劉慧敏 劉福蓉 師秀茹 于蕾 呂新亮 張鐸 李國華
【摘 要】 手骨關節(jié)炎是骨關節(jié)炎最常見的類型,是引起關節(jié)慢性疼痛的最常見疾病之一,降低了患者的生活質量并極大影響心理健康。目前對手骨關節(jié)炎重視不足,危險因素鮮有報道,防治形勢比較嚴峻。整理近年來國內外相關文獻提示,手骨關節(jié)炎發(fā)病大致分為年齡、人種、性別和遺傳等不可控危險因素,以及肥胖、職業(yè)、營養(yǎng)、吸煙、飲酒和合并癥等可控危險因素,表明手骨關節(jié)炎是多因素參與的復雜病理過程,應該注意識別并積極干預,從而更好地防治手骨關節(jié)炎。
【關鍵詞】 手骨關節(jié)炎;骨質疏松;危險因素;研究進展;綜述
手骨關節(jié)炎(hand osteoarthritis,HOA)主要表現(xiàn)為手指間關節(jié)和拇指腕掌關節(jié)疼痛、腫脹,活動受限,甚或畸形,是骨關節(jié)炎(osteoarthritis,OA)最常見的類型,是引起關節(jié)慢性疼痛的常見疾病之一[1],降低了患者的生活質量并極大影響心理健康。HOA相比其他部位OA沒有得到重視,危險因素也鮮有報道,其防治形勢比較嚴峻。本文整理近年來國內外相關文獻,對HOA的危險因素進行綜述。
1 不可控危險因素
1.1 遺 傳 HOA是OA所有類型中遺傳可能性最高的,約為60%[2]。但不同關節(jié)遺傳風險不同,一項對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在第一指間關節(jié)中骨贅的遺傳率為63%,而在近端指間關節(jié)中只有30%[2]。HOA表現(xiàn)為家族聚集性,一級親屬患HOA的風險增加5.5倍[3]。在全基因組關聯(lián)研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了與HOA顯著相關的易感基因,大致分為三類:炎癥基因、生長因子信號轉導基因以及軟骨基質和完整性基因[4-7]。炎癥基因方面,病例對照關聯(lián)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),白細胞介素(IL)-13/IL-4/IL-4R基因的多態(tài)性是HOA的潛在易感基因;還有研究提示,HOA風險可能與IL-1區(qū)域相關,特別是集中在IL-1B和
IL-1RN[4]。細胞信號轉導相關基因有ALDH1A2基因,可以催化細胞合成維甲酸,維甲酸具有抗炎特性,在前肢發(fā)育中發(fā)揮作用[5],研究表明,關節(jié)組織中ALDH1A2表達減少會增加HOA的風險[6]。
內在軟骨保護和基質發(fā)育基因方面,WNT9A基因rs10916199位點是HOA尤其是拇指關節(jié)的潛在致病基因[7]。另外,GNL3 基因與細胞增殖、分化和細胞周期調控有關,也證實是HOA的易感基
因[8]。雖然發(fā)現(xiàn)越來越多的遺傳風險基因與HOA有關,但就目前看來,尚未能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)實際應用于臨床且具有足夠預測價值的HOA風險相關基因型。
1.2 性 別 性別與HOA的患病風險有關,女性50歲以后HOA發(fā)生率高于男性[9]。女性與HOA的相關性體現(xiàn)在月經初潮、雌激素、絕經期、骨密度和骨骺等方面。月經初潮年齡與HOA的發(fā)生呈負相關,可能是因為初潮過早會導致機體過早衰
老[10]。雌激素可以調節(jié)ALDH1A家族基因,該基因與前肢發(fā)育和炎癥有關,可以減少HOA的發(fā)生[5]。所以有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),女性有癥狀的HOA通常出現(xiàn)在典型的絕經期前后且可持續(xù)數(shù)年[9]。研究表明,在一組55歲絕經后婦女中,有2/5為HOA患者,其中1/6有中度至重度HOA并致殘[11]。
女性HOA患者在絕經后骨密度水平明顯降低,而骨密度降低與2年內進行性HOA有關[12]。女性骨骺指數(shù)在40歲之前幾乎保持不變,40歲之后比男性增長得更快,而骨骺增大是誘發(fā)鄰近關節(jié)HOA進展的因素[13]。針對女性雌激素水平的變化,在絕經前或絕經后3個月開始使用激素替代療法,可以降低更年期前后HOA的風險[14]。以上研究表明,女性尤其是絕經后女性是HOA的危險因素。
1.3 年 齡 HOA的發(fā)生與年齡密切相關,40歲
之前較少出現(xiàn),但在70歲以后發(fā)病率會急劇上升[15]。對韓國65歲以上老年人的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),衰老與HOA相關[16]。冰島的一項研究表明,遠端指間關節(jié)、近端指間關節(jié)和拇指腕掌關節(jié)這3個主要部位HOA的嚴重程度與年齡增長呈正相關,在50歲以后尤為明顯[17]。隨著年齡的增長,骨骺增大的進展速度增加,骨骺增大可以誘發(fā)HOA[13]。年齡與HOA相關的機制研究發(fā)現(xiàn),KLOTHO風險等位基因是一個重要的衰老相關基因,可能通過骨重建參與HOA的發(fā)?。?8]。另外一項隊列研究表明,白細胞端??s短(一種生物衰老的衡量標準)增加了4年后出現(xiàn)HOA的概率[19]。
1.4 種 族 不同種族之間HOA的發(fā)病率存在明顯差異。新加坡和英國人群的HOA患者,其拇指腕掌關節(jié)患病率有差異[20]。與非裔美國人相比,白人的HOA發(fā)病率和進展更為頻繁[21]?;诙嗳巳旱那罢靶匝芯勘砻鳎谀挲g較大(≥65歲)時,男性HOA發(fā)病率高于女性,而在年輕時,黑人男性的HOA患病率高于黑人女性,與白人女性相
似[22]。在種族差異的危險因素研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),白人無癥狀HOA的患病率顯著高于黑人,并在同一隊列的后續(xù)研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn),白人患者HOA的進展較迅速,且較為嚴重[23]??傮w而言,白人比黑人和亞洲人患HOA的風險更高。
2 可控危險因素
2.1 肥 胖 肥胖是HOA發(fā)生的危險因素,但也有爭議。流行病學研究表明,體質量指數(shù)與HOA疼痛嚴重程度呈正相關,且肥胖對疼痛的全身性影響在手部更顯著[24]。一項30年的隨訪研究顯示,體質量指數(shù)較高和肥胖是第一腕掌關節(jié)炎的主要危險因素[25]?;谖靼嘌赖貐^(qū)的流行病學調查研究顯示,與體質量指數(shù) < 25 kg·m-2的患者相比,體質量指數(shù)增加了HOA的發(fā)病率[26]。肥胖會導致慢性炎癥、脂肪細胞肥大,通過物理原因,促進細胞破裂,引起炎癥反應,從而誘發(fā)HOA[27]。同時營養(yǎng)過??赡軐е氯碇|過載,循環(huán)中的
78種脂肪酸水平和脂毒性增加,從而對軟骨細胞產生有害影響。荷蘭的一項研究表明,血漿脂肪酸增加與男性HOA呈正相關[28]。在肥胖患者中瘦素水平顯著升高,且其可以通過促炎作用和調控代謝介質分解軟骨細胞[29],與OA的嚴重程度相關。
但也有相關研究認為,肥胖與HOA之間沒有相關性[30],體質量指數(shù)對負重關節(jié)如膝、髖等的OA風險有重要的因果影響,但對手部關節(jié)影響不大[31]。
2.2 職 業(yè) 某些職業(yè)增加了HOA的患病風險,主要集中在涉及重復運動的工種,如農民、女性清潔工、廚師、板球運動員、牡蠣捕撈工人、筷子的使用、繁重勞動、鉗子抓握等[32-37]。在韓國從事田間耕作的女性農民患HOA的風險比從事水稻種植的女性農民高[32]。不同學校廚師的赫伯登結節(jié)和HOA的發(fā)生率不同,每天只準備30~80頓學齡前午餐的廚師比每天準備150~450頓飯的學校廚師的HOA和赫伯登結節(jié)的發(fā)病率多2倍[33]。在≥30歲的前任和現(xiàn)任板球運動員中,手部受傷史增加了HOA的發(fā)病率[34]。一項基于590名漁業(yè)工人的研究表明,從事牡蠣脫殼者的HOA患病率高于其他漁業(yè)工人[35]。最近的一項病例對照研究也表明,職業(yè)中體力負荷的增加會加大拇指腕掌OA的風險,男性尤為多見,這可能與繁重勞動類別的工作量有關[36]。鉗子抓握等精細運動會影響拇指腕掌關節(jié)和第二掌指關節(jié),從而加重HOA的發(fā)展[37]。
2.3 飲食與營養(yǎng) 飲食、營養(yǎng)與HOA的患病風險有關,如地中海飲食、膳食纖維、維生素K等。地中海飲食與OA的關系表明,堅持富地中海飲食的參與者中,OA的患病率較低[38]。纖維攝入量與老年人HOA的活動能力有關,增加纖維攝入量,有利于提高HOA患者的活動能力[39]。一項前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HOA患病率與維生素K水平呈負相關[40],維生素K水平達標的患者其關節(jié)間隙狹窄比例明顯下降。也有隨機對照試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),維生素K對HOA沒有影響[40]。是否與維生素K的濃度水平有關,有待進一步研究。
2.4 吸煙和過度飲酒 吸煙對HOA的影響尚不清楚。有學者提出吸煙可能會通過損傷軟骨和刺激全身炎癥增加OA的風險。尼古丁還可以抑制細胞因子和蛋白質的表達,包括膠原、骨形態(tài)發(fā)生蛋白和生長因子,從而利于HOA發(fā)展,但其明確的關系尚未被證實[41]。有研究表明,吸煙有較少的關節(jié)放射學改變[42],可降低赫伯登結節(jié)的風險[43]。然而,也有研究表明,吸煙與HOA缺乏關聯(lián)性[44]。
飲酒與HOA的發(fā)病有關。飲酒可能會通過炎癥反應增加HOA的風險,且與HOA的嚴重程度之間存在微弱的正相關[45]。乙醇可以通過活性氧引發(fā)的氧化應激反應,包括誘導細胞死亡、基質蛋白多糖分解、潛在基質降解酶的產生上調等,擾亂軟骨的動態(tài)平衡并促進分解代謝,從而導致HOA的發(fā)生。在相關動物實驗研究中也得到了證實[46]。
2.5 與合并癥的聯(lián)系 糖尿病、心血管疾病、原發(fā)性干燥綜合征等與HOA相關。糖尿病會增加HOA患者的疼痛,并不利于HOA癥狀和功能的改善[47]。長期調查1型糖尿病患者發(fā)現(xiàn),其HOA患病率也較高,且長期血糖增高會導致手部疼痛,殘疾和僵硬[48]。糖尿病導致的HOA與葡萄糖代謝紊亂引起的內質網應激有關,內質網既可以使軟骨變性,又可以降低軟骨細胞的增殖,從而誘發(fā)OA[49]。胰島素控制血糖對骨代謝有積極作用,可提高成骨細胞功能,降低破骨細胞功能,降低HOA的風險[50]。心血管疾病與HOA進展有關,且其不利于HOA癥狀和功能的改善[47]。土耳其的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),≥50歲的女性HOA患者冠狀動脈粥樣硬化風險更高[51]。HOA與心血管疾病的相關性可能與炎癥有關,炎癥既會導致HOA,又會增加心血管疾病的風險[52]。原發(fā)性干燥綜合征患者比系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡更容易患HOA,其患病率隨著年齡增長而增加,且原發(fā)性干燥綜合征患者可能會有更加嚴重的HOA表現(xiàn),這可能與遺傳相關。干燥綜合征患者中有兩項基因的組合頻率高于系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡患者,這些基因組合與HOA進展相關[53]。
3 小 結
隨著我國人口老齡化,HOA的發(fā)病率逐年上升,其導致的不良后果會影響到越來越多的人群,應該予以重視。HOA的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有多種危險因素,其中的不可控因素(如遺傳、性別、年齡、種族等)無法干預,但通過識別可控因素(如肥胖、職業(yè)、飲食、吸煙飲酒、糖尿病、心血管疾病等),指導人們控制體質量、職業(yè)防護、膳食營養(yǎng)、戒煙忌酒、合并癥管理等,可以更好地防治HOA,改善患者的生活質量。同時,我國缺乏HOA危險因素及臨床研究等相關報道,有必要開展進一步研究。
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收稿日期:2023-07-22;修回日期:2023-09-04