李靜 何鑫雨 鄭可欣 李丹陽 章梅云
Research progress on exercise rehabilitation of patients with multiple myeloma
LI Jing, HE Xinyu, ZHENG Kexin, LI Danyang, ZHANG Meiyun
The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310000 China
Corresponding Author ?ZHANG Meiyun, E?mail: 13857185837@163.com
Keywords??multiple myeloma;?rehabilitation exercise;?influencing factors;?intervention;?nursing;?review
摘要??總結(jié)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動的現(xiàn)狀、影響因素及干預(yù)措施,為我國臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員制定多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動方案提供依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞??多發(fā)性骨髓瘤;康復(fù)運(yùn)動;影響因素;干預(yù);護(hù)理;綜述
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.11.016
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是一種克隆漿細(xì)胞異常增殖的惡性疾病,在血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤約占14%,是第2位常見的血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤疾病[1?3]。盡管多發(fā)性骨髓瘤無法治愈,但現(xiàn)代治療顯著延長了病人的生存期,并提高了生存率,關(guān)注病人生存質(zhì)量成為臨床新趨勢,也是護(hù)理工作的主要目標(biāo)[4]。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的康復(fù)包括營養(yǎng)、心理、運(yùn)動、作業(yè)治療和矯形器等方式,其中運(yùn)動干預(yù)是多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人最常見的康復(fù)治療方式[5]。運(yùn)動干預(yù)被多個(gè)國際組織及協(xié)會證實(shí)是提高病人身體功能,提升生活質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵,并鼓勵病人盡可能多地進(jìn)行身體活動[6?8]。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人運(yùn)動康復(fù)的益處雖已被證實(shí),但僅有12%的病人在診斷后有足夠的身體活動,并且在各種強(qiáng)度下的運(yùn)動水平都很低,嚴(yán)重影響病人的功能狀態(tài)及生活質(zhì)量[9?11]。因此,亟須制定科學(xué)、可行的方案指導(dǎo)病人進(jìn)行康復(fù)運(yùn)動,以改善上述情況。本研究從多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動現(xiàn)狀、影響因素及干預(yù)措施3個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜述,旨在為今后構(gòu)建多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動方案提供參考。
1 ?多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動現(xiàn)狀
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人因多發(fā)性溶骨性損害、貧血,身體活動水平顯著較低,活動參與度普遍下降[12?13]。國外研究顯示,75%的病人希望提高運(yùn)動鍛煉水平,59%的病人希望獲得運(yùn)動鍛煉的建議[14],但僅有6.8%和20.4%的病人在治療期間和治療后能達(dá)到最低限度的運(yùn)動指南要求[13,15]。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人參加并完成康復(fù)運(yùn)動的可能性小于50%,明顯低于其他癌癥病人,并且在各種強(qiáng)度下的體育鍛煉水平都很低[12]。與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)相比,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人無論在有氧耐力還是肌力方面,均顯示出較差的身體功能,僅12%的病人在診斷后有足夠的體力活動[16?17]。Craike等[18]研究顯示,散步和園藝是多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人最常見的活動類型;大部分活動是輕至中等強(qiáng)度,沒有人參加高強(qiáng)度體育活動;在活動偏好方面,女性偏好于水上運(yùn)動、健身房健身及普拉提,男性則對高爾夫、園藝和騎自行車更感興趣。美國一項(xiàng)基于849例癌癥幸存者運(yùn)動調(diào)查顯示,與其他類型癌癥幸存者相比,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人不參加癌癥病人運(yùn)動隨訪項(xiàng)目的可能性高2.3倍[19]。牛倩霞等[20]對12例多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人進(jìn)行半結(jié)構(gòu)式訪談發(fā)現(xiàn),多數(shù)病人對運(yùn)動康復(fù)認(rèn)知不足,不知如何運(yùn)動,無法合理地控制運(yùn)動量。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人運(yùn)動量不足,會加劇關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、肌力下降、睡眠障礙等治療相關(guān)副作用,這些副作用會進(jìn)一步限制病人的活動,產(chǎn)生惡性循環(huán)[21]。由此可見,盡管康復(fù)運(yùn)動對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人有益,但仍存在諸多挑戰(zhàn),需要醫(yī)護(hù)人員和病人共同努力,引導(dǎo)病人形成正確的運(yùn)動觀,以不斷發(fā)展和完善康復(fù)運(yùn)動現(xiàn)狀。
2 ?多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動的影響因素
2.1 病人因素
年齡、性別是影響多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動的因素。多發(fā)性骨髓瘤多見于老年人,診斷時(shí)的中位年齡為65~74歲,50歲以下和40歲以下病人分別占10%和2%[22]。研究顯示,老年多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人衰弱的發(fā)生率達(dá)43%,超20%的病人存在認(rèn)知障礙[23?24]。老年病人身體機(jī)能下降及多病共存狀態(tài)導(dǎo)致不同程度的心肺適能下降、肌肉萎縮。參與運(yùn)動項(xiàng)目的高退出率也是其進(jìn)行康復(fù)運(yùn)動的重要挑戰(zhàn)[25]。其次,相較于女性病人,男性病人存在更低的運(yùn)動自我動機(jī),可能與心理及社會方面的益處感知較低有關(guān)[18]。醫(yī)務(wù)工作者應(yīng)先探究病人方面的因素,根據(jù)病人特點(diǎn)及需求制定個(gè)性化運(yùn)動干預(yù)策略,以改善多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動現(xiàn)狀。
2.2 疾病因素
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人在中晚期會出現(xiàn)骨痛、病理性骨折、脊髓受壓、肌肉無力等情況,嚴(yán)重影響病人的運(yùn)動功能,進(jìn)而限制了病人的康復(fù)運(yùn)動[26]。Craike等[18,27]研究指出,疲勞、疼痛及治療的副作用是病人運(yùn)動鍛煉的主要障礙因素。美國一項(xiàng)關(guān)于老年癌癥幸存者生活質(zhì)量的研究顯示,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人的身體機(jī)能及生活質(zhì)量評分均低于其他類型的癌癥幸存者[28]。由此可見,疾病本身、治療的副作用均會影響病人的身體機(jī)能,進(jìn)一步影響其參與運(yùn)動的可能。研究人員應(yīng)充分評估病人的疾病狀態(tài)及身體情況,制定靈活性康復(fù)運(yùn)動方案。
2.3 社會及心理因素
2.3.1 社會因素
社交因素對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人的康復(fù)運(yùn)動非常重要,部分病人表示,運(yùn)動鍛煉是幫助他們結(jié)交新朋友、重返生活的一種方式,可以避免患病后的社交孤立[18]。Land等[29]研究指出,家庭成員及同伴的支持可以促進(jìn)病人積極參與康復(fù)運(yùn)動,家庭成員的參與讓病人更有信心展示自己的運(yùn)動效果。多數(shù)病人傾向于參與小組課程的鍛煉計(jì)劃,小組制生動有趣并可以與同伴建立友誼,能夠增加病人的興趣和動機(jī)[16,29]。此外,臨床醫(yī)生及康復(fù)師的支持是病人參與康復(fù)運(yùn)動的重要促進(jìn)因素,來自專業(yè)人士的指導(dǎo)可以提高病人運(yùn)動的安全性及信心[20,27]。因此,醫(yī)護(hù)人員需加強(qiáng)對病人的運(yùn)動指導(dǎo),拓寬其社會支持渠道并鼓勵家庭成員參與到康復(fù)運(yùn)動中,為其康復(fù)運(yùn)動提供多樣化支持。
2.3.2 心理因素
研究顯示,害怕骨折、感染及受傷是阻礙病人進(jìn)行康復(fù)運(yùn)動的主要因素,導(dǎo)致病人缺乏運(yùn)動的信心,甚至放棄運(yùn)動[12,30]。其次,定時(shí)服藥及治療后的外觀改變(體重增加、脫發(fā))會對病人產(chǎn)生一定的心理壓力,進(jìn)而影響其運(yùn)動的積極性[18]。Coon等[27]對21例多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人訪談發(fā)現(xiàn),無論既往是否有運(yùn)動習(xí)慣,他們都認(rèn)為治療過程中的康復(fù)運(yùn)動對身心健康有益,并且在運(yùn)動過程中感知到的認(rèn)知及情緒方面的益處讓他們更有信心進(jìn)行康復(fù)運(yùn)動。由此可見,強(qiáng)大的信念支持系統(tǒng)是促進(jìn)病人進(jìn)行運(yùn)動的重要內(nèi)在因素。建議研究者積極引導(dǎo)病人正確看待疾病,幫助其克服恐懼心理,提高病人運(yùn)動的自我效能。
3 ?多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人運(yùn)動干預(yù)研究現(xiàn)狀
多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人多為老年人,需考慮病人高齡及多病共存狀態(tài)。在制定康復(fù)運(yùn)動方案時(shí),需進(jìn)行多學(xué)科的協(xié)同評估,包括血液科、腫瘤科、放射科、老年科和營養(yǎng)科等,制定個(gè)性化的康復(fù)運(yùn)動處方,并加強(qiáng)對病人的評估和監(jiān)測,根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查和臨床表現(xiàn)等情況及時(shí)調(diào)整干預(yù)方案以達(dá)到最佳效果[5]。
3.1 運(yùn)動干預(yù)內(nèi)容
3.1.1 國內(nèi)現(xiàn)狀
黃麗明等[31]探討了多模態(tài)運(yùn)動處方對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人生活質(zhì)量的影響,該處方包括肌肉等長收縮運(yùn)動、腕關(guān)節(jié)旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動、肘關(guān)節(jié)屈伸運(yùn)動、二五式關(guān)節(jié)操及體感互動游戲,結(jié)果顯示,該處方能有效緩解病人的疲勞癥狀,并提升病人的生活質(zhì)量。朱麗等[32]應(yīng)用家庭支持個(gè)體化運(yùn)動計(jì)劃探索對病人疲勞、睡眠和日常行為的影響,該計(jì)劃由醫(yī)務(wù)人員根據(jù)病人條件和運(yùn)動專業(yè)知識制定,病人家庭成員對其進(jìn)行鼓勵、監(jiān)督和運(yùn)動示范,結(jié)果顯示,其改善了病人的睡眠質(zhì)量及情緒狀態(tài),在提高病人韌性的同時(shí)降低了并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。此外,閆慧等[33]探究了為期3個(gè)月的以家庭功能為焦點(diǎn)的護(hù)理干預(yù)方案,該方案包括成立醫(yī)療小組、建立信任和支持關(guān)系、一般資料評估及照顧者護(hù)理處方4個(gè)部分,結(jié)果顯示,該方案降低了并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,提高了病人自我護(hù)理能力、生活質(zhì)量及家庭功能。徐麗珍等[34]將癌癥病人運(yùn)動(exercise for cancer patients,EXCAP)引入多發(fā)性骨髓瘤化療所致周圍神經(jīng)病變病人的管理中,該項(xiàng)目包括有氧及抗阻運(yùn)動,并錄制了運(yùn)動演示視頻,結(jié)果表明,該項(xiàng)目可以有效減輕周圍神經(jīng)病變疼痛水平并延長了病人睡眠時(shí)間。以上研究表明運(yùn)動干預(yù)在改善病人生活質(zhì)量、疲勞癥狀和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率方面具有積極的效果,但仍存在一些不足之處,其中研究樣本量較小、研究時(shí)間較短、長期效果和可持續(xù)性仍需進(jìn)一步探究。此外,運(yùn)動干預(yù)的個(gè)性化程度和實(shí)施方式有待進(jìn)一步完善,以滿足病人的實(shí)際情況和特定需求。
3.1.2 國外現(xiàn)狀
Coleman等[35]探索了基于家庭的個(gè)性化鍛煉項(xiàng)目(home?based individualized exercise program,HBIEP)對病人疲勞、情緒和睡眠的初步效果,該項(xiàng)目包括有氧和力量訓(xùn)練,結(jié)果表明其對改善病人疲勞、情緒及睡眠質(zhì)量有積極效果。該團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)一步的研究表明,基于家庭的個(gè)性化鍛煉項(xiàng)目結(jié)合預(yù)防性使用促紅細(xì)胞生成素可減少紅細(xì)胞輸注和嘗試采集干細(xì)胞的次數(shù)[36]。Czerwińska?Ledwig等[37]研究表明,每周3次、每次1 h、持續(xù)6周的室外北歐步行訓(xùn)練可提高病人的血清維生素D3濃度。Fournié等[38]開展了為期12周的運(yùn)動結(jié)合心率變異性生物反饋課程(heart rate variability biofeedback,HRV?B)以及每日家庭呼吸練習(xí)康復(fù)計(jì)劃,結(jié)果顯示該方案可改善病人的自主神經(jīng)功能。Groeneveldt等[39]研究表明,混合運(yùn)動療法(包括伸展、有氧和抗阻訓(xùn)練)可提高病人的生活質(zhì)量和肌力。此外,Mazanec等[40]探究了低強(qiáng)度的家庭步行活動及心理支持教育可改善病人的負(fù)性情緒,提升其生活質(zhì)量。Larsen等[41]進(jìn)行了為期10周的家庭鍛煉項(xiàng)目,包括視頻會議、熱身、有氧運(yùn)動、加強(qiáng)鍛煉和靜態(tài)伸展鍛煉,結(jié)果顯示,該項(xiàng)目是安全可行的,且受試者具有較高的依從性。Koutoukidis等[42]為病人制定了6個(gè)月的有氧和抗阻訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃,結(jié)果顯示,該計(jì)劃改善了病人的肌肉力量和心血管健康。Xu等[43]系統(tǒng)綜述發(fā)現(xiàn),有氧運(yùn)動和聯(lián)合運(yùn)動對未接受造血干細(xì)胞移植的多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人握力、疲勞和生活質(zhì)量有潛在的益處。國外研究者積極探索了多種運(yùn)動內(nèi)容并驗(yàn)證了運(yùn)動結(jié)合其他治療手段的干預(yù)效果,但不同干預(yù)方案的比較和優(yōu)化仍需更多的研究來確定最佳實(shí)踐。
3.2 運(yùn)動干預(yù)形式
目前,國內(nèi)外多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人運(yùn)動干預(yù)并沒有統(tǒng)一的形式。
3.2.1 國內(nèi)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動干預(yù)形式
國內(nèi)學(xué)者對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)干預(yù)形式的研究較少,仍處于初步探索階段,多采用現(xiàn)場教授、線上回訪的形式。徐麗珍等[34]采用線下教授輔以視頻演示、線上回訪的形式對病人進(jìn)行出院后的康復(fù)運(yùn)動護(hù)理,有效減輕了病人疼痛水平并提高了生活質(zhì)量。黃麗明等[31]將體感互動游戲融入病人的康復(fù)運(yùn)動中,增加趣味性的同時(shí)也有效緩解了病人的疲勞癥狀。朱麗等[32]采用運(yùn)動日記及家屬共同參與的形式對病人進(jìn)行運(yùn)動管理,結(jié)果顯示其改善了病人的睡眠質(zhì)量及負(fù)性情緒。殷丹等[44]通過集中授課方式對病人進(jìn)行康復(fù)指導(dǎo)并為其制定個(gè)性化運(yùn)動計(jì)劃,有效提升了病人的自我效能及生活質(zhì)量。未來可進(jìn)一步探索和應(yīng)用多樣化的康復(fù)運(yùn)動干預(yù)形式,并進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化評估及多中心的驗(yàn)證,以驗(yàn)證干預(yù)的效果和適用性。
3.2.2 國外多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動干預(yù)形式
3.2.2.1 遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療是一種有效的康復(fù)運(yùn)動形式
隨著人工智能及網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展,遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療已經(jīng)成為病人和醫(yī)務(wù)人員之間進(jìn)行醫(yī)療服務(wù)的一種新型方式。與以醫(yī)院為基礎(chǔ)的項(xiàng)目相比,可能產(chǎn)生更高的依從率和相似的療效[45]。目前,遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療被廣泛應(yīng)用于慢性病的隨訪管理中,對冠心病[46]和心力衰竭[47]病人的研究表明,在實(shí)現(xiàn)功能改善、控制危險(xiǎn)因素(血壓、血脂和體質(zhì)指數(shù))以及改善生活質(zhì)量方面,遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療運(yùn)動干預(yù)的效果與傳統(tǒng)的心臟康復(fù)效果相當(dāng),且沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的不良事件。Lee等[48]采用遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療運(yùn)動平臺(Moterum)對多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人進(jìn)行身體功能及衰弱管理,運(yùn)動教練可通過該平臺為每例病人分配適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動任務(wù),并通過電子郵件或文本提醒病人。研究者可通過該平臺提取病人的運(yùn)動數(shù)據(jù),以評估運(yùn)動方案的可行性。Purdy等[49]通過定制的應(yīng)用程序HEAL?Me為病人提供虛擬支持的家庭鍛煉項(xiàng)目,結(jié)果顯示該應(yīng)用程序可以顯著改善病人的生活質(zhì)量和身體素質(zhì),并且參與者對該應(yīng)用程序的滿意度較高。Lecat等[50]在英國骨髓瘤中心創(chuàng)建了促進(jìn)個(gè)體化自我管理和生存(PrISMS)診所,該診所為病人提供遠(yuǎn)程咨詢和個(gè)性化的運(yùn)動建議,結(jié)果表明,接受PrISMS咨詢病人的運(yùn)動得分有所改善,并且83%的病人對自我管理骨髓瘤更具有信心。以上研究為遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療運(yùn)動干預(yù)的可行性和效果提供了支持,未來應(yīng)進(jìn)行設(shè)備技術(shù)的普及計(jì)劃,確保更多人能夠享受到遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療帶來的好處。
3.2.2.2 可穿戴設(shè)備為實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測運(yùn)動數(shù)據(jù)提供可能
隨著可穿戴設(shè)備的普及和廣泛應(yīng)用,腫瘤治療中對體力活動的量化能力得到了顯著提升[51]。可穿戴技術(shù)通過活動描記法采集病人的客觀活動數(shù)據(jù),以補(bǔ)充主觀報(bào)告的結(jié)果。由于疼痛和疾病治療的長期性,多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人是數(shù)字健康技術(shù)應(yīng)用的理想人群。Korde等[52]使用可穿戴設(shè)備(Garmin Vivofit)對病人進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程活動監(jiān)測,結(jié)果顯示所有參與者的總體活動量呈周期性上升趨勢,活動趨勢與身體功能和疾病負(fù)擔(dān)改善有關(guān)。Manda等[53]探索了可穿戴設(shè)備對新診斷多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人從腸外硼替佐米過渡到全口服伊莎佐米?來那度胺?地塞米松(IRD)的用藥依從性及活動記錄,結(jié)果表明,病人每日平均步數(shù)與65歲以上健康老年人及患病成年人的數(shù)據(jù)相當(dāng)。總之,可穿戴設(shè)備為遠(yuǎn)程、實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測病人數(shù)據(jù)提供了機(jī)會,可幫助醫(yī)護(hù)人員優(yōu)化臨床決策。在臨床試驗(yàn)中利用可穿戴設(shè)備可以獲取更精確、規(guī)范的數(shù)據(jù),以更好地指導(dǎo)研究設(shè)計(jì)。但仍需解決數(shù)據(jù)隱私、數(shù)據(jù)安全和病人體驗(yàn)問題,以更好地利用該技術(shù)改善病人康復(fù)體驗(yàn)及生活質(zhì)量。
4 ?小結(jié)與展望
運(yùn)動干預(yù)是多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人最常見的康復(fù)治療方式,是維持其身體功能,改善其生活質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵,但目前多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人的運(yùn)動水平普遍較低??祻?fù)運(yùn)動是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)、有效的康復(fù)模式,可以降低治療成本,增強(qiáng)病人自我管理能力,減輕家屬照護(hù)負(fù)擔(dān)。盡管目前國內(nèi)外已有多位學(xué)者積極探索該人群的運(yùn)動干預(yù)策略,但多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人康復(fù)運(yùn)動仍受到多種因素的影響。國內(nèi)學(xué)者主要采用家庭為基礎(chǔ)的綜合護(hù)理模式進(jìn)行干預(yù),但缺少針對運(yùn)動管理的護(hù)理方案。此外,傳統(tǒng)單一的干預(yù)模式無法保證運(yùn)動干預(yù)的有效性及依從性,并且尚無客觀的運(yùn)動效果評估及監(jiān)測方式。同時(shí),現(xiàn)有研究沒有深入探討多發(fā)性骨髓瘤病人在康復(fù)運(yùn)動中的內(nèi)外障礙因素和運(yùn)動偏好。因此,臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人員可根據(jù)以上問題開展更有針對性的研究設(shè)計(jì),并將數(shù)字健康技術(shù)運(yùn)用到病人的康復(fù)管理中,為病人提供更加個(gè)性化的運(yùn)動干預(yù)指導(dǎo),并為臨床醫(yī)護(hù)人提供更準(zhǔn)確的評估和決策依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2023-07-06;修回日期:2024-05-20)
(本文編輯?曹妍)