【摘要】目的" 運(yùn)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)孟德爾隨機(jī)化(MR)研究評估遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與心肌梗死(MI)之間的因果關(guān)系,以及瘦素作為潛在中介因素的作用。方法" 這是一項(xiàng)利用全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR的研究。網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR被用于評估銀屑病與MI之間的關(guān)聯(lián),采用中介分析估計(jì)瘦素作為遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與MI之間的潛在中介因素。結(jié)果" 本研究表明,遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與MI有關(guān)聯(lián)(OR=1.004,95%CI 1.001~1.008,P=0.044),在FinnGen驗(yàn)證數(shù)據(jù)集中也得到了確認(rèn)(OR=1.006,95%CI 1.001~1.012,P=0.025),該結(jié)果也在匯總的薈萃分析中被證實(shí)(OR=1.005,95%CI 1.002~1.008,P<0.001)。進(jìn)一步的中介分析表明,遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病也與瘦素有關(guān)(β=0.003,SE=0.001,P=0.047)。此外,瘦素水平每增加一個(gè)單位,MI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加13.1%(OR=1.131,95%CI 1.007~1.269,P=0.037)。結(jié)論" 本研究提供的證據(jù)表明銀屑病與MI密切相關(guān),可能通過瘦素介導(dǎo),干預(yù)瘦素可能有助于降低銀屑病患者M(jìn)I的發(fā)病率。
【關(guān)鍵詞】銀屑??;心肌梗死;瘦素;孟德爾隨機(jī)化
基金項(xiàng)目:四川省科技廳面上項(xiàng)目(19YYJC0580)
通信作者:汪漢,E-mail:7972348@qq.com
【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.09.018
Leptin as A Potential Mediator of Genetically Predicted Psoriasis with Myocardial Infarction:A Network Mendelian Randomization Study
LI Jin1,WANG Zhonghai2,WANG Han1
(1.Department of Cardiology,The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu,Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute of Chengdu,Chengdu 610031,Sichuan,China;2.Department of Geriatrics,Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College,Nanchong 637100,Sichuan,China)
【Abstract】Objective" The network Mendelian randomization(MR) study aimed to assess the causal relationship of genetically predicted psoriasis with myocardial infarction(MI),as well as the role of leptin as a potential mediator.Methods" This was a network MR study that utilized genome-wide association study.Network MR was used to evaluate the association between psoriasis and MI,and mediation analysis was used to estimate leptin as a potential mediator for genetically predicted psoriasis with MI.Results" This findings indicated that genetically predicted psoriasis was associated with MI(OR=1.004,95%CI 1.001~1.008, P=0.044),which was confirmed in the FinnGen validation dataset(OR=1.006,95%CI 1.001~1.012,P=0.025),as well as in the pooled meta-analysis(OR=1.005,95%CI 1.002~1.008,P<0.001).Further mediation analysis suggested that genetically predicted psoriasis was also associated with leptin(β=0.003,SE=0.001,P=0.047).Moreover,for every unit increased in leptin levels,the risk of MI increased by 13.1%(OR=1.131,95%CI 1.007~1.269,P=0.037).Conclusion" This study provided evidence that psoriasis was closely associated with MI,which may be mediated by leptin.Intervention with leptin may help to reduce the incidence of MI in patients with psoriasis.
【Keywords】Psoriasis;Myocardial infarction;Leptin;Mendelian randomization
銀屑病是一種常見的由免疫系統(tǒng)介導(dǎo)的慢性炎癥性皮膚病,其主要臨床特征是紅斑、丘疹和脫屑[1]。全球約有1.2億銀屑病患者,其患病率因居住地而有很大差異,美國為0.50%~3.15%,歐洲為0.75%~2.90%[2-3]。有研究[4-5]指出,銀屑病與多種疾?。ㄈ绶逝帧⒋x疾病和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾?。┯嘘P(guān)。此外,有研究[5-10]還揭示這些心血管疾病是銀屑病患者死亡的主要原因之一。
免疫細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞因子之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系是銀屑病病理生理學(xué)的一個(gè)非常重要的元素。銀屑病經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)出幾種關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞因子的顯著異常,事實(shí)上,多種靶向抗炎藥物已成功商業(yè)化地用于銀屑病的治療,結(jié)果令人鼓舞[11-12]。然而,這些抗炎藥物似乎并未降低銀屑病患者的心血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13-15]。因此,銀屑病可能不是主要通過腫瘤壞死因子和白細(xì)胞介素,而是通過其他潛在的細(xì)胞因子影響心肌梗死(myocardial infarction,MI)的發(fā)生。除了炎癥,有研究[16]表明,脂肪因子水平的升高可能是銀屑病與心血管疾病之間重要聯(lián)系的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。瘦素是一種與胰島素抵抗和肥胖密切相關(guān)的脂肪因子,也是MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)測因子[17-21]。因此,本研究提出了銀屑病通過瘦素影響MI發(fā)生的假設(shè)。
隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)和傳統(tǒng)的觀察性研究均存在一些缺陷。孟德爾隨機(jī)化(Mendelian randomization,MR)是一種利用遺傳變異作為工具變量來量化因果關(guān)系的工具變量分析[22]。近年來,由于其能克服潛在混雜因素和逆向因果關(guān)系的影響,MR在臨床研究中越來越受歡迎?,F(xiàn)使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR研究來評估銀屑病是否通過瘦素增加MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1" 研究對象與方法
1.1" 研究設(shè)計(jì)
這是一項(xiàng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR研究,主要探索遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與MI之間的因果關(guān)系,以及瘦素作為潛在中介因素的作用[23]。流程圖如圖1所示。本文根據(jù)STROBE-MR[24]編寫。
1.2" 數(shù)據(jù)來源
銀屑?。恒y屑病的匯總數(shù)據(jù)來自一個(gè)大型全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS)研究,包含10 588例銀屑病患者和22 806例歐洲血統(tǒng)的對照人群[25]。個(gè)體必須表現(xiàn)出覆蓋其總體表面積1%以上的慢性斑塊或滴狀病變,或至少有兩個(gè)臨床上診斷為銀屑病的皮膚、頭皮、指甲或關(guān)節(jié)病變,才能被診斷為銀屑?。?5]。MI:MI的匯總數(shù)據(jù)包括發(fā)現(xiàn)集和驗(yàn)證集。發(fā)現(xiàn)集來自CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium,這是一個(gè)針對歐洲血統(tǒng)人群的GWAS研究,其中包括來自48項(xiàng)研究的43 676例MI患者和128 199例對照人群[26]。驗(yàn)證集來自Finn數(shù)據(jù)庫的匯總數(shù)據(jù),包括11 622例MI患者和187 840例對照人群。瘦素:瘦素的匯總數(shù)據(jù)來自23項(xiàng)研究的GWAS,共涉及32 161例歐洲血統(tǒng)的個(gè)體 [27](表1)。
1.3" 工具變量選擇
根據(jù)以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選擇工具變量:(1)工具變量與暴露因素有顯著關(guān)聯(lián);(2)工具變量與結(jié)果無關(guān);(3)只有工具變量影響結(jié)果。本研究使用Plink軟件提取單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)(P<5×10-8,r2<0.01,基因距離=10 000 kb)。為消除混雜,排除了等位基因頻率接近0.5的回文SNP。此外,使用Catalog和PhenoScanner數(shù)據(jù)庫確定與這些工具變量相關(guān)的混雜。為避免弱工具變量偏差,本研究還使用F統(tǒng)計(jì)量來評估暴露因素與工具變量之間的關(guān)系[28]。
1.4" 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
在本研究中,逆方差加權(quán)法是主要分析方法[22]。本研究還使用了MR-Egger、最大似然法、加權(quán)中位數(shù)和MR-PRESSO等方法[22,29-30]。在主要分析中,本研究依次對發(fā)現(xiàn)集和驗(yàn)證集進(jìn)行分析并將其結(jié)果進(jìn)行了薈萃分析[31-32],通過查閱參考文獻(xiàn),將瘦素作為中介變量。在這項(xiàng)研究中,中介分析分為3個(gè)步驟,即使用兩樣本MR方法依次評估銀屑病與MI、銀屑病與瘦素以及瘦素與MI的因果效應(yīng)[33]。
1.5" 水平多效性和異質(zhì)性
本研究還采用了一系列方法來測試研究的水平多效性和異質(zhì)性,如MR-PRESSO、留一法、MR-Egger截距以及Cochran’s Q檢驗(yàn)。 使用R4.2軟件,P<0.05被認(rèn)為有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1" 銀屑病與MI的因果效應(yīng)
在主要分析中,選擇了與銀屑病相關(guān)的54個(gè)(發(fā)現(xiàn)集中)和60個(gè)SNP(FinnGen驗(yàn)證集中)作為工具變量。每個(gè)SNP作為工具變量都有一個(gè)相應(yīng)的F統(tǒng)計(jì)量且大于10,表明弱工具變量偏差的可能性較低。在發(fā)現(xiàn)集中,隨機(jī)效應(yīng)逆方差加權(quán)法的結(jié)果表明銀屑病與MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)(OR=1.004,95%CI 1.001~1.008,P=0.044),這也被加權(quán)中位數(shù)和MR-PRESSO證實(shí)。同樣,在驗(yàn)證集中,隨機(jī)效應(yīng)逆方差加權(quán)法的結(jié)果也顯示銀屑病與MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)呈正相關(guān)(OR=1.006,95%CI 1.001~1.012,P=0.025)。在主要分析中,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)無多效性(發(fā)現(xiàn)集:P=0.157;驗(yàn)證集:P=0.437)和異質(zhì)性(發(fā)現(xiàn)集:P=0.648;驗(yàn)證集:P=0.790)。漏斗圖顯示了SNP的對稱分布(圖2和圖3)。最后,薈萃分析的結(jié)果也保持不變(OR=1.005,95%CI 1.002~1.008,P<0.000 1)。
2.2" 瘦素作為銀屑病和MI的中介
逆方差加權(quán)法的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型結(jié)果顯示,遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與瘦素水平有關(guān)(β=0.003,SE=0.001,P=0.047),這也得到了MR-Egger、最大似然以及MR-PRESSO法的支持。進(jìn)一步的結(jié)果表明,瘦素水平每增加一個(gè)單位,MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加13.1%(OR=1.131,95%CI 1.007~1.269,P=0.037),這也被其他方法確認(rèn)。此外,在驗(yàn)證集中,遺傳預(yù)測結(jié)果表明,瘦素水平每增加一個(gè)單位,MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加13%(OR=1.173,95%CI 1.010~1.362,P=0.037)。此外,薈萃分析的發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果類似(OR=1.146,95%CI 1.041~1.251,P<0.000 1)。中介分析也無多效性和異質(zhì)性。漏斗圖顯示了SNP的對稱分布(圖2和圖3)。
3" 討論
本研究中的網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR表明銀屑病與MI密切相關(guān),且可能通過瘦素介導(dǎo)。因此,強(qiáng)烈建議監(jiān)測瘦素水平以識(shí)別銀屑病患者中MI的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。此外,建議開發(fā)針對瘦素的藥物,以降低MI的發(fā)病率。
既往大量研究肯定了銀屑病和MI之間的聯(lián)系[4-6,8-9,32]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在納入超過50萬人的大型隊(duì)列研究中,對照患者、輕度銀屑病患者和接受系統(tǒng)治療的重度銀屑病患者每1 000人年的MI發(fā)病率分別為3.58、4.04和5.13[34]。這些結(jié)果也得到了大量后續(xù)研究的確認(rèn),所有這些都說明銀屑病和MI之間關(guān)系密切[5,8-9],這與本研究的MR結(jié)果一致。事實(shí)上,最近發(fā)表的兩項(xiàng)MR研究已證明銀屑病與MI之間的因果關(guān)系[35-36],特別是提出了銀屑病和冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病之間的共享遺傳結(jié)構(gòu)[37]。
在中介分析中,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)了銀屑病和瘦素之間的強(qiáng)關(guān)聯(lián),類似于先前的報(bào)告[16-17]。銀屑病是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,銀屑病患者瘦素水平顯著增加。幾項(xiàng)觀察性調(diào)查[17]將升高的瘦素水平與銀屑病的嚴(yán)重程度聯(lián)系起來。然而,已知的治療方法似乎并未降低銀屑病患者的瘦素水平[15],這表明瘦素可能是銀屑病中一個(gè)特定的炎癥成分。此外,本研究中的MR研究還表明,瘦素水平與MI強(qiáng)烈相關(guān),這與大多數(shù)當(dāng)前研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)一致[18,20-21]。如在美國第三次國家健康和營養(yǎng)調(diào)查中,瘦素濃度增加與美國人MI顯著相關(guān),獨(dú)立于傳統(tǒng)的心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素和肥胖狀態(tài)[38]。
銀屑病增加MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的原因目前尚不清楚。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),與一般人群相比,銀屑病患者中傳統(tǒng)心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素的患病率顯著更高。在最近的薈萃分析中,Miller等[39]報(bào)告顯示,與無銀屑病的個(gè)體相比,銀屑病患者在心血管代謝疾病方面的比率顯著更高。然而,生物拮抗劑如腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑、白細(xì)胞介素拮抗劑等,似乎并未降低銀屑病患者的MI發(fā)病率[13-14]。在一項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究[14]中,接受腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑治療的銀屑病患者與對照組相比,在隨訪期間MI發(fā)病率呈下降趨勢。然而,考慮到選擇偏倚的存在,本研究并不推薦使用生物制劑預(yù)防MI。因此,全身抗炎藥物在降低銀屑病患者M(jìn)I風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面的有效性仍存在爭議。
瘦素作為一種眾所周知的調(diào)節(jié)體重的脂肪因子,與肥胖相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,特別是心血管疾病有關(guān)。升高的瘦素水平同時(shí)與銀屑病的嚴(yán)重程度和MI密切相關(guān)[5,18]。然而,瘦素的具體調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制目前尚不清楚。人們普遍認(rèn)為,瘦素主要通過與其受體結(jié)合傳遞信號(hào),也在巨噬細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞中表達(dá),因此,瘦素與炎癥和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙密切相關(guān),這是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的核心[4]。再次,通過使用包括他汀類藥物、二甲雙胍、匹格列酮和胰高血糖素樣肽-1受體激動(dòng)劑在內(nèi)的藥物,降低體重和瘦素水平,也可降低一般人群的MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn),表明瘦素與MI之間存在進(jìn)一步的關(guān)系。因此,總體而言,瘦素可能作為遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與MI之間的潛在中介因素,然而,其他在本網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR中未得到陽性結(jié)果的變量,并不一定不是中介因素,需更多的GWAS研究證實(shí)。
本研究具有以下優(yōu)勢:(1)使用了網(wǎng)絡(luò)MR,即使研究中存在相當(dāng)大異質(zhì)性,也不會(huì)導(dǎo)致估計(jì)偏差;(2)本研究中銀屑病和MI的數(shù)據(jù)均來自具有最大樣本量的GWAS研究;(3)使用Finn數(shù)據(jù)庫和聯(lián)合薈萃分析驗(yàn)證了結(jié)果,結(jié)果的一致確保了本研究的可靠性。然而,本研究也存在局限性:(1)本研究采用的數(shù)據(jù)是匯總數(shù)據(jù),無法進(jìn)行銀屑病類型的分層分析;(2)由于研究對象為歐洲人群,結(jié)果不能推廣到其他人群;(3)MI的發(fā)病是一個(gè)多因素參與的復(fù)雜過程,盡管本研究在中介分析中否認(rèn)了其他傳統(tǒng)心血管危險(xiǎn)因素和炎癥介質(zhì)作為中介因素的可能,但仍存在其他未被探討的中介因素。
總之,本研究表明瘦素可能作為遺傳預(yù)測的銀屑病與MI之間的潛在中介因素。因此,應(yīng)考慮開發(fā)針對瘦素信號(hào)通路的靶向藥物,以降低MI風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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收稿日期:2024-04-02