岳一婷 李紅梅 薛曉燕 郭錦麗 張蕊 陳夢(mèng)坤
Relationship between ultrasound parameters and body mass index, bone mineral density and skeletal muscle mass index in patients with sarcopenia
YUE Yiting, LI Hongmei, XUE Xiaoyan, GUO Jinli, ZHANG Rui, CHEN Mengkun
Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 032200 China
Corresponding Author ?YUE Yiting, E?mail: 419266253@qq.com
Abstract ?Objective:To explore the relationship between ultrasound parameters and body mass index(BMI),bone mineral density(BMD)?and skeletal muscle mass index(SMMI)?in patients with sarcopenia.Methods:60 patients with sarcopenia in Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University were regarded as study group from January 1,2023 to January 1,2024,and 50 healthy volunteers with gender and age matching who came to our hospital for physical examination during the same period were selected as control group.Ultrasound examination was performed in both groups to record gastrocnemius muscle thickness(MT),maximum cross?sectional area(CA)?and muscle hardness(Young' s modulus values during contraction and relaxation).Dual?energy X?ray absorption method was used to record BMD and limb muscle mass and calculate the SMMI and BMI.The differences in the above indicators were compared.Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of sarcopenia.ROC curve was applied to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of ultrasound parameters on sarcopenia.Pearson correlation coefficient was adopted to analyze the correlation between ultrasound parameters and BMI,BMD and SMMI in study group.Results:Logistic regression analysis showed that MT,CA,Young's modulus values during contraction and relaxation,BMI,BMD and SMMI were independent influencing factors of sarcopenia(P<0.05).ROC curve revealed that the AUCs of MT,CA,Young' s modulus values during contraction and relaxation in the diagnosis of sarcopenia were 0.908,0.958,0.909,0.932 respectively.Pearson correlation coefficient manifested that MT,CA and Young' s modulus values during contraction and relaxation were positively correlated with BMI,BMD and SMMI in patients with sarcopenia(P<0.05).Conclusion:Ultrasound parameters are helpful for screening and diagnosis of sarcopenia.Ultrasound parameters MT,CA and muscle hardness are significantly correlated with BMI,BMD and SMMI.
Keywords??sarcopenia;?ultrasound;?body mass index;?bone mineral density;?skeletal muscle mass index;?muscle hardness
摘要??目的:探究肌少癥病人超聲參數(shù)與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)的關(guān)系。方法:選取山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院2023年1月1日—2024年1月1日收治的60例肌少癥病人為研究組,選取同期來院體檢的50名性別、年齡匹配的健康志愿者為對(duì)照組。兩組均接受超聲檢查,記錄腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、肌肉硬度(收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值)及雙能X線吸收法檢查,記錄骨密度、四肢肌肉量并計(jì)算骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)及體質(zhì)指數(shù)。對(duì)比兩組上述指標(biāo)差異,使用Logistic回歸分析篩選肌少癥影響因素,使用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析超聲參數(shù)對(duì)肌少癥診斷效能,使用Pearson相關(guān)系數(shù)分析研究組超聲參數(shù)與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)是肌少癥的獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05);腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮、舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值診斷肌少癥ROC曲線下面積分別為0.908,0.958,0.909,0.932;Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,肌少癥病人腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)均呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:超聲參數(shù)有助于篩查診斷肌少癥,超聲參數(shù)、腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、肌肉硬度與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)存在明顯關(guān)聯(lián)。
關(guān)鍵詞??肌少癥;超聲;體質(zhì)指數(shù);骨密度;骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù);肌肉硬度
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.11.006
肌少癥是一種肌肉衰竭性疾病,病人以肌肉量及其硬度顯著減少為主要表現(xiàn),同時(shí)可出現(xiàn)肌肉持續(xù)性疼痛、骨質(zhì)疏松、肢體活動(dòng)障礙等不良情況,嚴(yán)重影響病人身心健康,降低生活質(zhì)量[1]。肌少癥可發(fā)生于全年齡段,但根據(jù)流行病學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì),其發(fā)病率隨年齡增長(zhǎng)而增加,目前,我國(guó)已呈現(xiàn)難以逆轉(zhuǎn)的老齡化趨勢(shì),肌少癥人群將逐漸擴(kuò)大,對(duì)其進(jìn)行有效的疾病防治管理是需要關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)[2]。肌少癥有發(fā)病率高、起病隱匿、對(duì)機(jī)體影響廣泛的特點(diǎn),盡早篩查診斷是疾病管理的關(guān)鍵[3]。肌少癥診斷主要關(guān)注肌肉量、肌肉硬度等參數(shù),臨床常用的檢測(cè)方法包括雙能X線吸收法、生物電阻抗分析法及超聲檢查。雙能X線吸收法可精準(zhǔn)測(cè)量肌肉量,有助于計(jì)算骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)輔助診斷肌少癥,而且可顯示骨密度便于方便篩查病人是否合并骨質(zhì)疏松,但其有輻射傷害、成本高[4];生物電阻抗分析法在臨床治療及體檢人體成分分析中應(yīng)用廣泛,可通過生物電傳感器采集和測(cè)量組織細(xì)胞的電阻抗變化,經(jīng)計(jì)算得出脂肪、肌肉、體質(zhì)指數(shù)等參數(shù),有安全、便捷、成本低的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但當(dāng)病人體內(nèi)含較多水分時(shí)會(huì)有較大誤差[5];超聲檢查是常見無創(chuàng)檢查方式,有安全、便捷、便宜等優(yōu)點(diǎn),近年來在診斷肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)疾病中被認(rèn)為存在較好效能[6?7]。超聲檢查可動(dòng)靜態(tài)掃描判斷肌肉與骨骼病變,而且能獲取肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積等參數(shù),聯(lián)合剪切波彈性成像技術(shù)還可評(píng)估肌肉硬度,為臨床肌少癥篩查提供診斷依據(jù)[8]?;诖耍狙芯坑^察超聲參數(shù)在肌少癥診療中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1 ?對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選取山西醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院2023年1月1日—2024年1月1日收治的60例肌少癥病人為研究組,其中男42例,女18例;年齡41~79(60.13±5.28)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)年齡18歲以上;2)符合肌少癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9];3)簽署研究知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)近6個(gè)月內(nèi)行下肢手術(shù)者;2)肢體活動(dòng)受限,無法完成正常日常生活及長(zhǎng)期臥床者;3)合并惡性腫瘤、控制不良的糖尿病、心力衰竭、終末期慢性腎病等疾病影響肌肉與骨骼代謝者;4)存在雙能X線吸收法、生物電阻抗分析法及超聲檢查禁忌者;5)合并神經(jīng)損傷及肌力損傷者;6)合并精神異常、癡呆等無法配合檢查者。選取同期來院體檢的50名性別、年齡匹配的健康志愿者為對(duì)照組,其中男35人,女15人;年齡43~76(58.93±6.27)歲。兩組性別、年齡等一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 超聲檢查
研究組及對(duì)照組均呈俯臥位,下肢伸展放松,以右側(cè)腓腸肌為超聲檢查部位,超聲探頭(8~10 MHz)垂直表皮進(jìn)行掃描觀察病人肌肉形態(tài),找到肌肉最大橫截面積并記錄,以最大截面為檢查部位檢測(cè)肌肉厚度。使用剪切波彈性成像技術(shù),掃描腓腸肌內(nèi)側(cè)頭維度最厚處,設(shè)置感興趣區(qū),彈性圖像保持5 s,確保色彩均勻,啟動(dòng)Q?BOX,以感興趣區(qū)直徑3 mm,深度1.2 cm獲取楊氏模量值,在腓腸肌收縮及舒張時(shí)分別記錄楊氏模量值。使用儀器為Supersonic Imagine Aixplorer超聲系統(tǒng)。
1.3 骨密度及四肢肌肉量檢查
研究組及對(duì)照組均使用雙能X線吸收法(GE Lunar IDAX骨密度儀)測(cè)定髖部骨密度。測(cè)量?jī)山M四肢肌肉量,計(jì)算骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)=四肢肌肉量/身高2。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 24.0及MedCalc軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,年齡、超聲參數(shù)等經(jīng)K?S法檢驗(yàn)為符合正態(tài)分布的定量資料,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,行獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);性別等定性資料用頻數(shù)、百分比(%)表示,行χ2檢驗(yàn)。以肌少癥為因變量,以單因素分析中差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的變量為自變量使用Logistic回歸分析篩選肌少癥影響因素,使用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線分析超聲參數(shù)對(duì)肌少癥的診斷效能,使用Pearson相關(guān)分析研究組超聲參數(shù)與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)相關(guān)性,檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)α=0.05。
2 ?結(jié)果
2.1 兩組超聲參數(shù)比較
研究組肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值均小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。詳見表1。
2.2 兩組體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)比較
研究組體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)均小于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。詳見表2。
2.3 肌少癥影響因素的Logistic回歸分析
Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值、體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)是肌少癥獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05)。詳見表3。
2.4 超聲參數(shù)對(duì)肌少癥的診斷效能
ROC曲線顯示:肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值診斷肌少癥的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.908,0.958,0.909,0.932。詳見表4、圖1。
2.5 肌少癥病人肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)Pearson相關(guān)分析
Pearson相關(guān)分析結(jié)果顯示,肌少癥病人腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)均呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。詳見表5。
3 ?討論
肌少癥是以骨骼肌質(zhì)量下降為核心癥狀的臨床綜合征,在我國(guó)60歲以上人群中患病率為5.7%~23.9%[10]。肌少癥發(fā)病受年齡、生活方式、性別、藥物等多方面影響,目前臨床較為認(rèn)可的發(fā)生機(jī)制包括運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元退化、骨骼肌蛋白合成/代謝失衡、線粒體功能異常、骨骼肌細(xì)胞凋亡增加[11?12]。臨床實(shí)踐發(fā)現(xiàn)多種疾病治療過程中,合并肌少癥的病人通常有更高的并發(fā)癥、病死風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13],是需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的人群。肌少癥作為一種退行性疾病,盡早篩查診斷并進(jìn)行疾病管理,有助于減輕病人及其家庭疾病負(fù)擔(dān),改善預(yù)后[14]。
近年來,以高頻超聲為主的肌骨超聲檢查在診斷肌肉骨骼系統(tǒng)疾病中豐碩成果[15?16],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肌少癥病人的超聲參數(shù)較健康者有差異,肌少癥病人腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值均更小,可見病人的骨骼肌從維度、質(zhì)量及硬度均發(fā)生衰減。超聲檢查通過回聲強(qiáng)度測(cè)量腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積,可在一定程度上反映肌肉質(zhì)量,但由于人體肌肉分布差異,因此僅通過一個(gè)部位的腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積判斷整體肌肉質(zhì)量是不準(zhǔn)確的。本研究在常規(guī)超聲檢查后切換剪切波彈性成像模式可測(cè)得收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值。楊氏模量值是廣泛應(yīng)用的彈性量化指標(biāo),在肌肉超聲檢查中可反映肌肉硬度。肌少癥在肌肉質(zhì)量減少的同時(shí)可出現(xiàn)肌力下降,臨床表現(xiàn)為乏力,隨病情發(fā)展,病人肌肉硬度下降,將難以維持日常生活活動(dòng)能力[17?18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,兩組體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)有差異,肌少癥病人數(shù)值均低于健康者。體質(zhì)指數(shù)由身高與體重決定,是臨床常用衡量肥胖及影響不良的指標(biāo),可反映人體外部形態(tài),我國(guó)居民體質(zhì)指數(shù)正常為18.5~24.0 kg/m2,肌少癥病人由于肌肉丟失可其整體體重下降,體質(zhì)指數(shù)普遍低于正常水平。體質(zhì)指數(shù)簡(jiǎn)單、易篩查且由于其主要依靠整體體重計(jì)算,因此無法準(zhǔn)確反映人體脂肪與肌肉的占比,僅使用該指標(biāo)可能造成漏診。肌少癥病人由于骨骼肌質(zhì)量下降可改變?nèi)梭w骨骼力學(xué)負(fù)荷,對(duì)骨質(zhì)密度、強(qiáng)度、幾何形狀產(chǎn)生影響,進(jìn)而并發(fā)骨質(zhì)疏松癥[19]。肌少癥與骨質(zhì)疏松癥有相似的治病機(jī)制,關(guān)系密切,二者可通過肌肉與骨骼系統(tǒng)間的互相影響促進(jìn)疾病的發(fā)展[20]。合并骨質(zhì)疏松癥的肌少癥病人可提高骨折風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提醒臨床對(duì)肌少癥病人骨質(zhì)疏松癥的篩查與評(píng)估。而骨密度作為診斷骨質(zhì)疏松癥的決定性指標(biāo),在肌少癥病人中較健康者處于更低水平。肌肉質(zhì)量是反映人體肌肉水平的重要指標(biāo),但由于其水平受身高影響,因此在肌肉量基礎(chǔ)上除以身高的平方以校準(zhǔn)獲得的骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)常作為肌少癥診斷指標(biāo),臨床以男性<7.0 kg/m2、女性<5.4 kg/m2為判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)中四肢肌肉量檢測(cè)需要利用雙能X線吸收法或生物電阻抗分析完成,前者通常在大型醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)才會(huì)配備,難以滿足我國(guó)日益擴(kuò)大老年群體的肌少癥篩查需求;后者應(yīng)用較為廣泛,但是結(jié)果依賴算法,準(zhǔn)確度欠佳。本研究結(jié)果顯示,腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)均呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05),提醒在臨床肌少癥篩查過程中可使用超聲輔助診斷,不僅能反映病人肌肉質(zhì)量水平,而且有助于判斷其是否合并骨質(zhì)疏松癥,對(duì)其后續(xù)疾病治療及管理有重要指導(dǎo)價(jià)值[21]。
4 ?小結(jié)
綜上所述,肌少癥病人超聲參數(shù)腓腸肌肌肉厚度、肌肉最大橫截面積、收縮及舒張時(shí)楊氏模量值與體質(zhì)指數(shù)、骨密度及骨骼肌質(zhì)量指數(shù)呈正相關(guān),提醒可使用超聲大規(guī)模篩查輔助診斷肌少癥。
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(收稿日期:2024-01-11;修回日期:2024-05-20)
(本文編輯?曹妍)