Review of the Extraction and Pharmacological Effects of Bioactive Compounds from Saw Palmetto
LIU GongDel23, TAN XiaoHuil23, LIU HanWen4, LONG LingYun HUANG QiuWeil,2,3
('GuangxiSubtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning,Guangxi 302,China;2Guangxi SubtropicalAgricultur
al Products Processing Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi 530002, China; GuangxiKey Laboratory of Quality
and Safety Controlof SubtropicalCharacteristicFruits, Nanning, Guangxi 532,China;Wutang Township Central Health Center, Xingning District, Nanning, Guangxi 530215, China)
Abstract: Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) has garnered significant attention in the healthcare field due to its rich bioactive compounds, particularly in the treatment of prostate diseases. This review systematically summarizes the progress and the challenges in research of bioactive substances detection, extraction methods, pharmacological efficacy and their application in the fields of medicine, food and cosmetics, to provide a scientific basis for the further research, development and utilization of saw palmetto resources. This paper reviewed the relevant literature about saw palmetto in recent years, focusing on the research progress in finding the main active ingredients, developing the methods for extraction and purification of these components, and their pharmacological effects in anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-prostatic hypertrophy and anti-cancer, evaluated the application prospect of saw palmetto in research and development of medical and health care products, functional food and cosmetics, and analyzed the deficiencies and challenges in the current studies by comprehensive analyses and summary. Synthesyzing the results reported in the literature, phytosterols, fatty acids and polyphenols are the key bioactive components in saw palmetto, which have significant antiinflammatory, antioxidant and anti-benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) effects, especially shows an important potential in the treatment of prostate diseases. The application of new extraction techniques has improved the extraction efficiency and purity of the active ingredients. The main challenges are the high cost in extraction and purification, inadequate biological activity assessment methods, and lack of understanding the molecular mechanisms of the effect.The bioactive substances in saw palmetto show significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and BPH effects, and they have a promising application prospect in treatment of prostate disease and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapy.Future studies should further optimize the extraction process and strengthen the pharmacological mechanism research, in order to promote its wide application in medicine, health care, and so on.
Keywords: Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens); bioactive compound; extraction method; pharmacological effect; prostate disease
0 引言
鋸葉棕(Serenoarepens)是一種原產于北美洲東南部的植物,因其在醫(yī)療保健領域的廣泛應用而備受關注(GEAVLETEetal.,2011;YEet al.,2019;EVRON et al.,2O2O;GURZHENKO andSPYRYDONENKO,2020;YAMADAetal.,2022)。隨著現代醫(yī)學和植物藥理學的發(fā)展,越來越多的研究聚焦于天然植物中的生物活性物質,以期發(fā)現具有潛在藥用價值的成分,鋸葉棕便是其中的一個典型代表。其果實富含多種生物活性物質,如植物留醇、脂肪酸、多酚類化合物等,具有顯著的抗炎、抗氧化和抗前列腺肥大等藥理作用(ABDEL-ATYetal.,2023a;ABEet al., 20096 .BERNICHTEINet al.,2O15;FEVNANDEZ et al.,2008;PENUGONDAandLINDSHIELD,2013),這些作用不僅在傳統醫(yī)學中被廣泛應用,還在現代醫(yī)學中得到了深入研究和初步的臨床驗證(SHIetal.,2008;BERNICHTEINetal.,2015;BARAKATet al.,2020a;GOLDMANN,2023;HISAJIMA etal.,2024)。一方面,這有助于明確鋸葉棕在預防和治療前列腺疾病中的作用機制,尤其是其在抗炎和抗前列腺肥大中的具體作用路徑;另一方面,隨著藥物研發(fā)領域對天然植物資源的關注日益增加,鋸葉棕中活性物質的提取、鑒定及其功能驗證,可能為開發(fā)新型天然藥物提供新的方向。此外,鋸葉棕的多種活性成分還展示出潛在的抗氧化、抗癌等作用,為其在其他醫(yī)學領域的應用奠定了基礎。因此,系統地研究鋸葉棕生物活性物質,不僅有助于豐富植物藥理學的理論體系,還能推動鋸葉棕在現代藥物開發(fā)中的應用。這對于解決目前醫(yī)療保健領域中的一些關鍵問題,如降低前列腺疾病的高發(fā)率等,具有重要意義。
1鋸葉棕生物活性物質的種類
鋸葉棕富含多種生物活性物質,包括植物留醇、脂肪酸、多酚類化合物及其他活性成分。活性成分及提取方法的優(yōu)缺點見表1。
1.1植物留醇主要成分及其提取方法
植物留醇是鋸葉棕重要的生物活性物質之一,主要包括 β. 谷甾醇( -sitosterol)、豆甾醇(campes-terol)和硬脂留醇(stigmasterol)等(SORENSONandSULLIVAN,2006;BEDNERetal.,2008;SUDEEPet al.,2019)。這些植物留醇具有顯著的抗炎和抗前列腺增生作用,被認為是鋸葉棕在治療前列腺疾病中發(fā)揮作用的一種關鍵成分。
鋸葉棕中的植物留醇提取通常采用溶劑提取法。常用的溶劑包括乙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙醚等。提取后,通過柱層析或高效液相色譜法(HPLC)或氣相色譜法(GC)進行分離和純化(SORENSONandSULLIVAN,2006;BEDNERetal.,2008)。近年來,超臨界流體萃取技術也被應用于留醇的提取中(SUDEEPetal.,2019),這種方法具有綠色環(huán)保和高效提取的優(yōu)勢。
1.2脂肪酸主要成分及其提取方法
鋸葉棕果實含有豐富的脂肪酸,其主要成分包括月桂酸(lauric acid)、棕櫚酸(palmitic acid)、油酸(oleic acid)和棕櫚油酸(palmitoleic acid)等(PENUGONDAandLINDSHIELD,2O13)。其中,月桂酸和油酸尤為重要,被認為在抑制5α-還原酶活性和抗前列腺增生中發(fā)揮了關鍵作用(ABEetal., 20096 ;VEERESHBABUetal.,2O10;KWON,2019;CARTWRIGHTetal.,2023)。
鋸葉棕中的脂肪酸通常通過溶劑提取法提取,如使用正己烷或氯仿一甲醇混合溶劑。提取的脂肪酸可以通過氣相色譜或氣相色譜一質譜聯用(GC-MS)進行定性和定量分析(PENUGONDAandLINDSHIELD,2013)。這些技術能夠準確分析脂肪酸的組成和含量,從而為研究其生物活性提供數據支持。
1.3多酚類化合物主要成分及其提取方法
多酚類化合物是另一類重要的生物活性物質,具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗癌等多種生物活性(AB-
DEL-ATYetal.,2023a),這些化合物在保護細胞免受氧化應激和炎癥損傷方面具有重要作用(AB-DEL-ATYetal.,2023b)。多酚類化合物的提取一般使用水或水一醇混合溶劑,并結合超聲波輔助提取等技術,以提高提取效率(KARUNANITHIet al.,2021;BREZOIUetal.,2023;PEDISIcetal.,2023)。提取物可通過高效液相色譜進行分析,常采用紫外檢測器(UV)進行定量。
1.4其他活性成分
除上述主要活性成分外,鋸葉棕還含有其他潛在的生物活性物質,但目前的研究較為有限,需要進一步研究發(fā)掘。
2 鋸葉棕生物活性物質的藥理作用
鋸葉棕生物活性物質具有的藥理作用、作用機制及相關研究見表2。
2.1 抗炎作用
鋸葉棕中的生物活性物質具有顯著的抗炎作用,這是其能在治療前列腺增生和其他炎癥相關疾病中應用的重要原因之一(BERNICHTEINetal.,2015;BARAKATetal.,2020b;LIUetal.,2021;BLAIR,2022)。研究表明,鋸葉棕提取物能夠通過抑制環(huán)氧化酶(COX)途徑,減少前列腺組織中促炎性因子的表達(GOLDMANNetal.,2001)。這些作用機制減少了前列腺炎癥反應,緩解了與前列腺增生相關的癥狀(KWON,2019;SENS-ALBERTetal.,2024)。此外,鋸葉棕還能夠通過調節(jié)炎癥信號通路,減輕前列腺細胞中的炎癥反應(GOLDMANN,2023)。
2.2 抗氧化作用
鋸葉棕提取物還表現出顯著的抗氧化作用(ABDEL-ATYet al., 2023a ;ABDEL-ATY et al.,2023b)。研究發(fā)現,鋸葉棕通過增強抗氧化酶如谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性,減少了氧化應激對細胞的破壞(KANBURetal.,2010)。
這種抗氧化作用不僅有助于預防前列腺相關疾病的發(fā)生,還可能對其他慢性疾病,如心血管疾病和代謝綜合征,具有一定的保護作用。另外,鋸葉棕中的抗氧化成分通過減少脂質過氧化反應,保護細胞膜,延緩細胞衰老,有助于維持整體健康(KWON,2019)。
2.3 抗前列腺肥大
鋸葉棕最為廣泛研究和應用的領域是其對良性前列腺增生(benignprostatic hyperplasina)的治療作用(TACKLIND et al.,2012;RUSSO et al.,2016;KWON,2019;SAPONARO et al.,2020;BLAIR,2022)。研究表明,鋸葉棕提取物能夠通過抑制 $5\upalpha$ -還原酶的活性,減少雙氫辜酮(DHT)的生成,從而抑制前列腺細胞的異常增生(AN-DERSON,2005;ABEetal., 2009a ;PAIS et al.,2016;CARTWRIGHTetal.,2023)。此外,鋸葉棕還能夠通過抗炎和抗氧化作用,進一步減輕前列腺肥大的癥狀(SENS-ALBERTetal.,2024)。臨床試驗結果顯示,使用鋸葉棕提取物治療BPH患者可以顯著改善尿流速、減少殘余尿量,并有效緩解排尿困難等癥狀(DIMITRAKOV,2006;HIZ-LIandUYGUR,2007)。
3鋸葉棕生物活性物質的提取與應用
3.1傳統提取方法
鋸葉棕的傳統提取方法主要依賴于有機溶劑提取(PAIS,2010;CHUAetal.,2011;VILLAVERDEet al.,2013;WANGetal.,2013)。這種方法使用醇類溶劑,如乙醇、甲醇或乙酸乙酯,從鋸葉棕果實中提取有效成分(郝麗亞等,2024)。該方法簡單易行,成本較低,但其不足之處在于提取效率較低,且可能有溶劑殘留,影響提取物的安全性和純度。傳統提取技術通常需要長時間的浸泡和加熱,會導致熱敏感成分的降解,并且溶劑回收和廢物處理也增加了環(huán)境負擔。
3.2 新型提取技術
近年來,為了彌補傳統方法的不足,一些新型提取技術應運而生,這些技術不僅提高了提取效率,還在一定程度上解決了環(huán)境問題,確保了產品的安全性和純度。
超聲波輔助提取:這種方法利用超聲波的空化效應,促進細胞壁破裂,使得溶劑能夠更快、更全面地滲透到植物細胞內,提取出更多的活性成分(MENA-GARCiA et al.,2019;OZCAN et al.,2021)。超聲波提取具有時間短、效率高、操作溫和的特點,能夠有效減少熱敏感成分的降解(MEH-TAetal.,2022;YUSOFFetal.,2022)。此外,超聲波提取能夠顯著降低溶劑用量,從而減少環(huán)境污染。
超臨界流體提?。⊿FE):超臨界 提取技術是近年來最受關注的鋸葉棕生物活性物質新型提取方法之一(CATCHPOLEetal.,2002;DECOMBARIEUetal.,2015;PAISetal.,2016;黃秋偉等,2016;BARTOLOMEORTEGAetal.,2017)。這種方法利用二氧化碳在超臨界狀態(tài)下(即壓力和溫度達到臨界點)表現出的優(yōu)異溶解性,從植物材料中提取目標成分。相比傳統的有機溶劑,超臨界
提取技術具有無毒、無殘留、可回收利用的優(yōu)點。此外,該技術操作溫和,非常適合提取熱敏感成分,如鋸葉棕中的脂肪酸、植物留醇和多酚類化合物。雖然設備成本較高,但其提取效率和提取物純度顯著提高。
微波輔助提?。何⒉ㄝo助提?。∕AE)是通過微波加熱原理,使植物材料的內部水分迅速氣化,產生壓力,從而破壞細胞結構,釋放活性物質(MENA-GARCIA et al.,2019;OZCAN et al.,2021;NITHYAetal.,2023)。這種方法具有加熱均勻、提取速度快、能耗低的優(yōu)點,且可以在相對低的溫度下操作,從而減少成分的熱降解。
3.3 應用領域
3.3.1 醫(yī)藥保健品
鋸葉棕提取物最為廣泛的應用是在醫(yī)藥保健品領域。其主要用于治療良性前列腺增生(BPH)和泌尿系統問題,鋸葉棕中的脂肪酸和植物留醇具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗雄性激素的作用,能夠幫助減輕BPH引起的尿頻、尿急等癥狀(YAGIetal.,2017;ATEYAHetal.,2021;YAMADAetal.,2022;CHUGHTAIetal.,2023)。另外,鋸葉棕提取物還被用于研究其他健康問題,包括抗炎癥、調節(jié)免疫系統等(MARCOCCIAetal.,2014;BARAKATetal.,2020b;YAMADAetal.,2022),使得鋸葉棕提取物成為功能性醫(yī)藥保健品中的重要成分。
3.3.2 功能性食品
隨著消費者對天然成分和健康食品的需求增加,鋸葉棕提取物也被應用于功能性食品的開發(fā)。鋸葉棕提取物常被添加到保健食品中,用于促進男性健康和提高免疫力(DIMITRAKOV,2006;ATEYAHetal.,2022)。在食品領域,鋸葉棕提取物還作為功能性成分添加到膳食補充劑中,以提升營養(yǎng)價值并提供額外的健康益處(NGUYENetal.,2017;PENUGONDAandLINDSHIELD,2013)。
4鋸葉棕生物活性物質研究的挑戰(zhàn)與問題
4.1提取與純化中的問題
鋸葉棕中生物活性物質提取與純化是當前研究中的關鍵環(huán)節(jié),但面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)。傳統提取方法主要依賴有機溶劑,然而這些方法通常存在提取效率低、活性物質損失較多等問題(FLOREZetal.,2022)。在純化過程中,鋸葉棕的多種活性成分需要經過復雜的分離步驟以獲得高純度的單一化合物(BUCARetal.,2013)。然而,這些方法通常成本較高且耗時較長。一些新型提取技術,如超臨界流體萃取等雖能提高提取效率,但由于設備成本高,難以實現大規(guī)模應用(CHENetal.,2016)。
4.2生物活性評價方法的局限性
鋸葉棕的生物活性研究主要集中在其抗前列腺肥大、抗炎、抗菌等作用方面(BERNICHTEINet al.,2015;BARAKATetal., 2020b ; GOLDMA-NN,2023)。然而,目前的生物活性評估方法大多依賴體外實驗和動物模型,缺乏與人體實際應用之間的直接關聯。另外,當前對于鋸葉棕不同活性成分的協同作用研究較為圓乏。鋸葉棕提取物中雖含有多種活性成分,但其各自的作用機制尚未得到充分解析,進一步限制了對其生物活性全貌的了解。
4.3 機制研究不足
鋸葉棕在治療前列腺炎等領域雖已顯示出一定的臨床應用前景(TACKLINDetal.,2012;LIUetal.,2021),但其具體的分子機制尚未得到充分研究?,F有證據表明,鋸葉棕提取物可能通過抑制5α-還原酶活性來緩解前列腺增生癥狀(CARTWRIGHTetal.,2023)。然而,關于鋸葉棕的其他作用機制,如抗炎、抗菌及免疫調節(jié)的具體機制,目前仍不清楚,制約了其在其他醫(yī)學領域的進一步開發(fā)。
5鋸葉棕生物活性物質研究的未來展望
5.1研究熱點與發(fā)展趨勢
鋸葉棕作為一種傳統藥用植物,近年來受到了廣泛關注,尤其是在泌尿系統疾病等領域的研究(SUDEEPetal.,2020;CARTWRIGHTetal.,2023)。當前的研究熱點集中在鋸葉棕中脂肪酸、植物留醇等活性成分的提取和藥理作用機制。在未來,基于鋸葉棕提取物的精準藥理機制研究可能成為熱點之一,尤其是探索其在調控炎癥反應、抗癌、抗菌和抗病毒方面的潛力。隨著生物技術的發(fā)展,鋸葉棕活性物質的高效提取與純化方法,如超臨界流體萃取、分子蒸餾等技術的發(fā)展,將推動該領域的研究更加深入。
5.2 可能的新應用領域
鋸葉棕傳統上主要用于治療前列腺疾病和泌尿系統功能紊亂,但隨著其活性成分研究的深入,一些新的應用領域正在逐漸顯現。例如,鋸葉棕的抗氧化、抗炎特性使其在抗衰老和心血管疾病領域顯示出潛力(BARAKATetal.,2020a)。此外,鋸葉棕提取物對頭發(fā)生長的促進作用也引發(fā)了對其在皮膚和毛發(fā)護理產品中的潛在應用研究(EV-RONetal.,2020),預示鋸葉棕在化妝品和功能性食品領域的應用前景廣闊。
5.3鋸葉棕產品開發(fā)的潛力與前景
隨著人們對健康和養(yǎng)生的關注不斷增加,基于鋸葉棕的天然產品市場正在迅速擴展。鋸葉棕的提取物因其較高的安全性和較少的副作用,逐漸在全球市場中獲得認可,尤其在前列腺健康產品、膳食補充劑和功能性食品等領域(BAKHAIDARetal.,2022;HONGetal.,2009;KWON,2019)。未來,鋸葉棕產品的開發(fā)可以朝著個性化和精準營養(yǎng)方向發(fā)展,例如,基于個體的基因背景和代謝特征,開發(fā)專門針對特定疾病的鋸葉棕產品,同時,通過改進提取工藝,可以進一步提升產品的療效和市場競爭力。
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