摘要:目的研究丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者再代償發(fā)生的影響因素,建立預(yù)測模型。方法選取2019年1月—2022年12月在昆明市第三人民醫(yī)院住院診斷為丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償?shù)幕颊?17例,至少1年之內(nèi)再住院無門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥即再代償組(n=63),未再代償者為對照組(n=154)。收集相關(guān)臨床資料,對可能影響再代償發(fā)生的因素進行單因素及多因素分析。計量資料符合正態(tài)分布的兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗,不符合正態(tài)分布的兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher’s確切概率法。運用二元Logistic回歸模型分析丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償患者再代償發(fā)生的影響因素,采用受試者操作特征曲線(ROC曲線)評價模型的預(yù)測效能。結(jié)果217例丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者中63例發(fā)生再代償(29.03%)。再代償組與對照組相比,HIV史(χ2=4.566,P=0.034)、部分脾栓塞史(χ2=6.687,P=0.014)、Child-Pugh評分(χ2=11.978,P=0.003)、腹水分級(χ2=14.229,Plt;0.001)、Alb(t=4.063,Plt;0.001)、前白蛋白(Z=?3.077,P=0.002)、HDL(t=2.854,P=0.011)、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(Z=?2.447,P=0.014)、凝血酶原時間(Z=?2.441,P=0.015)、CEA(Z=?2.113,P=0.035)、AFP(Z=?2.063,P=0.039)、CA125(Z=?2.270,P=0.023)、三碘甲狀腺素原氨酸(Z=?3.304,Plt;0.001)、甲狀腺素(Z=?2.221,P=0.026)、CD45+(Z=?2.278,P=0.023)、IL-5(Z=?2.845,P=0.004)、TNF-α(Z=?2.176,P=0.030)、門靜脈寬度(Z=?5.283,P=0.005)差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,部分脾栓塞史(OR=3.064,P=0.049)、HIV史(OR=0.195,P=0.027)、少量腹水(OR=3.390,P=0.017)、AFP(OR=1.003,P=0.004)及門靜脈寬度(OR=0.600,Plt;0.001)為丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期發(fā)生再代償?shù)莫毩⒂绊懸蛩?。ROC曲線結(jié)果顯示HIV史、腹水分級、部分脾臟栓塞史、AFP、門靜脈寬度、聯(lián)合預(yù)測模型的曲線下面積依次為0.556、0.641、0.560、0.589、0.745、0.817。結(jié)論部分脾栓塞史、少量腹水及AFP水平升高的丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者更容易出現(xiàn)再代償,有HIV史、門靜脈寬度增加的患者不易出現(xiàn)再代償。
關(guān)鍵詞:丙型肝炎;肝硬化;再代償;危險因素
基金項目:佑安??坡?lián)盟科研專項基金(LM202014)
Influencing factors for recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis
XU Danqing1,MU Huan1,ZHANG Yingyuan1,CHANG Lixian1,WANG Yuanzhen2,LI Weikun1,DONG Zhijian1,ZHANG Lihua1,CHENG Yijing1,LIU Li1
1.Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases,The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming,Kunming 650041,China;2.School of Public Health,Dali University,Dali,Yunnan 371000,China
Corresponding author:LIU Li,liuli197210@163.com(ORCID:0000-0001-7712-4931)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the influencing factors for recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis,and to establish a predictive model.Methods A total of 217 patients who were diagnosed with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis and were admitted to The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming l from January,2019 to December,2022 were enrolled,among whom 63 patients who were readmitted within at least 1 year and had no portal hypertension-related complications were enrolled as recompensation group,and 154 patients without recompensation were enrolled as control group.Related clinical data were collected,and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the factors that may affect the occurrence of recompensation.The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed measurement data between two groups,and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed measurement data between two groups;the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups.A binary Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to assess the predictive performance of the model.Results Among the 217 patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis,63(29.03%)had recompensation.There were significant differences between the recompensation group and the control group in HIV history(χ2=4.566,P=0.034),history of partialsplenic embolism(χ2=6.687,P=0.014),Child-Pugh classification(χ2=11.978,P=0.003),grade of ascites(χ2=14.229,Plt;0.001),albumin(t=4.063,Plt;0.001),prealbumin(Z=?3.077,P=0.002),high-density lipoprotein(t=2.854,P=0.011),high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(Z=?2.447,P=0.014),prothrombin time(Z=?2.441,P=0.015),carcinoembryonic antigen(Z=?2.113,P=0.035),alpha-fetoprotein(AFP)(Z=?2.063,P=0.039),CA125(Z=?2.270,P=0.023),TT3(Z=?3.304,Plt;0.001),TT4(Z=?2.221,P=0.026),CD45+(Z=?2.278,P=0.023),interleukin-5(Z=?2.845,P=0.004),tumor necrosis factor-α(Z=?2.176,P=0.030),and portal vein width(Z=?5.283,P=0.005).The multivariate analysis showed that history of partial splenic embolism(odds ratio[OR]=3.064,P=0.049),HIV history(OR=0.195,P=0.027),a small amount of ascites(OR=3.390,P=0.017),AFP(OR=1.003,P=0.004),and portal vein width(OR=0.600,Plt;0.001)were independent influencing factors for the occurrence of recompensation in patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis.The ROC curve analysis showed that HIV history,grade of ascites,history of partial splenic embolism,AFP,portal vein width,and the combined predictive model of these indices had an area under the ROC curve of 0.556,0.641,0.560,0.589,0.745,and 0.817,respectively.Conclusion For patients with decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis,those with a history of partial splenic embolism,a small amount of ascites,and an increase in AFP level are more likely to experience recompensation,while those with a history of HIV and an increase in portal vein width are less likely to experience recompensation.
Key words:Hepatitis C;Liver Cirrhosis;Recompensatory;Risk Factors
Research funding:YouAn Specialist Alliance Research Fund(LM202014)
丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,2019年全球有慢性HCV感染5 800萬人,29萬人死于HCV感染引起的肝硬化或肝臟惡性腫瘤,2019年全球新發(fā)感染者約150萬人[1]。2020年我國估計HCV感染者948.7萬人[2]。肝硬化和肝細胞癌(HCC)是慢性丙型肝炎患者的主要死因。失代償期是肝硬化病程的一個關(guān)鍵點,患者生存期明顯縮短,未經(jīng)治療的失代償期患者5年生存率僅為14%~35%[3-4],HCC的5年生存率僅為18%[5]。
2019年11月以來,隨著我國對丙型肝炎管理策略的改變,越來越多HCV RNA陽性患者得到治療。部分患者經(jīng)過有效治療可顯著改善肝臟代償功能,減輕門靜脈高壓,肝硬化失代償期患者肝功能好轉(zhuǎn),并趨于穩(wěn)定,門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥[如腹水、肝硬化伴食管胃底靜脈曲張破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding,EVB)和肝性腦?。℉E)等]持續(xù)消失,實現(xiàn)“再代償(recompensation)”。有關(guān)失代償期肝硬化的再代償,2017年《肝硬化腹水及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的診療指南》[6]對該現(xiàn)象進行了描述。2021年底,《BavenoⅦ門靜脈高壓管理共識》[7]首次對再代償?shù)亩x進行了闡述。我國《肝硬化腹水診療指南(2023年版)》[8]對再代償進行了定義:失代償期肝硬化患者經(jīng)過有效病因及并發(fā)癥治療,可逆轉(zhuǎn)為代償期肝硬化。再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生,可明顯降低患者病死率,延長患者生存期[9-10]。到目前為止,丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償患者再代償?shù)南嚓P(guān)影響因素及其形成對病程的影響尚未明確,相關(guān)報道極少,本研究旨在探討失代償期丙型肝炎肝硬化再代償?shù)南嚓P(guān)影響因素,以期為臨床治療和管理提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象選取2019年1月—2022年12月在昆明市第三人民醫(yī)院住院診斷為丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償患者566例。查閱患者資料,住院次數(shù)≥2次,住院間隔時間≥1年共217例,經(jīng)過有效病因及并發(fā)癥治療后,至少1年之內(nèi)再住院無門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥納入再代償組(n=63),未再代償者為對照組(n=154)。丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償診斷依據(jù)病史、體格檢查、輔助檢查結(jié)果,參照《丙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》[11]、《肝硬化門靜脈高壓食管胃靜脈曲張出血的防治指南》[12]、《肝硬化腹水診療指南(2023年版)》[8]、《原發(fā)性肝癌診療指南(2022年版)》[13]等相關(guān)診斷。感染包括腹腔感染、呼吸道感染、泌尿道感染、血液感染、胃腸道感染以及皮膚軟組織感染。納入標準:(1)診斷為丙型肝炎肝硬化;(2)出現(xiàn)門靜脈高壓相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,如腹水、食管胃靜脈曲張破裂出血、HE、肝腎綜合征等。排除標準:(1)第1次住院合并肝癌或其他惡性腫瘤;(2)合并其他重大疾病;(3)資料不全。再代償?shù)亩x:(1)去除/抑制/治愈肝硬化的主要病因(如清除HCV、持續(xù)抑制HBV、酒精性肝硬化的持續(xù)戒酒);(2)停用除肝硬化病因治療藥物外,至少12個月無腹水(停用利尿藥物)、HE(停用乳果糖/利福昔明)和肝硬化伴EVB復(fù)發(fā);(3)肝功能指標[Alb、國際標準化比值(INR)、膽紅素]穩(wěn)定改善[8]。
1.2資料采集收集所有納入研究患者的病史、入院時實驗室指標及輔助檢查結(jié)果,記錄并分析再代償組與對照組患者的一般資料,包括年齡、性別、BMI、吸煙史、HIV史、糖尿病史、高血壓病史、飲酒史、內(nèi)鏡治療史、經(jīng)頸靜脈肝內(nèi)門體靜脈分流術(shù)(TIPS)史、部分脾臟栓塞史、內(nèi)鏡治療史、口服非選擇性β受體阻滯劑(non-selective beta-blocker,NSBB)、基因分型等一般情況。患者入院時首次臨床檢測資料,包括白細胞(WBC)、中性粒細胞(Neu)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、血小板(PLT)、凝血酶原時間(PT)、部分凝血酶原時間(APTT)、總蛋白(TP)、前白蛋白(PA)、Alb、TBil、AST、ALT、GGT、TC、LDL、HDL、肌酐(Cr)、IL-6、降鈣素原(PCT)、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)、AFP、CEA、CA-125、CA-153、CA19-9、異常凝血酶原(PIVKA)、三碘甲狀腺素原氨酸(TT3)、甲狀腺素(TT4)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、淋巴細胞絕對數(shù)(CD45+)、CD3 T淋巴細胞計數(shù)(CD3+)、CD8+、IL-1、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IFN-α、IFN-γ、TNF-α、HCV RNA及超聲檢查結(jié)果等;本次住院患者腹水、感染、HE、EVB等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。
1.3統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法所采集的數(shù)據(jù)均使用SPSS 27.0軟件進行處理。計量資料符合正態(tài)分布以±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗。計量資料不符合正態(tài)分布以M(P25~P75)表示,兩組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗。計數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher’s確切概率法。運用二元Logistic回歸模型分析丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償患者再代償發(fā)生的影響因素,采用受試者操作特征曲線(ROC曲線)評價模型的預(yù)測效能。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1再代償發(fā)生率本研究217例丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者有63例(29.03%)發(fā)生再代償。42例患者(19.35%)在第1年內(nèi)實現(xiàn)了再代償,第2、3、4、5年發(fā)生再代償分別為9例(4.15%)、3例(1.38%)、7例(3.23%)、2例(0.92%)。
2.2一般資料再代償組63例,男33例,女31例,男女比例1.06∶1,發(fā)病年齡32~78歲。對照組患者154例,男102例,女52例,男女比例1.96∶1,發(fā)病年齡32~79歲。再代償組與對照組在HIV史、部分脾栓塞史、Child-Pugh分級、腹水分級方面差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0.05),其余指標組間差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)(表1)。
2.3實驗室檢查結(jié)果比較再代償組Alb、PA、HDL、hs-CRP、PT、CEA、AFP、CA125、TT3、TT4、CD45+、IL-5、TNF-α與對照組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均lt;0.05)(表2)。
2.4超聲檢查結(jié)果比較再代償組的門靜脈寬度與對照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Plt;0.05),其余指標組間比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)(表3)。
2.5多因素分析將初步認為可能與再代償形成有關(guān)的因素如HIV史、部分脾栓塞史、Child-Pugh分級、腹水分級、Alb、PA、HDL、hs-CRP、PT、CEA、AFP、CA125、TT3、TT4、CD45+、IL-5、TNF-α、門靜脈寬度納入多因素Logistic回歸模型進行分析,結(jié)果顯示,部分脾栓塞史、HIV史、少量腹水、AFP、門靜脈寬度是失代償期丙型肝炎肝硬化發(fā)生再代償?shù)莫毩⒂绊懸蛩兀≒值均lt;0.05)(表4)。
2.6預(yù)測模型的評價以HIV史、部分脾栓塞史、腹水分級、AFP及門靜脈寬度為檢驗變量,以是否發(fā)生再代償為狀態(tài)變量,分別繪制ROC曲線(圖1),并根據(jù)上述多因素分析結(jié)果繪制5個指標聯(lián)合的預(yù)測模型的ROC曲線(圖2),HIV史、腹水分級、部分脾栓塞史、AFP、門靜脈寬度的AUC依次為0.556、0.641、0.560、0.589、0.745,而聯(lián)合預(yù)測再代償發(fā)生的AUC為0.817,敏感度為0.841,特異度為0.701(表5)。
3討論
在本研究中,丙型肝炎硬化失代償患者再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生率為29.03%。其他研究中,乙型肝炎肝硬化再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生率為42.7%~60.4%[9,14-15],酒精性肝硬化再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生率為18%[16],原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化患者中再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生率僅為17%[17]。病因是否為再代償?shù)挠绊懸蛩赜写嘌芯窟M一步證實。
肝硬化并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生與門靜脈高壓癥(portal hypertension,PHT)密切相關(guān),隨著肝臟炎癥及纖維化的進展,門靜脈壓力逐漸增大,門靜脈主干逐漸增寬。本研究結(jié)果顯示,門靜脈越小,越有利于再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生。腹水是失代償期肝硬化患者常見的PHT,本研究結(jié)果顯示,少量腹水的丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者更容易發(fā)生再代償。中大量腹水的患者往往易出現(xiàn)其他并發(fā)癥,如自發(fā)性腹膜炎、肝腎綜合征等,加重病情,增加病死率。有研究報道發(fā)生腹水的患者,1年病死率約20%[18],2年病死率可達40%[19]。因此,早期提前預(yù)防大量腹水的發(fā)生尤其重要。一項Meta分析研究[18]顯示,TIPS可有效降低腹水的發(fā)生,但是兩組數(shù)據(jù)對比,TIPS手術(shù)史并不能促進再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生,有可能是大部分行TIPS治療的患者均為頻發(fā)EVB及頑固性腹水的患者,此類患者肝臟儲備功能差且PHT明顯,影響再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生。
Child-Pugh分級及Alb是肝臟儲備功能的重要指標。Alb可增加膠體滲透壓,發(fā)揮抗氧化、免疫調(diào)節(jié)和毛細血管完整性保護作用。有研究[20-21]認為Alb與肝硬化患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān),是肝硬化自然歷史研究中最重要的生存預(yù)測因子,低Alb是預(yù)后不良的重要因素。一些研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),Alb與再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生密切相關(guān)[16,21-24],Alb≥32 g/L是患者獲得再代償?shù)淖罴杨A(yù)測因素之一[23]。Kim等[9]研究同樣證實Alb與再代償密切相關(guān)。但本研究中Child-Pugh分級及Alb并不是再代償發(fā)生的影響因素,有待更多大數(shù)據(jù)、多中心的研究進一步證實。
NSBB不僅可以直接降低門靜脈壓力,還可以通過改善全身性炎癥和腸道通透性途徑促進再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生[25-26]。NSBB與內(nèi)鏡下曲張靜脈套扎術(shù)(endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL)可顯著降低中、重度食管靜脈曲張患者的首次出血風(fēng)險及病死率[27],同時減少細菌易位,減少腹水、自發(fā)性細菌性腹膜炎的發(fā)生[28]。EVL聯(lián)合NSBB可更好地預(yù)防EVB復(fù)發(fā),提高長期生存率[29]。但本研究中,口服NSBB及內(nèi)鏡治療均無益于再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生,可能是因為本研究樣本量較少所致,希望后期有更大樣本量的研究加以驗證。
肝硬化脾功能亢進患者通常會有白細胞減少、增生性貧血、血小板減少等癥狀,增加了感染和出血的風(fēng)險性[30]。部分脾栓塞術(shù)在糾正脾功能亢進的同時保留部分正常的脾功能,還可在一定程度上改善肝功能及肝纖維化程度、緩解食管胃底靜脈曲張、減輕腹腔積液、增強機體免疫力等[31]。部分脾栓塞術(shù)治療后貧血、白細胞減少和血小板減少癥狀可得到改善[32]。同時,部分脾栓塞術(shù)治療可顯著降低患者炎癥因子水平及門靜脈血流動力學(xué)指標,改善凝血功能[33];研究[34-35]顯示,部分脾栓塞術(shù)對肝硬化EVB患者療效顯著,可明顯降低再出血的發(fā)生。本研究結(jié)果也顯示,部分脾栓塞術(shù)可促進丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者再代償?shù)陌l(fā)生。
HIV和HCV存在共同的傳播途徑,兩者混合感染率極高,合并HIV感染可加快慢性丙型肝炎患者肝硬化的發(fā)生和進展[36-37]。HIV所致的免疫抑制可能使HCV復(fù)制增加,機體對HCV感染的適應(yīng)性免疫反應(yīng)減弱[38],導(dǎo)致肝細胞抗纖維化的能力下降[39]。HIV還可以通過多種通路誘導(dǎo)肝細胞凋亡[40],與單純HCV陽性患者比較,HIV合并HCV陽性患者的失代償進程更快,從失代償開始至死亡的時間明顯縮短[38]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,合并HIV的丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者不易發(fā)生再代償,因此,要對丙型肝炎患者進行HIV篩查,早期進行高效抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒治療,對改善預(yù)后尤為重要。
AFP為肝細胞合成,肝損傷時AFP會大量合成,血清水平明顯升高[41]。因此AFP升高被認為是肝細胞再生的血清學(xué)指標,AFP升高可能與肝細胞的生長速度有關(guān),并和患者的預(yù)后關(guān)系密切[42]。有研究顯示,在肝衰竭患者中AFP升高的患者預(yù)后相對較好,AFP水平高,肝細胞再生及時,再生能力強,預(yù)后較好[43-44]。本研究結(jié)果顯示AFP升高的丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者更容易出現(xiàn)再代償。
本研究顯示,部分脾栓塞史、腹水分級、AFP、HIV史、門靜脈寬度是丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者再代償發(fā)生的影響因素。ROC曲線分析顯示HIV史、腹水分級、部分脾栓塞史、AFP、門靜脈寬度的AUC依次為0.556、0.641、0.560、0.589、0.745,聯(lián)合預(yù)測再代償發(fā)生的AUC為0.817,敏感度為0.841,特異度為0.701,各指標聯(lián)合預(yù)測再代償?shù)臏蚀_性更高。因此,當(dāng)丙型肝炎肝硬化失代償期患者合并HIV史及中大量腹水,門靜脈寬度明顯升高時,應(yīng)該警惕失代償事件的二次發(fā)生。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究方案于2023年7月11日經(jīng)由昆明市第三人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批,批號:KSLL2023071162。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:許丹青、木喚負責(zé)課題設(shè)計,資料分析,撰寫論文;張映媛、常麗仙、王遠珍、董智堅、張麗華、程怡菁參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;劉立、李衛(wèi)昆負責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-05-29;錄用日期:2024-06-18
本文編輯:劉曉紅