摘要 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(OSAHS)是一種可引起全身多系統(tǒng)功能紊亂的睡眠障礙性疾病,嚴重時可致死;同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)是一種含硫氨基酸,血漿Hcy水平與心血管疾病、高血壓、炎癥、癌癥、代謝等密切相關;大量研究表明OSAHS可引起Hcy水平變化,Hcy與葉酸代謝的關鍵酶基因MTHFR、MTRR的研究可能為OSAHS與Hcy之間的相關性及可能的機制提供理論依據。系統(tǒng)地回顧國內外相關文獻,主要就OSAHS對Hcy影響及MTHFR、MTRR作用和可能機制的研究現狀作一綜述,為將來OSAHS的研究提供進一步的理論根據。
關鍵詞 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征;同型半胱氨酸;高同型半胱氨酸血癥;葉酸;MTHFR;MTRR;基因多態(tài)性;炎癥反應
Advances in the Study of MTHFR and MTRR Gene Polymorphisms and OSAHSYANG Lulu1,HAO Lijuan2
(1 Graduate School of Qinghai University,Xining 810000,China; 2 Qinghai Red Cross Hospital,Xining 810000,China)
Abstract Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom(OSAHS) is a sleep disorder that can cause systemic multi-system dysfunction,and can be fatal in severe cases.Homocysteine(Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid,Hcy level is closely related to cardiovascular disease,hypertension,inflammation,cancer,metabolism and so on.Numerous studies have shown that OSAHS can cause changes in Hcy levels,and the study of key enzyme genes MTHFR and MTRR related to folate metabolism may provide a theoretical basis for the correlation and possible mechanisms between OSAHS and Hcy.A systematic review of relevant literature both domestically and internationally is conducted,focusing on the current research status of the impact of OSAHS on Hcy,as well as the effects and possible mechanisms of MTHFR and MTRR,in order to provide further theoretical basis for future research on OSAHS.
Keywords Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom; Homocysteine; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Folic acid; MTHFR; MTRR; Genetic polymorphism;Inflammatory reactions
中圖分類號:R338.63;R394.114文獻標識碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-7130.2024.05.069
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停低通氣綜合征(Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrom,OSAHS)是由睡眠期間反復發(fā)生的上氣道塌陷和阻塞引起的呼吸暫停和頻繁覺醒,可導致間歇性低氧(IH)和睡眠片段化,并可引起全身多系統(tǒng)功能損害的綜合性疾病,嚴重可致猝死[1]。全世界30~69歲的OSAHS患者約9.36億人,患病率最高的是中國[2]。在老年人中的發(fā)病率高達20%~40%[3]。OSAHS可通過多種機制如交感神經活動、代謝紊亂、炎癥反應、氧化應激、內皮功能障礙,導致高血壓、心腦血管疾病、代謝綜合征、癌癥、炎癥和神經系統(tǒng)功能等并發(fā)癥[4]。
1 OSAHS及相關并發(fā)癥
大量證據表明OSAHS與心腦血管疾病密切相關。一項709例威斯康星睡眠隊列研究(其中184例參與者的隨訪時間為8年)發(fā)現呼吸暫停或低通氣(Apnea-Hypopnea Index,AHI)0.1~4.9次/h的患者高血壓的發(fā)生率比睡眠沒有呼吸障礙(AHI=0)的患者高42%,AHI 5~14.9次/h的患者和AHI≥15次/h的患者高血壓發(fā)生率分別是睡眠沒有呼吸障礙患者的2倍、3倍[5]。阻塞性呼吸事件導致的自主神經效應是OSAHS引起心律失常的關鍵因素,同時夜間反復的呼吸暫停和低通氣導致的間歇性缺氧可引起活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)增加、血管炎和高血壓[6]。氧化應激誘導的炎癥反應是導致動脈粥樣硬化和心血管疾病的重要因素[4]。睡眠呼吸障礙與卒中密切相關,是卒中的一個危險因素,可使卒中發(fā)病率增加約2倍[7]。持續(xù)氣道正壓通氣(CPAP)為OSAHS的標準治療,有研究發(fā)現CPAP依從性與心血管事件復發(fā)風險降低有關,CPAP治療可降低OSAHS患者血壓,且在依從性較好的患者中更加明顯[8],并有研究發(fā)現CPAP治療對心臟變異性參數改善的影響在夜間、男性和動脈高血壓的患者中更為明顯[9]。長時間的間歇性缺氧可影響中樞神經系統(tǒng)功能,導致神經認知和行為障礙[4]。有研究表明胰島素抵抗水平增高與OSAHS嚴重程度相關[4]。且OSAHS患者的全癌發(fā)病率與夜間低氧血癥相關,OSAHS可能會促進腫瘤發(fā)生、生長及轉移,但具有良好依從性(每晚≥4 h)的CPAP治療與全因癌癥發(fā)病率降低無關[10-11]。
2 高同型半胱氨酸血癥的相關并發(fā)癥及同型半胱氨酸的代謝途徑
2.1 高同型半胱氨酸血癥相關并發(fā)癥 同型半胱氨酸(Homocysteine,Hcy)是一種來源于蛋氨酸代謝的含硫氨基酸。血液中Hcy含量gt;10 μmol/L被診斷為高同型半胱氨酸血癥(HHcy),10~15 μmol/L為輕度,16~30 μmol/L中度,gt;30 μmol/L為重度[12]。Hcy水平與心血管疾病、高血壓、代謝、癌癥、炎癥等密切相關。血漿總同型半胱氨酸(totalhomocysteine,tHcy)水平升高與男性、老年、吸煙、高血壓、膽固醇水平升高和缺乏鍛煉相關,可能與某些個體孤立性收縮期高血壓有關,已明確與血壓變異性相關[13]。有研究表明,血漿Hcy是動脈粥樣硬化及心血管疾病的獨立危險因素[14]。血清Hcy濃度升高與卒中風險增加顯著相關,但呈非線性關系[15]。有研究發(fā)現,血清Hcy濃度降低3 μmol/L可使缺血性心臟病的風險降低16%,卒中的風險降低24%[16]。小鼠、活細胞和組織中觀察到阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)和帕金森病(PD)與Hcy水平升高有關,為Hcy與AD、PD之間的關系提供了直接證據[17]。Hcy水平是中老年人代謝綜合征(Metabolic Syndrome)的獨立危險因素[18]。葉酸水平低也會增加癌癥的易感性,低葉酸水平可影響再甲基化途徑導致Hcy水平升高,研究證明較低的血清葉酸水平和較高的Hcy水平與癌癥患者死亡風險增加有關[19]。內皮細胞的培養(yǎng)試驗表明Hcy可通過誘導多種炎癥介質形成炎癥反應[20]。
2.2 Hcy代謝途徑 Hcy在人體內主要通過再甲基化途徑和轉硫途徑完成代謝過程。見圖1。1)通過葉酸途徑和甜菜堿途徑完成Hcy再甲基化代謝;2)在胱硫醚-β-合酶(Cystathionine βsynthase,CBS)與輔酶維生素B6(VitB6)的催化下經多步轉化為半胱氨酸。
3 OSAHS與Hcy
OSAHS和Hcy水平與身體各個系統(tǒng)疾病密切相關,OSAHS和Hcy水平之間的相關性引起了眾多學者的探討。2001年研究發(fā)現OSAHS合并缺血性心臟?。↖HD)患者Hcy水平升高[21]。隨后發(fā)現OSAHS與輕度的HHcy有關[22],OSAHS患者長期鼻腔CPAP治療后血清tHcy水平顯著下降[23]。有研究發(fā)現,Hcy濃度≥15 μmol/L的志愿者的AHI平均增加7.33次/h,濃度范圍為10~15 μmol/L的個體也表現出平均AHI增加3.20次/h,為血漿Hcy濃度作為OSAHS嚴重程度的預測標準提供了理論依據[24],并有研究者提出tHcy水平是老年OSAHS患者的預后標志物,且與該人群的全因死亡風險增加顯著有關[25]。但OSAHS與Hcy水平的關系亦有相反結論的研究[26]。近期大樣本研究仍然認為OSAHS嚴重程度與Hcy、糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)、內皮素-1(ET-1)水平相關[27-28],且CPAP治療后血清Hcy水平降低(Plt;0.05)[29]。CHIU等[30]納入261例重度OSAHS患者,收集所有患者經口機器人手術(TORS)治療前后至少3個月主要多導睡眠監(jiān)測(PSG)參數和Hcy水平,結果提示術后主要PSG參數均有所改善,且HHcy的患者下降更加明顯。
4 Hcy的葉酸途徑代謝與MTHFR、MTRR的基因多態(tài)性
Hcy可通過葉酸途徑完成再甲基化代謝,葉酸缺乏可直接影響5-甲基四氫葉酸合成,Hcy向甲硫氨酸的轉換就會發(fā)生障礙,導致Hcy的濃度上升。1 729名計劃受孕的女性定期隨訪后發(fā)現補充葉酸后血漿Hcy水平降低[31],補充葉酸12周可顯著降低血清Hcy水平[32]。動物實驗發(fā)現補充葉酸可抑制HHcy及心功能障礙[33]。
MTHFR和MTRR是參與人體內葉酸代謝的關鍵酶,MTHFR催化5,10-亞甲基四氫葉酸轉化為5-甲基四氫葉酸,這是Hcy再甲基化為蛋氨酸所必需的,其基因突變會導致酶的活性降低甚至酶的失活,造成葉酸的代謝障礙,最終影響Hcy水平。MTHFR C677T和MTHFR A1298C突變是目前研究較多且臨床意義較大的2個多態(tài)性位點。MTRR可將蛋氨酸合酶維持在活性狀態(tài),以便Hcy再甲基化為蛋氨酸,MTRR A66G突變可導致MTRR活性和熱穩(wěn)定性降低,引起葉酸缺乏,最終導致Hcy水平升高。大量研究證明,Hcy水平與MTHFR基因多態(tài)性具有相關性[34]。在心腦血管疾病群體中亦有相同的結論,且Hcy水平與MTRR基因多態(tài)性也相關[35-37]。MTHFR C677T基因多態(tài)性對Hcy水平影響的國內外研究較多,但MTHFR A1298C和MTRR A66G基因多態(tài)性與Hcy水平之間的關系仍然存在較大爭議[38]。
5 OSAHS與MTHFR、MTRR基因多態(tài)性的關系
OSAHS與Hcy葉酸代謝的關鍵酶基因之間的關系尚不明確。有研究認為,OSAHS患者的MTHFR、MTRR等位基因或基因型分布方面差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(Pgt;0.05)[39-41]。有研究發(fā)現,高血壓合并OSAHS組MTHFR基因多態(tài)性與單純高血壓組和健康對照組差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(均Plt;0.05),而單純高血壓組與健康對照組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(Pgt;0.05)[42]。YI等[43]納入93篇論文研究發(fā)現MTHFR rs1801133變異顯著增加全球人群OSAHS風險。一些薈萃分析表明,MTHFR C677T基因多態(tài)性與高血壓、2型糖尿病、動脈粥樣硬化等疾病的風險及研究人群的種族和地域特點具有相關性[44-45]。中國人群中677TT基因型和677T等位基因的總體合并頻率分別為15.0%和36.9%,基因多態(tài)性分布呈現明顯的地理趨勢,隨著經緯度的增加,TT頻率先增加后減少,677TT基因型和677T等位基因頻率在種族群體之間也存在差異;1298C等位基因和1298C基因型也存在地域差異性,隨著經緯度的增加,CC先減少后增加;另外MTHFR C677T基因多態(tài)性與疾病的分析大多集中在心血管疾病、癌癥和出生缺陷方面;MTHFR A1298C基因多態(tài)性則可增加乳腺癌和不良妊娠的風險[46]。關于MTRR基因的研究大多是有關多種癌癥[47]、胎兒兒童生長發(fā)育[48-49]、傳染性疾?。?0]、男性不育[51]及復發(fā)性流產[52]等,普遍認為缺氧是實體惡性腫瘤的普遍特征,是腫瘤微血管結構和功能不規(guī)則的結果,它是癌癥治療中一個獨特的有吸引力的靶點,針對腫瘤缺氧的氮芥前藥PR-104A及硝基氯甲基聯苯多啉前藥SN29428的研究提示細胞中MTRR表達,PR-104A細胞毒性增加,增加了SN29428的活化[53-54]。MTRR作為人類二黃素氧化還原酶家族的成員也成為了腫瘤缺氧靶向研究中所探索的內容,有研究表明,MTRR與腫瘤缺氧靶向治療[53-54]及多種癌癥的預后和患病風險密切相關,間歇性缺氧可以增加65歲以下男性腫瘤發(fā)生[55],隨著AHI的增加全因死亡和癌癥死亡率增加[56],嚴重的OSAHS的缺氧加重使循環(huán)恒定自然殺傷細胞(iNKT)細胞減少,OSAHS與癌癥發(fā)病率和死亡率的增加可能相關,而CPAP治療后循環(huán)iNKT細胞增加[57],且MTRR與Hcy代謝具有相關性,而OSAHS因夜間的反復氣道塌陷導致機體間歇性缺氧,OSAHS水平與Hcy、腫瘤及高血壓都具有相關性,那么MTRR與OSAHS的相關性值得更多的研究者進行研究探討。
6 展望
Hcy水平與OSAHS的關系較為復雜,MTHFR和MTRR基因多態(tài)性與Hcy的關系也存在不確定性。MTHFR基因多態(tài)性具有明顯的地域種族差異性,對高海拔地區(qū)MTHFR和MTRR基因多態(tài)性與Hcy和OSAHS之間的關系尚缺乏探討,有待于進一步研究。
利益沖突聲明:無。
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