將超過(guò)1 200萬(wàn)例[4]。PD除了明確的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀外還伴有多種非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,其中認(rèn)知障礙是較常見(jiàn)的,認(rèn)知功能惡化將嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量。營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良在老年人群中很常見(jiàn),在PD患者中也很普遍。近期有研究指出,營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況可能與PD認(rèn)知功能存在相關(guān)性,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可能加速PD患者認(rèn)知功能的下降,從而影響患者的生存質(zhì)量及預(yù)后。因此,了解PD合并癥和營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況之間的關(guān)系非常重要,進(jìn)一步的研究可能有助于制定干預(yù)策略,改善患者臨床癥狀,并且提高患者生活質(zhì)量。然而,目前關(guān)于PD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況與認(rèn)知功能相關(guān)性的研究并不充分。本研究旨在深入探討PD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,并分析其與認(rèn)知功能之間的相關(guān)性,揭示營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良對(duì)PD患者認(rèn)知功能的影響,有助于制定針對(duì)性的營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)措施,以期為臨床實(shí)踐中PD的綜合治療特供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
本研究納入2023年3月至2025年1月期間就診于泰州市第四人民醫(yī)院并被確診為PD的患者共150例,所有患者均符合《中國(guó)帕金森病治療指南(第四版)》診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①已知病因的繼發(fā)性帕金森綜合征、PD疊加綜合征;②合并腫瘤、消化系統(tǒng)疾病、自身免疫疾病、活動(dòng)性感染、慢性腎功能不全、遵循特殊飲食習(xí)慣(如嚴(yán)格低碳水化合物、低糖、低鹽、低蛋白、素食等)。本研究已通過(guò)泰州市第四人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審查(批件號(hào):2024-EC/TZFH-051),且所有入組患者均簽署知情同意書。本研究根據(jù)Logistic回歸模型,自變量為年齡、是否存在認(rèn)知障礙、病程、Hoehn-Yahr病情分級(jí)(H-Y分級(jí))、TSH、T3,自變量數(shù)為6個(gè),根據(jù)10EPV原則,每個(gè)自變量需要至少10個(gè)事件,因此總需求為60個(gè)事件,實(shí)際件數(shù)為70,樣本量足夠。
1.2 臨床信息收集
收集研究對(duì)象的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)資料,包括年齡、性別、身高、體質(zhì)量、受教育年限等。同時(shí)收集患者的基線特征,包括高血壓、糖尿病、冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟?。ü谛牟。?、吸煙、飲酒史。于患者入院第2天空腹?fàn)顟B(tài)下采集靜脈血,采用溴甲酚綠法檢測(cè)血清白蛋白水平,同時(shí)收集其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查結(jié)果,包括血脂、甲狀腺功能、膽固醇等。
1.3 營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況評(píng)估
使用老年?duì)I養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)(Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index,GNRI)評(píng)估PD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,計(jì)算公式:Y=1.489X1+41.7X2/X3,式中Y為GRNI,X1為血清白蛋白(單位為g/L),X2為患者入院時(shí)體質(zhì)量(單位為kg),X3為理想體質(zhì)量(單位為kg)。理想體質(zhì)量采用洛倫茲公式計(jì)算,男性適用的計(jì)算公式為Y=X-100-(X-150)/4,女性適用的計(jì)算公式為Y=X-100-(X-150)/2.5,式中Y為理想體質(zhì)量(單位為kg),X為身高(單位為cm)。當(dāng)實(shí)際體質(zhì)量超過(guò)理想體質(zhì)量時(shí),實(shí)際體質(zhì)量/理想體質(zhì)量比值被認(rèn)為是1,當(dāng)實(shí)際體質(zhì)量未超過(guò)理想體質(zhì)量時(shí),其比值為實(shí)際結(jié)果[6]。根據(jù)GNRI得分,將研究人群分為2組:低GNRI組(高營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者,其GNRIlt;98分)和高GNRI組(無(wú)營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)者,其GNRI≥98分)[7]。
1.4 認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估
入組的PD患者由固定的且資質(zhì)合格的醫(yī)師進(jìn)行認(rèn)知評(píng)估。本研究采用簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)量表(mini mental state examination,MMSE)評(píng)估患者整體認(rèn)知功能[8-9]。該量表涵蓋6個(gè)認(rèn)知域,包括定向力(10分)、即刻回憶(3分)、計(jì)算和注意力(5分)、延遲回憶(3分)、語(yǔ)言能力(8分)、視覺(jué)空間(1分)。本研究中視覺(jué)空間歸入語(yǔ)言能力中共9分,根據(jù)文化程度和MMSE總分篩選認(rèn)知功能障礙患者,其中文盲低于18分、小學(xué)學(xué)歷低于24分、初中及以上學(xué)歷27分以下者被視為存在認(rèn)知功能障礙。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用R 4.0.3統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。連續(xù)(定量)數(shù)據(jù)使用Shapiro-Wilk正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)采用表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)采用M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用Wilcoxon檢驗(yàn)。分類(定性)數(shù)據(jù)采用n(%)表示,組間比較采用χ 2檢驗(yàn)。雙側(cè)P lt; 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 低GNRI組與高GRNI組帕金森病患者的一般資料比較
本研究共納入150例PD患者,根據(jù)GNRI評(píng)分分為低GNRI組70例和高GNRI組80例,合并認(rèn)知障礙71例,患病率為47.3%。單因素分析顯示,與高GNRI組PD患者相比,低GNRI組PD患者年齡較大、病程更長(zhǎng)、H-Y分級(jí)更高、MMSE評(píng)分更低(均P lt; 0.05),并且2組PD患者在游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T3)、游離甲狀腺素(free tetraiodothyronine,F(xiàn)T4)、三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(triiodothyronine,T3)、促甲狀腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、甘油三酯、血紅蛋白、血糖比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P lt; 0.05),而2組PD患者在性別、高血壓、糖尿病、冠心病、文化程度、總膽固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇、甲狀腺素(tetraiodothyronine,T4)等比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 帕金森病患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的多因素二元Logistic回歸分析
應(yīng)用R語(yǔ)言glm函數(shù)進(jìn)行二元Logistic回歸分析,因變量為有無(wú)營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),自變量為分類變量時(shí),以最小值組作為參照組;自變量為連續(xù)變量時(shí),直接將連續(xù)變量納入二元Logistic回歸模型??紤]到甲狀腺功能可能與營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況存在相關(guān)性,故補(bǔ)充自變量TSH、T3(因基線比較時(shí)TSH、FT3、FT4、T3兩組間有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但考慮到它們之間可能存在共線關(guān)系,因此最終納入TSH、T3)。在校正了病程、H-Y分級(jí)等混雜因素后,存在認(rèn)知障礙(OR=2.66,P = 0.009)、年齡(OR=0.93,P ="0.004)、TSH(OR=1.36,P = 0.006)是PD患者發(fā)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的危險(xiǎn)因素,見(jiàn)表2。
3 討 論
營(yíng)養(yǎng)是疾病管理中經(jīng)常被忽視但又很重要的因素,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良是由于身體所需的能量、蛋白質(zhì)及其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)攝入不足和吸收不平衡或吸收不良所導(dǎo)致[10-11]。營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良會(huì)對(duì)疾病的預(yù)后產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響,并導(dǎo)致生活質(zhì)量的下降。既往流行病學(xué)研究報(bào)道的PD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良患病率差異較大,而2022年的一項(xiàng)薈萃分析指出,PD患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良及營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的患病率分別為8.8%和35.3%[12]。不同研究患病率的差異主要?dú)w因于評(píng)估營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)的方法眾多且定義營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不一。目前,評(píng)估營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)的工具通常包括人體測(cè)量參數(shù)、評(píng)估量表、血液生化指標(biāo)等,但各自存在一定的局限性。一種新型簡(jiǎn)易營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)估工具——GNRI已被用于篩查各種疾病的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良或者營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在評(píng)估疾病預(yù)后方面顯示出良好的前景。GNRI是一種易于獲得且無(wú)創(chuàng)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)篩查工具,最初被引入并用于評(píng)估康復(fù)護(hù)理機(jī)構(gòu)老年內(nèi)科患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況[13]。已有研究提示,GNRI在PD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估中具有一定應(yīng)用價(jià)值[14]。因此,本研究采用GNRI評(píng)估PD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況。本研究結(jié)果顯示,150例PD患者中70例存在營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn),占比為46.7%。與高GNRI組相比,低GNRI組患者年齡更大、病程更長(zhǎng)、H-Y分級(jí)更高,血紅蛋白、甘油三酯、FT3、血糖、血尿酸水平更低,提示年齡大、病程長(zhǎng)、H-Y分級(jí)高與高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能相關(guān),而低水平的血紅蛋白、甘油三酯、FT3、血糖、血尿酸也可能是營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。
在PD發(fā)生及發(fā)展的過(guò)程中,疾病本身及治療PD藥物的不良反應(yīng)均可能導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題。PD癥狀(包括胃腸道和非胃腸道癥狀)會(huì)對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況產(chǎn)生不利影響。PD患者的臨床癥狀如肢體震顫、肌肉強(qiáng)直可增加機(jī)體的消耗[2],自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂可導(dǎo)致胃腸功能紊亂、蠕動(dòng)減少、便秘等[15-16],晚期的吞咽困難、飲水嗆咳等問(wèn)題可導(dǎo)致患者的飲食及營(yíng)養(yǎng)問(wèn)題[17-18]。嗅覺(jué)喪失是PD中常見(jiàn)的癥狀,嗅覺(jué)和味覺(jué)的下降會(huì)對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[19-20]。另外,PD的治療方法也可能增加營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn),因治療PD的藥物幾乎都具有不同程度的消化與吸收相關(guān)的不良反應(yīng),可能導(dǎo)致胃腸道反應(yīng),也可能影響對(duì)新陳代謝至關(guān)重要的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)處理而引起營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良[21-22]。上述因素均會(huì)對(duì)PD患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況產(chǎn)生不利影響。
既往有研究指出,PD患者認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)病率是健康人群的3~6倍[23]。本研究顯示,150例PD患者中發(fā)生認(rèn)知障礙71例,占比為47.3%,與無(wú)營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)患者相比,高營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的PD患者認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生率更高、MMSE評(píng)分更低。Logistic回歸分析顯示,在校正了發(fā)病年數(shù)、H-Y分級(jí)等混雜因素后,存在認(rèn)知障礙是PD患者發(fā)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。認(rèn)知障礙是PD自然史的一部分,可發(fā)生在疾病的任何階段,甚至可在PD的早期階段出現(xiàn)[24]。營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可加重PD患者的失能和失憶、感覺(jué)缺陷等癥狀,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致患者認(rèn)知功能下降[25]。而當(dāng)PD患者出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙,尤其是癡呆后,其進(jìn)食的主動(dòng)性下降、飲食習(xí)慣改變等情況可進(jìn)一步加重營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良,從而形成營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良-認(rèn)知障礙-營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良加重的惡性循環(huán)。
筆者認(rèn)為,營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良對(duì)PD認(rèn)知功能的影響有以下幾種潛在的機(jī)制:①PD患者的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀及非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致食物攝入量減少,引起胃饑餓素分泌增加,胃饑餓素可進(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),作用于海馬中的生長(zhǎng)激素受體,從而影響認(rèn)知功能;②營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可能導(dǎo)致大腦所必需的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的缺乏,而影響神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、修復(fù)及功能發(fā)揮;③營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良可能引起腦內(nèi)能量代謝障礙,最終導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能下降[26]。
目前大部分研究者認(rèn)為,部分飲食模式如地中海、營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑、益生菌和生酮飲食等可能對(duì)PD患者有保護(hù)作用[27-28],但仍需更多的研究來(lái)探討特定飲食模式對(duì)PD的影響。
綜上所述,PD患者發(fā)生營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高,且有營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的PD患者認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)病率更高,認(rèn)知水平更低。GNRI評(píng)分作為營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的篩查工具,是根據(jù)患者血清白蛋白水平及機(jī)體指標(biāo)進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的評(píng)估,客觀且易操作,易于推廣。但本研究也存在一些局限性,首先,本次研究納入的樣本量較小。其次,患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)估體現(xiàn)的是住院時(shí)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài),未能動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)控PD患者病程中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)變化。未來(lái)研究者可增加樣本量及增加隨訪研究,深入研究營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)對(duì)PD患者認(rèn)知功能的影響,進(jìn)一步明確營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良與認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系及發(fā)病機(jī)制,為臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)PD患者進(jìn)行營(yíng)養(yǎng)評(píng)估、制定個(gè)體化營(yíng)養(yǎng)干預(yù)提供理論依據(jù),可能有助于減少PD患者認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生,從而改善PD患者的生存質(zhì)量,延長(zhǎng)生存時(shí)間。
利益沖突聲明:本研究未受到企業(yè)、公司等第三方資助,不存在潛在利益沖突。
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(責(zé)任編輯:林燕薇)