【摘要】 代謝性心血管疾?。–MD)是由于代謝危險因素積累而導致的心血管疾病。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(OSA)通常與代謝、心血管等合并癥相關(guān)聯(lián)。大量證據(jù)表明,OSA作為這些疾病的一個單獨風險因素存在,然而最近有證據(jù)顯示CMD中某些危險因素可能增加患OSA的風險。因此,越來越多的證據(jù)支持OSA和CMD危險因素之間存在雙向關(guān)系。本文總結(jié)了OSA與CMD危險因素之間的相關(guān)性,并闡明了兩者之間雙向關(guān)系及其機制聯(lián)系,旨在為管理和治療合并有OSA和CMD患者提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停 代謝性心血管疾病 非酒精性脂肪肝
Bidirectional Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiometabolic Diseases Risk Factors/Buayixianmu Aimaiti, YAO Xiaoguang. //Medical Innovation of China, 2025, 22(08): -170
[Abstract] Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are cardiovascular disorders resulting from the accumulation of metabolic risk factors. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is frequently associated with metabolic and cardiovascular complications. While there is substantial evidence supporting OSA as an independent risk factor for CMD, recent findings suggest that certain CMD risk factors may also increase the likelihood of developing OSA. Consequently, a growing body of literature supports a bidirectional relationship between OSA and CMD risk factors. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the correlation between OSA and CMD risk factors, elucidating their bidirectional association and underlying mechanisms, aiming to offer valuable insights for managing and treating patients with coexisting OSA and CMD.
[Key words] Obstructive sleep apnea Cardiometabolic diseases Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
First-author's address: Department of Postgraduate, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2025.08.037
隨著我國老齡化進程的加劇,心血管疾病的發(fā)病率和致死率呈現(xiàn)不斷攀升的趨勢[1]。代謝性心血管疾?。╟ardiometabolic diseases,CMD)是指由于代謝危險因素累積造成的心血管疾病,主要是指包括“四高”(高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、高尿酸血癥)、肥胖、脂肪肝等一系列代謝功能異常,最終發(fā)展為動脈粥樣硬化、缺血性心臟病、心力衰竭和卒中等心血管疾病[2]。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)主要是指在夜間睡眠時頻繁出現(xiàn)上氣道塌陷導致氣道部分狹窄或完全閉塞,從而引起以呼吸暫停和/或低通氣為主要特點的一種臨床綜合征[3]。其表現(xiàn)為白天瞌睡、夜間打鼾、呼吸短暫性停止、微覺醒、間歇性低氧、二氧化碳潴留等,可使心腦血管疾病、代謝性疾病發(fā)生的風險增加[4]。2019年流行病學調(diào)查顯示,全球OSA患者數(shù)量接近10億,其中我國的患病率位居全球首位,高達24.2%[5]。研究表明,OSA與CMD危險因素存在雙向作用。因此,本綜述旨在探討OSA與CMD危險因素之間的雙向關(guān)系及背后的潛在機制。
1 OSA與高血壓
OSA與高血壓之間存在強烈的雙向關(guān)聯(lián)[6]。大量研究顯示,OSA可引起或加重血壓升高,與高血壓的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)[7-8]。在OSA患者中,有50%以上并發(fā)有高血壓。而在原發(fā)性高血壓患者中,有30%合并有阻塞性睡眠暫停綜合征[9]。一項涉及744名基線血壓正常的輕中度OSA患者的前瞻性研究報告稱,在對多種潛在混雜因素進行調(diào)整后,輕度至中度OSA與高血壓發(fā)病風險的增加有顯著相關(guān)性,尤其在中青年人中這種關(guān)聯(lián)很強[10]。一項納入4 372名輕度OSA受試者的ESADA研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OSA仍然是高血壓的一個重要風險因素[11]。有限的證據(jù)表明,高血壓可能易患OSA。研究表明,血壓的波動可以通過對肌電圖(EMG)的抑制性變化來影響上呼吸道張力,表明降低血壓可以改善氣流并降低OSA的嚴重程度[12]。此外,包括11項研究前瞻性和隨機試驗的薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示降壓藥物可降低呼吸暫停低通氣指數(shù)(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI),在降壓藥物中,利尿劑的使用顯示出更明顯的降低AHI的效果[13]。
OSA和高血壓通過多種機制之間的復雜相互作用而聯(lián)系在一起。OSA導致的間歇性低氧和高碳酸血癥、胸內(nèi)負壓改變,引起交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)激活,釋放大量多巴胺、去甲腎上腺素、腎上腺素及其非活性代謝物,最終導致血壓升高[14]。此外,OSA患者由于缺氧和睡眠過程中的異常呼吸模式,會導致血管內(nèi)皮細胞功能受損,進而減少NO的生成和釋放。NO水平的降低會削弱其擴張血管的作用,導致血管收縮增強、抗氧化能力下降及氧化應激和炎癥反應的增加,使得血壓升高[15]。高血壓患者由于長期血壓升高,動脈血管壁可能遭受持續(xù)的壓力和損傷,導致動脈硬化或狹窄,這可能導致氣道阻力增加,在睡眠時,由于肌肉松弛,咽喉部組織更容易塌陷,從而加重氣流受限,引起OSA[16]。
2 OSA與糖尿病
近年來國內(nèi)外關(guān)于OSA與糖尿病方面的研究越來越多,多項研究顯示,25%~80%的2型糖尿病患者伴有OSA,15%~30%的OSA患者伴有2型糖尿病,OSA與糖尿病屬于共患病[17]。有研究表明,OSA是2型糖尿病發(fā)生的一個重要危險因素,具體風險增加倍數(shù)可達到1.35倍[18]。糖尿病的一些后果可能易患OSA,包括影響上呼吸道肌肉的神經(jīng)病變和呼吸控制障礙。一項涉及超過100萬例受試者的回顧性初級保健隊列研究發(fā)現(xiàn),2型糖尿病患者與非2型糖尿病患者相比,OSA的校正發(fā)生率比值為1.48[95%(1.42,1.55),Plt;0.001][19]。另一項前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),胰島素依賴型糖尿病是女性O(shè)SA的獨立風險因素[20]。
OSA導致的呼吸紊亂和睡眠片段化的下游通路可能是OSA與糖耐量異常相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ),潛在的中介可能包括交感神經(jīng)過度激活、氧化應激、下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺(HPA)軸功能障礙、胰島素樣生長因子-1、脂肪因子和伴隨的炎癥反應。上述的一系列病理生理紊亂進一步導致胰島素抵抗和胰島β細胞功能障礙,引起糖尿病的發(fā)生[21-22]。糖尿病也會導致OSA的發(fā)生發(fā)展,神經(jīng)病變是糖尿病的一種常見并發(fā)癥,包括遠端對稱性多神經(jīng)病變、單神經(jīng)病變和自主神經(jīng)病變。其中自主神經(jīng)病變可能通過影響CO2和H+濃度變化信號的上傳和處理,降低其敏感性,影響頸動脈體和主動脈體的血流灌注,削弱呼吸中樞對化學刺激的響應能力等方面改變中樞和外周化學感受器的信號傳導和功能狀態(tài),進一步加劇呼吸紊亂和睡眠片段化,從而增加與糖耐量異常等相關(guān)代謝性疾病的風險[23]。除此之外,糖尿病患者由于代謝問題,容易出現(xiàn)肥胖,而肥胖又增加了OSA的發(fā)生風險[24]。
3 OSA與高尿酸血癥
OSA與尿酸水平之間有一定的相關(guān)性,研究提出,尿酸濃度每增加1 mg/dL,OSA的患病率升高16%[25],同時OSA患者中約56%患者被發(fā)現(xiàn)合并高尿酸血癥。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高尿酸是OSA患者心血管疾病的獨立危險因素[26]。相比之下,一項隊列研究分析痛風和隨后的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停之間的相互關(guān)系,經(jīng)調(diào)整混雜因素后,痛風患者發(fā)生OSA的風險是非痛風患者的2倍[HR=2.07,95%可信區(qū)間(2.00,2.15)][27]。
OSA患者血清尿酸代謝紊亂的生物學機制[28]可能如下:第一,以O(shè)SA為特征的反復上呼吸道阻塞導致夜間動脈血氧飽和度反復下降,有氧代謝減少,無氧糖酵解增加,這可能會加速能量物質(zhì)三磷酸腺苷降解為二磷酸腺苷,并進一步降解為黃嘌呤,增加體內(nèi)嘌呤的來源,導致血尿酸水平升高。第二,由于長期睡眠障礙,低氧導致組織細胞內(nèi)腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)生成減少,對磷酸核糖基酰胺轉(zhuǎn)移酶的抑制減弱,嘌呤生成增加導致血尿酸水平升高。雖然高尿酸血癥不直接引起OSA,但兩者可能通過氧化應激這一共同途徑來相互影響。血液中尿酸水平持續(xù)升高時,會導致尿酸鹽結(jié)晶沉積在關(guān)節(jié)、腎臟等組織中,引起炎癥反應,進一步導致氧化應激。尿酸是人類自由基最豐富的清道夫,其血清濃度的升高可能是一種對氧化應激增加的生理反應[29]。對于痛風患者,如果這一氧化應激途徑被激活,可能會進一步惡化其睡眠功能障礙,從而加重OSA的癥狀[30]。
4 OSA與非酒精性脂肪肝
近些年,越來越多的研究表明OSA是非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)發(fā)生、發(fā)展的獨立危險因素[31]。一項病例對照研究表明,在不考慮肥胖和代謝綜合征的情況下,OSA患者的NAFLD發(fā)生率顯著較高,并表現(xiàn)出肝纖維化[32]。Kim等[33]的研究證明,無論性別如何,OSA的嚴重程度均隨NAFLD的患病率增加而增加。此外,與非肥胖OSA患者相比,肥胖OSA患者更容易發(fā)生NAFLD。此外,NAFLD可能會增加患OSA的風險。同樣,在一項為期6個月的前瞻性研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組相比,NAFLD患者的OSA發(fā)生率相對較高[34]。在一項全國范圍的人群研究中,Chung等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),在調(diào)整多個代謝變量后,NAFLD與OSA風險增加顯著相關(guān)。具體而言,在年輕、男性或肥胖的NAFLD患者中,OSA的風險高于老年、女性或非肥胖患者。
越來越多的證據(jù)表明,OSA參與了NAFLD的發(fā)展,間歇性低氧是最重要的關(guān)鍵因素。首先,它增加了肝臟賴氨酰氧化酶的產(chǎn)生,賴氨酰氧化酶是一種使膠原交叉連接的酶,可以作為NAFLD患者肝纖維化的生物標志物。其次,間歇性低氧顯著誘導肝細胞和巨噬細胞中IL-6的表達,從而導致肝臟炎癥反應。最后,間歇性低氧可能通過增加腸道中革蘭陰性細菌的數(shù)量和腸道通透性,破壞NAFLD的腸肝軸,增加內(nèi)毒素血癥,并伴隨肝細胞、Kupffer細胞和肝星狀細胞Toll樣受體-4上調(diào),這一過程加劇了肝臟的損傷[36]。NAFLD影響OSA的機制可能與褪黑素(melatonin,MT)代謝紊亂有關(guān),即NAFLD患者睡眠持續(xù)時間縮短,睡眠開始延遲,睡眠質(zhì)量較差[37]。眾所周知,睡眠與MT的代謝密切相關(guān),MT是由肝臟代謝的,NAFLD患者的肝代謝功能障礙隨著疾病進展而增加[38]。目前,發(fā)現(xiàn)NAFLD誘導的睡眠障礙的關(guān)鍵因素包括肝性腦病和由于MT代謝改變導致的晝夜節(jié)律失衡。此外,在NAFLD的晚期階段,肝硬化通過24 h MT節(jié)律的延遲對晝夜睡眠調(diào)節(jié)產(chǎn)生影響,這可能與對光信號的敏感性降低有關(guān)[39]。
5 小結(jié)
目前的大量研究已證實OSA與CMD危險因素之間存在復雜的雙向關(guān)系,并發(fā)現(xiàn)交感神經(jīng)激活、氧化應激、炎癥因子、血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙等機制共同參與了上述疾病的病理生理過程,從而引起肥胖和糖脂代謝紊亂,導致心血管事件。因此,臨床上可通過改善體重、睡眠狀況,控制血壓、血糖水平等措施兼顧防治OSA和CMD。此外,從事代謝性疾病和心血管疾病診治的臨床醫(yī)生還應關(guān)注患者是否存在OSA等睡眠呼吸障礙,并采取相應的預防和治療措施,如睡眠衛(wèi)生教育、睡眠姿勢調(diào)整及佩戴口腔矯治器等。未來需多中心、大樣本的前瞻性研究加以深入分析并OSA與CMD的關(guān)系,明確其發(fā)病機制和影響因素,并加以個體化干預,以期為改善患者生命質(zhì)量提供依據(jù)。
參考文獻
[1] ZHAO D,LIU J,WANG M,et al.Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in China: current features and implications[J].Nature Reviews Cardiology,2019,16(4):203-212.
[2] SATTAR N,GILL J M R,ALAZAWI W.Improving prevention strategies for cardiometabolic disease[J].Nature Medicine,2020,26(3):320-325.
[3]國家衛(wèi)生健康委高血壓診療研究重點實驗室學術(shù)委員會,國家衛(wèi)生健康委高血壓診療研究重點實驗室,新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)人民醫(yī)院高血壓中心.2023阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停相關(guān)性高血壓臨床診斷和治療專家共識[J].中華高血壓雜志,2023,31(12):1142-1155.
[4] PULIDO-ARJONA L,CORREA-BAUTISTA J E,AGOSTINIS-SOBRINHO C,et al.Role of sleep duration and sleep-related problems in the metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents[J].Italian Journal of Pediatrics,2018,44(1):9.
[5] US Preventive Services Task Force,MANGIONE C M,BARRY M J,et al.Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement[J].JAMA,2022,328(19):1945-1950.
[6] BISOGNI V,MAIOLINO G,PENGO M F.Editorial: sleep disorders, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases[J].Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine,2022,9:1110487.
[7] YEGHIAZARIANS Y,JNEID H,TIETJENS J R,et al.
Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the american heart association[J/OL].Circulation,2021,144(3):e56-e67[2024-06-18].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34148375/.DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000988.
[8] AHMAD M,MAKATI D,AKBAR S.Review of and updates on hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea[J].International Journal of Hypertension,2017,2017:1848375.
[9]蘇小鳳,李建華,韓繼明,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停相關(guān)性高血壓患者藥物治療的研究進展[J].中華保健醫(yī)學雜志,2021,23(3):311-314.
[10] VGONTZAS A N,LI Y,HE F,et al.Mild-to-moderate sleep apnea is associated with incident hypertension: age effect[J].Sleep,2019,42(4):zsy265.
[11] BOULOUKAKI I,GROTE L,MCNICHOLAS W T,et al.Mild obstructive sleep apnea increases hypertension risk, challenging traditional severity classification[J].JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,2020,16(6):889-898.
[12] LOMBARDI C,PENGO M F,PARATI G.Systemic hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea[J].Journal of Thoracic Disease,2018,10(Suppl 34):S4231-S4243.
[13] KHURSHID K,YABES J,WEISS P M,et al.Effect of antihypertensive medications on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,2016,12(8):1143-1151.
[14] QIN H,STEENBERGEN N,GLOS M,et al.The Different facets of heart rate variability in obstructive sleep apnea[J].Frontiers in Psychiatry,2021,12:642333.
[15] WU Z H,TANG Y,NIU X,et al.The role of nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a meta-analysis[J].Sleep Breath,2021,25(1):9-16.
[16]田雨,關(guān)曉雯,劉萌,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征與各系統(tǒng)疾病關(guān)系研究進展[J].甘肅科技,2022,38(11):106-111.
[17] SHEN H,ZHAO J R,LIU Y,et al.Interactions between and shared molecular mechanisms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and obstructive sleep apnea in type 2 diabetes patients[J].Journal of Diabetes Research,2018,2018:3458615.
[18] REUTRAKUL S,MOKHLESI B.Can long-term treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with cpap improve glycemia and prevent type 2 diabetes ?[J].Diabetes Care,2020,43(8):1681-1683.
[19] SUBRAMANIAN A,ADDERLEY N J,TRACY A,et al.Risk of incident obstructive sleep apnea among patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Diabetes Care,2019,42(5):954-963.
[20] HUANG T,LIN B M,STAMPFER M J,et al.A population-based study of the bidirectional association between obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes in three prospective U.S. cohorts[J].Diabetes Care,2018,41(10):2111-2119.
[21] HEFFERNAN A,DUPLANCIC D,KUMRIC M,et al.
Metabolic crossroads: unveiling the complex interactions between obstructive sleep apnoea and metabolic syndrome[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2024,25(6):3243.
[22] MANGAS-MORO A,CASITAS R,SáNCHEZ-SáNCHEZ B,et al.Characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea related to insulin resistance[J].Sleep Breath,2024,28(4):1625-1634.
[23] SONG S O,HE K,NARLA R R,et al.Metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea especially pertaining to diabetes mellitus and insulin sensitivity[J].Diabetes amp; Metabolism Journal,2019,43(2):144-155.
[24] GU C,BERNSTEIN N,MITTAL N,et al.potential therapeutic targets in obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, and fatty liver disease[J].Journal of Clinical Medicine,2024,13(8):2231.
[25] HIROTSU C,TUFIK S,GUINDALINI C,et al.Association between uric acid levels and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a large epidemiological sample[J/OL].PLoS One,2013,8(6):e66891[2024-06-18].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23826169/.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0066891.
[26] SUNNETCIOGLU A,GUNBATAR H,YILDIZ H.Red cell distribution width and uric acid in patients with obstructive sleep apnea[J].The Clinical Respiratory Journal,2018,12(3):1046-1052.
[27] SINGH J A,CLEVELAND J D.Gout and the risk of incident obstructive sleep apnea in adults 65 years or older: an observational study[J].JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,2018,14(9):1521-1527.
[28] ZENG Z,JIN T,NI J,et al.Assessing the causal associations of obstructive sleep apnea with serum uric acid levels and gout: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study[J].Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism,2022,57:152095.
[29] ABHISHEK A,RODDY E,DOHERTY M.Gout-a guide for the general and acute physicians[J].Clinical Medicine (London, England),2017,17(1):54-59.
[30]陳建春,周攀,譚巍,等.痛風繼發(fā)阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征患者潛在發(fā)病機制及生物標記、亞型的研究進展[J].中國醫(yī)學創(chuàng)新,2021,18(5):180-184.
[31] MESARWI O A,LOOMBA R,MALHOTRA A.Obstructive sleep apnea, hypoxia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J].American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,2019,199(7):830-841.
[32] AGRAWAL S,DUSEJA A,AGGARWAL A,et al.Obstructive sleep apnea is an important predictor of hepatic fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a tertiary care center[J].Hepatology International,2015,9(2):283-291.
[33] KIM T,CHOI H,LEE J,et al.Obstructive sleep apnea and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the general population: a cross-sectional study using nationally representative data[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2022,19(14):8398.
[34] ROMDHANE H,AYADI S,CHEIKH M,et al.Estimation of the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in non alcoholic fatty liver disease[J].La Tunisie Medicale,2018,96(4):171-176.
[35] CHUNG G E,CHO E J,YOO J J,et al.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with the development of obstructive sleep apnea[J].Scientific Reports,2021,11(1):13473.
[36] BU L F,XIONG C Y,ZHONG J Y,et al.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sleep disorders[J].World Journal of Hepatology,2024,16(3):304-315.
[37] MARIN-ALEJANDRE B A,ABETE I,CANTERO I,et al.
association between sleep disturbances and liver status in obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comparison with healthy controls[J].Nutrients,2019,11(2):322.
[38] SHAH N M,MALHOTRA A M,KALTSAKAS G.Sleep disorder in patients with chronic liver disease: a narrative review[J].Journal of Thoracic Disease,2020,12(Suppl 2):S248-S260.
[39] BU L F,XIONG C Y,ZHONG J Y,et al.Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sleep disorders[J].World Journal of Hepatology,2024,16(3):304-315.
(收稿日期:2024-07-09) (本文編輯:張爽)