摘要: 目的 由于代謝紊亂誘發(fā)的心血管事件是非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的首位死因,本研究旨在從代謝角度對不同亞型NAFLD患者的心血管病發(fā)生風(fēng)險的差異進行探索。方法 利用整群抽樣選取上海市浦東新區(qū)3家代表性醫(yī)院進行多中心橫斷面研究,共收集2022年7月—2023年6月體檢資料37 122份,并根據(jù)BMI對數(shù)據(jù)分層處理。計數(shù)資料的組間比較采用χ 2 檢驗,通過多因素Logistic回歸分析不同亞型NAFLD與代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 NAFLD共9 372例(檢出率為25. 25%),其中超97%的患者被診斷為代謝相關(guān)(非酒精性)脂肪性肝?。∕AFLD)。亞組分析顯示,瘦型、超重型和肥胖型NAFLD檢出率分別為7. 72%、33. 99%和63. 56%。肥胖型NAFLD患者合并血壓、血糖、TG、HDL及尿酸異常的比例較瘦型及超重型患者高(P值均lt;0. 001)。風(fēng)險因素中,瘦型NAFLD與TC升高相關(guān)(Plt;0. 05),超重型及肥胖型NAFLD與TC異常不相關(guān)(Pgt;0. 05);肥胖型NAFLD與TG異常不相關(guān),瘦型及超重型NAFLD與TG異常相關(guān)(P值均lt;0. 05);各型NAFLD與腰臀比、血壓、血糖、LDL、HDL及尿酸異常均相關(guān)(P值均lt;0. 05)。結(jié)論 上海市浦東地區(qū)不同亞型NAFLD檢出率與國內(nèi)外報道接近,NAFLD的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)可類推于MAFLD。不同亞型NAFLD在代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素的分布及相關(guān)性方面存在一定差異,需結(jié)合各型NAFLD的整體代謝特點制定針對性干預(yù)措施。
關(guān)鍵詞: 非酒精性脂肪性肝??; 人體質(zhì)量指數(shù); 心血管疾??; 危險因素
基金項目: 國家自然科學(xué)基金(81670514); 浦東新區(qū)衛(wèi)生健康委員會衛(wèi)生計生科研項目(PW2021A-39)
Characteristics of cardiometabolic risk in patients with different subtypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
GAO Lili 1a , WANG Yong 2 , YAN Huafang 1b , WANG Xiaoliang 1c , WANG Yunfeng 3
1. a. Center for Medical Research and Innovation, b. Department of Health Examination, c. Department of General Surgery,
Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China; 2. Department ofHepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong New District Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, China; 3. Department of GeneralSurgery, Pudong New Area People’s Hospital, Shanghai 201299, ChinaCorresponding author: WANG Yunfeng, wangyunfeng197911@163.com (ORCID: 0000-0003-3428-3208)
Abstract: Objective To investigate the difference in the risk of cardiovascular diseases between patients with different subtypesof non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) from the perspective of metabolism, since cardiovascular events induced by metabolicdisorders are the leading cause of death in NAFLD. Methods The cluster sampling method was used to conduct a multicentercross-sectional study among three representative hospitals in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. A total of 37 122 sets ofphysical examination data from July 2022 to June 2023 were collected and stratified according to body mass index (BMI). The chi-square test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and a multivariable Logistic regression analysis was used toinvestigate the association between NAFLD subtypes and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results A total of 9 372 cases of NAFLD were detected, with a detection rate of 25.25%, and more than 97% of these patients were diagnosed with metabolic associated fattyliver disease (MAFLD). The subgroup analysis showed that the detection rates of lean, overweight, and obese NAFLD were7.72%, 33.99%, and 63.56%, respectively. Compared with the patients with lean or overweight NAFLD, the patients with obeseNAFLD showed a significantly higher proportion of patients with abnormalities in blood pressure, blood glucose, triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) or uric acid (all Plt;0.001). Among related risk factors, lean NAFLD was associated withthe increase in total cholesterol (TC)(Plt;0.05), while overweight NAFLD and obese NAFLD were not associated with TCabnormalities (Pgt;0.05); obese NAFLD was not associated with TG abnormalities, while lean NAFLD and overweight NAFLD wereassociated with TG abnormalities (both Plt;0.05); all types of NAFLD were associated with the abnormalities of waist-hip ratio,blood pressure, blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein, HDL, and uric acid (all Plt;0.05). Conclusion The detection rates ofdifferent subtypes of NAFLD in Shanghai Pudong are close to those reported in China and globally, and the epidemiologic data ofNAFLD can be used analogously for MAFLD. There are certain differences in the distribution and association of cardiometabolicrisk factors between different subtypes of NAFLD, and targeted interventions should be formulated based on the metaboliccharacteristics of each type of NAFLD.
Key words: Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Risk Factors
Research funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670514); Pudong Bureau of Health and Family Planning(PW2021A-39)
過去幾十年來,在全球高熱量食物消費增加和缺乏運動的環(huán)境因素下,非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)患病率一直呈上升趨勢。截至2023年,亞洲地區(qū)NAFLD患病率高達30%[1] 。如不及時干預(yù),該病可從單純脂肪變性進展為脂肪性肝炎、肝硬化,甚至肝癌[2-4] 。而有學(xué)者[5-7]指出NAFLD不僅是肝臟疾病,還是由基因-環(huán)境相互作用造成的代謝失調(diào)性疾病,NAFLD的發(fā)生在一定程度上反映了機體代謝的失衡狀態(tài)。相較于肝病惡化,糖脂代謝紊亂等代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素誘發(fā)的心血管事件是 NAFLD的首位死因[8-9] ?;颊哒w代謝狀態(tài)對NAFLD預(yù)后有重要意義。
盡管 NAFLD 是一種與肥胖密切相關(guān)的代謝性疾病,但仍有相當(dāng)一部分患者體質(zhì)量正常[3-4,10-12]?;颊咭蝮w型不同而表現(xiàn)出一定的異質(zhì)性,非肥胖患者的代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)優(yōu)于肥胖患者,但預(yù)后卻不如肥胖患者[5,13-14] 。
分析不同亞型NAFLD與代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素的相關(guān)性對探索上述看似矛盾的現(xiàn)象有重要意義。因此,本課題組在上海市浦東新區(qū)開展一項多中心橫斷面研究,旨在從代謝角度對NAFLD患者心血管病發(fā)生風(fēng)險的異質(zhì)性進行分析。
1 資料與方法
1. 1 研究對象 通過體檢數(shù)據(jù)信息管理系統(tǒng)獲取上海市浦東醫(yī)院、上海市浦東新區(qū)人民醫(yī)院及上海市浦東新區(qū)周浦醫(yī)院3所綜合性醫(yī)院中健康體檢人群的相關(guān)信息。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)18歲及以上;(2)主要代謝指標(biāo)及肝臟超聲檢查資料完整; (3)知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn): (1)男性過量飲酒30 g/d,女性過量飲酒20 g/d;(2)具有基因3型HCV感染、藥物性肝炎、自身免疫性肝病、威爾遜病或任何其他可導(dǎo)致NAFLD的慢性?。唬?)接受已知會引起肝脂肪變性的藥物或任何肝毒性藥物治療; (4)合并惡性腫瘤等嚴(yán)重疾病或妊娠。
1. 2 研究方法 本研究為多中心橫斷面研究。由于健康人群的體檢周期多為1年,故數(shù)據(jù)的采集時間設(shè)為2022年7月—2023年6月,并根據(jù)BMI對數(shù)據(jù)分層處理。
1. 3 質(zhì)量控制 制定統(tǒng)一的質(zhì)量控制方案,保證數(shù)據(jù)采集質(zhì)量。包括:集中培訓(xùn)數(shù)據(jù)采集員操作步驟,培訓(xùn)護士矯正儀器、規(guī)范操作;明確數(shù)據(jù)采集內(nèi)容及整理辦法;規(guī)定體型指標(biāo)測量 2次取均值,血壓測量 3次取均值;要求全部體檢對象體檢前均空腹8 h及以上。
1. 4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義 NAFLD的診斷依據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會肝病學(xué)分會脂肪肝和酒精性肝病學(xué)組制定的《非酒精性脂肪性肝病防治指南(2018年更新版)》[15] 。代謝相關(guān)(非酒精性)脂肪性肝?。╩etabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liverdisease, MAFLD)的診斷依據(jù)中華醫(yī)學(xué)會肝病學(xué)分會制定的《代謝相關(guān)(非酒精性)脂肪性肝病防治指南(2024年版)》[16] 。根據(jù)2002年中國肥胖問題工作組建議,將人群依據(jù)BMI分為不同體型,低體質(zhì)量即BMIlt;18. 5 kg/m 2 ,正 常 體 質(zhì) 量 為 18. 5 kg/m 2 ≤BMIlt;24. 0 kg/m 2 ,超 重 為24. 0 kg/m 2 ≤BMIlt;28. 0 kg/m 2 ,肥胖為BMI≥28. 0 kg/m 2 ;文中低體質(zhì)量和正常體質(zhì)量合稱瘦,低體質(zhì)量、正常體質(zhì)量和超重合稱非肥胖。腰臀比(waist-hip ratio, WHR)以男性≥0. 90、女性≥0. 85為升高。血壓、血糖、血尿酸、血脂異常診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依據(jù)第9版《內(nèi)科學(xué)》[17] 。文中代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)僅包括代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素涉及的相關(guān)指標(biāo),并參照體檢數(shù)據(jù)中指標(biāo)檢測值和既往代謝病史來判斷指標(biāo)的異常狀態(tài)。
1. 5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 22. 0對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ 2 檢驗,采用多因素向后逐步Logistic回歸分析各亞型NAFLD和代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素的相關(guān)性。Plt;0. 05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2. 1 體檢人群的一般特征 獲得完整體檢資料37 122份,以中青年為主(76. 35%);女性較多,占比53. 37%;超重/肥胖率為52. 1%;WHR過高者38. 38%;NAFLD占比25. 25%。其他代謝指標(biāo)中,高血壓、血糖異常、高尿酸血癥(HUA)及TC、TG、LDL、HDL異常者占比分別為:32. 25%、14. 23%、16. 66%、28. 34%、28. 41%、28. 08%及12. 83%(表1)。
2. 2 不同亞型NAFLD的流行狀況 37 122例體檢人群中NAFLD共9 372例(25. 25%),其中瘦型NAFLD 1 373例(在 17 779 例瘦型體檢人群中占比 7. 72%),超重型NAFLD 4 938 例(在 14 527 例超重型體檢人群中占比33. 99%),肥胖型NAFLD 3 061例(在4 816例肥胖型體檢人群中占比 63. 56%)。根據(jù) 2024版最新標(biāo)準(zhǔn),9 372例NAFLD中有9 107例(97. 17%)被診斷為MAFLD,其中瘦型NAFLD中1 108例(80. 70%)被診斷為MAFLD,超重型及肥胖型NAFLD共7 999例,均被診斷為MAFLD。不同體型人群中NAFLD及MAFLD的分布差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ 2 值分別為7 227. 30、7 880. 06,P值均lt;0. 001)。
2. 3 不同亞型NAFLD患者代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)的差異 肥胖型NAFLD者合并高血壓、高血糖(IFG及DM)、HUA、TG異常(偏高及升高)和HDL降低的比例分別為61. 42%、33. 78%、39. 92%、56. 61% 和 32. 05%,分別高于瘦型和超重型NAFLD者,尤其以瘦型NAFLD者的代謝相關(guān)指標(biāo)最優(yōu)(P值均lt;0. 001) (表2)。
2. 4 不同亞型 NAFLD 的代謝相關(guān)性分析 調(diào)整年齡和性別因素后,對不同類型NAFLD的代謝相關(guān)性指標(biāo)進行多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示:瘦型NAFLD的發(fā)生與WHR(OR=2. 14 , Plt;0. 001)、血壓(OR=1. 59 , Plt;0. 001)、血糖(IFG:OR=2. 33 , Plt;0. 001;DM:OR=3. 71 , Plt;0. 001)、TG(偏高:OR=2. 82 , Plt;0. 001;升高:OR=6. 23 , Plt;0. 001)、LDL(偏高:OR=2. 01 , Plt;0. 001;升高:OR=2. 85 , Plt;0. 001)及尿酸(OR=1. 73 , Plt;0. 001)正相關(guān),與 TC(升高:OR=0. 61,P=0. 001)及 HDL(OR=0. 64 , Plt;0. 001)負(fù)相關(guān);超重型NAFLD的發(fā)生與WHR(OR=1. 31 , Plt;0. 001)、血壓(OR=1. 25 , Plt;0. 001)、血糖(IFG:OR=2. 15 , Plt;0. 001;DM:OR=2. 40 , Plt;0. 001)、TG(偏高:OR=1. 20 , Plt;0. 001;升高:OR=2. 72 , Plt;0. 001)、LDL(偏高:OR=1. 89 , Plt;0. 001;升高:OR=2. 30 , Plt;0. 001)及尿酸(OR=1. 58 , Plt;0. 001)正相關(guān),與HDL(OR=0. 58,Plt;0. 001)負(fù)相關(guān);肥胖型NAFLD的發(fā)生與WHR(OR=1. 56 , Plt;0. 001)、血壓(OR=1. 38,Plt;0. 001)、血糖(IFG:OR=1. 51 , Plt;0. 001;DM:OR=1. 94 , Plt;0. 001)、LDL(偏高:OR=1. 29 , Plt;0. 001;升高:OR=1. 88 ,Plt;0. 001)及尿酸(OR=1. 33 , Plt;0. 001)正相關(guān),與年齡≥60 歲(OR=0. 76 , Plt;0. 001)及 HDL(OR=0. 72 , Plt;0. 001)負(fù)相關(guān)(表3)。
3 討論
研究表明,非肥胖型 NAFLD患者的代謝表型優(yōu)于肥胖患者,尤其以瘦型NAFLD者合并代謝異常的比例最低,與近期其他相關(guān)研究結(jié)論[18-19] 一致。值得注意的是,良好的代謝表型并不意味著更好的疾病結(jié)局。瘦體型患者也可表現(xiàn)出與肥胖患者相似的嚴(yán)重組織學(xué)表型和更高的病死率[3,20-23] 。這可能與不同亞型NAFLD的病因及病情進展不同有關(guān)[14,24-28]。
對NAFLD與代謝性心血管病風(fēng)險因素的相關(guān)性研究顯示,不同亞型NAFLD均與高血壓、高血糖等風(fēng)險因素相互關(guān)聯(lián),具有發(fā)生心血管事件的風(fēng)險。因此,對各型NAFLD的整體代謝狀態(tài)應(yīng)密切關(guān)注、綜合干預(yù);另一方面,由于非肥胖型患者早期癥狀不典型且無肥胖特征,難以被及早發(fā)現(xiàn),可定期對患有代謝病的非肥胖人群進行篩查,推進NAFLD的二級預(yù)防。此外,與其他報道[29] 不同的是,筆者還發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖型NAFLD與TG水平異常升高無關(guān),而與年齡≥60歲呈負(fù)相關(guān)。這可能是由于本研究對NAFLD分型研究,肥胖人群中NAFLD者和非NAFLD者TG異常增加的比例均較高,二者無明顯差異。
另外,相比一線城市中青年人群存在較大的工作或生存壓力,該地區(qū)老年人生活壓力較小,能獲得較為充分的衛(wèi)生資源,定期接受慢病體檢,且郊區(qū)老年人多有參與種菜等有氧運動的生活習(xí)慣,在一定程度上緩解了肥胖對老人造成的代謝壓力[30-32]。另有研究[33-34]指出,中國NAFLD的發(fā)病有年輕化的趨勢,45歲以下人群的發(fā)病率超過了年齡較大人群。NAFLD 的篩檢年齡可適當(dāng)前移。
另一個值得注意的結(jié)果是該地區(qū)不同亞型NAFLD的檢出率。目前,世界范圍內(nèi)對不同亞型NAFLD患病率的報道差異較大,而針對上海的研究相對缺乏[35-37] 。
上海市浦東新區(qū)2023年末常住人口為581. 11萬,約占全市常住人口的 23. 36%。研究涉及的上海市浦東醫(yī)院、上海市浦東新區(qū)人民醫(yī)院及上海市浦東新區(qū)周浦醫(yī)院分別位于浦東新區(qū)的南、北及中部地區(qū),衛(wèi)生服務(wù)輻射范圍廣。通過對3萬多例體檢數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計得出,該地區(qū)的 NAFLD 檢出率達 25. 25%,其中瘦型 NAFLD 檢出率7. 72%,多見青年女性,超重型及肥胖型NAFLD檢出率分別是33. 99%、63. 56%,多見青年男性,與國內(nèi)外報道范圍相符[36-38] 。根據(jù)最新版MAFLD防治指南 [16] ,本研究中 97. 17% 的 NAFLD 患者可被診斷為 MAFLD,支持NAFLD的流行病學(xué)結(jié)論可類推于MAFLD的觀點。由于超重/肥胖型 NAFLD 患者的 BMI≥24. 0 kg/m 2 ,均滿足MAFLD的診斷條件,而瘦型NAFLD中僅有80. 70%的患者可被診斷為MAFLD,因此在將瘦型NAFLD的研究結(jié)論類推于MAFLD時應(yīng)注意評估。
本研究存在一定局限性,DM的診斷主要是根據(jù)自我報告或糖化血紅蛋白或空腹血糖的單次測量,至少在2天內(nèi)沒有重復(fù)確認(rèn),這也是多數(shù)大型觀察性研究的內(nèi)在局限性。其次,研究中體檢人群雖來源于當(dāng)?shù)夭煌袠I(yè)、地域的常住居民,但只是基于醫(yī)院社區(qū)的整群抽樣,僅反映本地區(qū)NAFLD流行的估計水平。
綜上所述,上海市浦東地區(qū)不同亞型 NAFLD檢出率與國內(nèi)外既往相關(guān)報道接近。NAFLD的流行病學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)可類推用于MAFLD,但在類推瘦型NAFLD結(jié)論時還應(yīng)注意評估。不同亞型NAFLD在代謝性心血管病發(fā)生風(fēng)險方面存在一定異質(zhì)性,需結(jié)合各型NAFLD的整體代謝特點,開展針對性干預(yù)。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究于2021年5月7日經(jīng)由上海市浦東醫(yī)院倫理委員會審批,批號:QWJW-03。
利益沖突聲明: 本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明: 高黎黎負(fù)責(zé)課題設(shè)計,資料分析,論文撰寫; 王勇、嚴(yán)華芳、王曉亮參與現(xiàn)場溝通,數(shù)據(jù)收集,論文修改; 王云峰負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章及最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-05-17;錄用日期:2024-07-10
本文編輯:王瑩