王晉祥 續(xù)國武 靳衡 賀斌 柴艷芬
摘要:目的 探討亞低溫治療對(duì)豬心臟驟停(CA)體外心肺復(fù)蘇(ECPR)后凝血功能及炎性因子的影響。方法 采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將12只巴馬香豬分為對(duì)照組、常溫組和亞低溫組,每組4只。常溫組和亞低溫組經(jīng)右心室誘顫建立CA模型,隨后采用體外膜肺氧合(ECMO)進(jìn)行ECPR,常溫組目標(biāo)體溫37 ℃,亞低溫組目標(biāo)體溫34 ℃,對(duì)照組僅進(jìn)行造模常規(guī)置管。24 h后處死動(dòng)物,取靜脈血檢測凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚體(D-D)水平。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)測定腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)的表達(dá)水平。結(jié)果 常溫組和亞低溫組PT、APTT、TT、FIB、D-D、TNF-α及IL-6表達(dá)水平均高于對(duì)照組,亞低溫組各指標(biāo)低于常溫組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 亞低溫治療可顯著改善豬CA經(jīng)ECPR后凝血功能,并降低炎性因子表達(dá)水平,從而減輕ECPR相關(guān)并發(fā)癥及炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞:亞低溫;心臟驟停;體外心肺復(fù)蘇;凝血功能;炎性因子
中圖分類號(hào):R459.7文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:ADOI:10.11958/20230001
Effects of mild hypothermia treatment on coagulation function and inflammatory factors in a swine model after cardiac arrest and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation
WANG Jinxiang XU GuowuJIN Heng HE Bin CHAI Yanfen
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300052, China; 2 Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Corresponding Author E-mail: chaiyanfen2012@126.com
Abstract: Objective To investigate effects of mild hypothermia treatment on coagulation function and inflammatory factors in a swine model of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) after cardiac arrest (CA). Methods Using random number table method, twelve Bama pigs were divided into the control group, the normal temperature group and the mild hypothermia group with four pigs in each group. CA model was established by right ventricular fibrillation in the normal temperature group and the mild hypothermia group, and then ECPR was performed by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The target temperature of the normal temperature group was 37 ℃, and the mild hypothermia group was 34 ℃. Control group was only given conventional tube placement. Pigs were killed 24 hours later, and venous blood was taken to detect levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer antigen (D-D). Expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the control group, PT, APTT, TT, FIB, D-D and expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly increased in the normal temperature group and the mild hypothermia group. Compared with the normal temperature group, the above indicators were decreased significantly in the mild hypothermia group (P<0.05). Conclusion Mild hypothermia treatment can significantly improve coagulation function and reduce the release of inflammatory factors in a swine model of ECPR after CA, so as to alleviate the occurrence of ECPR-related complications and inflammatory reactions.
Key words: mild hypothermia;cardiac arrest;extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation;coagulation function;inflammatory factor
心臟驟停(cardiac arrest,CA)是一個(gè)全球性的重大公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。研究顯示我國每年因CA死亡的人數(shù)高達(dá)103萬例[2]。而院外心臟驟停(out-of-hospital cardiac arrest,OHCA)復(fù)蘇存活率僅為2%~12%[3]。體外心肺復(fù)蘇(ECPR)較傳統(tǒng)心肺復(fù)蘇(CPR)能夠有效恢復(fù)自主循環(huán)(return of spontaneous circulation,ROSC),并將復(fù)蘇成功率和出院成活率提升至47%和34.8%[4]。目標(biāo)體溫管理(targeted temperature management,TTM)是應(yīng)用物理和(或)化學(xué)方法將核心體溫快速降到目標(biāo)溫度,維持一定時(shí)間后緩慢升溫至正常生理體溫的過程[5]。美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)心肺復(fù)蘇和心血管急救指南推薦CPR復(fù)蘇成功后應(yīng)采取亞低溫治療以恢復(fù)重要臟器功能,減少嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[6]。目前關(guān)于亞低溫治療在CA患者CPR中的應(yīng)用研究廣泛,且已證實(shí)亞低溫可減輕CA患者全身炎癥反應(yīng),保護(hù)重要臟器功能[7]。而亞低溫在CA患者ECPR中的相關(guān)研究較少。另外,亞低溫對(duì)凝血功能的影響尚存爭議,其可通過影響生理凝血過程及其代謝物質(zhì)緩解或者加重凝血功能障礙[8]。本研究通過探討亞低溫治療對(duì)豬心臟驟停體外心肺復(fù)蘇后凝血功能及炎性因子的影響,為其臨床應(yīng)用提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物和分組 選取健康實(shí)驗(yàn)用普通級(jí)巴馬香豬12只,13~15月齡,雄性,體質(zhì)量35~45 kg,均購自天津市百農(nóng)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁育科技有限公司,動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證號(hào):SCXK(津)2020-0002;實(shí)驗(yàn)于天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心完成,動(dòng)物使用許可證號(hào):SYXK(津)2020-0005。實(shí)驗(yàn)前禁食24 h,不禁水。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組、常溫組和亞低溫組,每組4只。記錄各組動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)前體質(zhì)量、中心體溫、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)(心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓)及呼吸頻率。常溫組和亞低溫組經(jīng)右心室誘顫建立CA模型,隨后采取ECPR,常溫組控制目標(biāo)體溫至37 ℃,亞低溫組控制目標(biāo)體溫至34 ℃;對(duì)照組僅進(jìn)行常規(guī)麻醉、氣管插管與CA模型置管,采用控溫毯控制目標(biāo)體溫至37 ℃。本研究通過天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)審批(批準(zhǔn)號(hào):TCM-LAEC2022039)。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備 實(shí)驗(yàn)體外膜肺氧合(ECMO)系統(tǒng),包括:滾壓式血泵、WEL-1000Wplus熱交換水箱(天津匯康醫(yī)用設(shè)備有限公司);膜式氧合器、配套管路及股動(dòng)脈插管15F、股靜脈插管17F(德國Maquet公司);心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀、大動(dòng)物呼吸麻醉一體機(jī)、纖維支氣管鏡、除顫儀、心肺復(fù)蘇機(jī)、手術(shù)床、吊塔吊燈、控溫毯(深圳邁瑞生物醫(yī)療電子股份有限公司);便攜式超聲儀(Philips);高頻電刀及電凝設(shè)備(北京索吉瑞);電子磅秤(上海鼎拓實(shí)業(yè)有限公司);外科手術(shù)器械。
1.1.3 麻醉及術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備 實(shí)驗(yàn)豬稱體質(zhì)量后給予戊巴比妥鈉30 mg/kg肌內(nèi)注射,誘導(dǎo)麻醉成功后持續(xù)泵入丙泊酚4~6 mg/(kg·h)維持麻醉。經(jīng)纖維支氣管鏡輔助下行氣管插管,呼吸機(jī)輔助機(jī)械通氣(潮氣量10 mL/kg,頻率15次/min,吸入氧濃度40%);同時(shí)輔以1%~3%異氟烷持續(xù)吸入麻醉。連接心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀,將體溫探頭經(jīng)潤滑后置入肛門5 cm,實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測體溫變化。床旁超聲引導(dǎo)于一側(cè)股動(dòng)脈置入脈波指示劑連續(xù)心輸出量監(jiān)測(pulse-indicator continuous cardiac output,PiCCO)動(dòng)脈4F測壓導(dǎo)管,用于實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測有創(chuàng)血壓變化。給予乳酸鈉林格、5%葡萄糖氯化鈉注射液10~15 mL/(kg·h)交替持續(xù)靜脈補(bǔ)液。
1.1.4 ECMO安裝與預(yù)充 ECMO由滾壓泵、膜式氧合器及配套管路組成。ECMO管路采用無血預(yù)充,預(yù)充液采用0.9%無菌生理鹽水。預(yù)充完畢后調(diào)整為待機(jī)狀態(tài)。ECMO導(dǎo)管置入:床旁超聲引導(dǎo)下行股動(dòng)靜脈穿刺置管,動(dòng)脈插管置管深度10~15 cm,靜脈插管置管深度30~45 cm(以導(dǎo)管尖端達(dá)右心房為準(zhǔn))。確認(rèn)插管位置后用管道鉗夾閉,靜脈推注1 mg/kg肝素鈉注射液預(yù)抗凝,妥善縫合固定。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 建立CA模型 床旁超聲引導(dǎo)下經(jīng)頸內(nèi)靜脈將雙極起搏電極送入右心室,當(dāng)電極置入深度18~22 cm時(shí),心電監(jiān)護(hù)儀提示出現(xiàn)室性期前收縮或室性心動(dòng)過速,提示電極位置抵達(dá)右心室心內(nèi)膜。開始予以電流刺激(9 V直流電),持續(xù)3~5 s,參照評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9][出現(xiàn)室顫心律;收縮壓下降至25 mmHg(1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)]確認(rèn)成功誘導(dǎo)室顫致心臟驟停后,停止機(jī)械通氣,觀察5~10 min,期間不予任何干預(yù),隨后啟動(dòng)ECPR搶救流程。
1.2.2 實(shí)施ECPR 持續(xù)胸外按壓,按壓頻率120次/min,按壓深度為3~4 cm;立即恢復(fù)機(jī)械通氣(吸入氧濃度100%,潮氣量10 mL/kg,頻率15次/min,);實(shí)施非同步直流電擊除顫(雙向200 J),間斷靜脈注射腎上腺素(0.02 mg/kg)、胺碘酮(2.5 mg/kg)直至心搏恢復(fù),重新建立循環(huán)。同時(shí)將實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物股動(dòng)靜脈插管分別連接預(yù)充好的ECMO管路,ECMO流量調(diào)整為20~40 mL/(kg·min),氧流量調(diào)整為1.0~1.5 mL/min。維持平均動(dòng)脈壓>65 mmHg,并適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充復(fù)方氯化鈉、羥乙基淀粉及調(diào)整電解質(zhì)、酸堿平衡。
1.2.3 體溫管理 各組實(shí)驗(yàn)均在25 ℃恒定室溫下進(jìn)行操作;亞低溫組通過ECMO變溫水箱將目標(biāo)溫度保持34 ℃;常溫組通過ECMO變溫水箱將目標(biāo)溫度保持37 ℃;對(duì)照組采用控溫毯將目標(biāo)體溫保持37 ℃;亞低溫組和常溫組動(dòng)物維持治療24 h后按倫理規(guī)定處死,對(duì)照組動(dòng)物繼續(xù)進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.4 標(biāo)本收集與指標(biāo)檢測 (1)凝血功能指標(biāo)。取靜脈血5 mL,3 000 r/min離心15 min,取上清液。采用全自動(dòng)凝血分析儀(美德太平洋公司),利用光電學(xué)原理方法[10]測定凝血酶原時(shí)間(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、凝血酶時(shí)間(TT)、纖維蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚體(D-Dimer)水平。(2)炎性因子。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA)測定腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)表達(dá)水平。試劑盒購自上海軒澤抗生物有限公司,實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟嚴(yán)格按照試劑盒說明書操作。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 20.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以x±s表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間多重比較行LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組實(shí)驗(yàn)前基礎(chǔ)參數(shù)對(duì)比 各組動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)前體質(zhì)量、中心體溫、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)(心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓)、呼吸頻率比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。其中常溫組和亞低溫組均成功經(jīng)右心室誘顫制作CA模型,并成功實(shí)施ECPR,復(fù)蘇成功率100%。
2.2 各組凝血功能指標(biāo)比較 與對(duì)照組相比,常溫組和亞低溫組PT、APTT、TT、FIB及D-D水平升高(P<0.05);與常溫組相比,亞低溫組PT、APTT、TT、FIB及D-D水平降低(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 各組炎性因子表達(dá)水平比較 與對(duì)照組相比,常溫組和亞低溫組TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平升高(P<0.05);與常溫組相比,亞低溫組TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平降低(P<0.05),見表3。
3 討論
CA是目前臨床最常見的危急重癥之一[11]。美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)心肺復(fù)蘇指南推薦對(duì)CA患者行高質(zhì)量CPR應(yīng)在早期使用ECMO,稱為ECPR[12]。ECPR治療可將CA患者的ROSC從47%提高至95%[13]。研究證實(shí)亞低溫治療在ECPR中發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用,能夠有效改善復(fù)蘇后神經(jīng)功能和遠(yuǎn)期生存率[14]。美國心臟協(xié)會(huì)和國際復(fù)蘇聯(lián)合協(xié)會(huì)(ILCOR)聯(lián)合推薦目標(biāo)溫度為32~36 ℃,達(dá)到目標(biāo)溫度后TTM保持24 h,可改善ECPR預(yù)后[15]。目前針對(duì)行ECPR的患者給予亞低溫治療的具體方式尚未明確。在CHEER研究[16]中,快速經(jīng)靜脈給予30 mL/kg冰鹽水誘導(dǎo)體內(nèi)低溫,34 ℃維持24 h,結(jié)果顯示,96%的患者達(dá)到ROSC,54%的患者神經(jīng)功能完好出院。有研究提出采用體外膜肺的控溫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行體溫管理,易于監(jiān)控和調(diào)節(jié),并能達(dá)到可靠穩(wěn)定的降溫目標(biāo)[17]。本研究采用ECMO的變溫水箱進(jìn)行亞低溫治療,將目標(biāo)體溫設(shè)為34 ℃,達(dá)到指定溫度后持續(xù)治療24 h,可有效實(shí)現(xiàn)TTM。
CA患者經(jīng)ECPR后,機(jī)體重要臟器在經(jīng)歷快速完全缺血后遭受缺血-再灌注損傷,涉及全身凝血、纖溶系統(tǒng)的紊亂,以及炎癥反應(yīng)、氧化應(yīng)激等多種機(jī)制[18]。而固有免疫、炎癥反應(yīng)及凝血反應(yīng)三者之間存在緊密聯(lián)系[19]。機(jī)體受創(chuàng)后,血管內(nèi)細(xì)胞發(fā)生的免疫反應(yīng)會(huì)觸發(fā)特異性凝血通路,使機(jī)體從高凝繼發(fā)低凝性凝血功能障礙[20]。Mezger等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),亞低溫對(duì)凝血功能的影響是雙面的,不同的治療深度和持續(xù)時(shí)間可能改善或加重凝血功能障礙。Kim等[22]研究表明,輕度低溫(34~36 ℃)對(duì)應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下的凝血功能具有改善作用,但體溫過低會(huì)抑制纖溶酶原激活物,導(dǎo)致血小板功能障礙,波及凝血酶動(dòng)力學(xué),進(jìn)而造成凝血功能障礙。本研究中常溫組和亞低溫組PT、APTT、TT、FIB及D-D水平均較對(duì)照組升高,提示CA經(jīng)ECPR后出現(xiàn)凝血、纖溶系統(tǒng)的紊亂,導(dǎo)致凝血功能障礙;亞低溫組凝血功能指標(biāo)較常溫組降低,提示通過亞低溫治療后可改善凝血功能障礙,其可能與合理把控亞低溫治療深度、持續(xù)時(shí)間和有效保護(hù)的時(shí)間治療窗有關(guān)。
CA后會(huì)引發(fā)多種炎性因子的過度釋放,通過多種機(jī)制引起細(xì)胞損傷和凋亡。TNF-α不僅可激活炎癥反應(yīng),還可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞因子、炎性介質(zhì)的釋放,進(jìn)而激活炎癥級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)[23];IL-6是一種T細(xì)胞活化免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子,參與體內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)及免疫應(yīng)答過程,其升高幅度與ECPR后機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)程度有關(guān)[24]。有研究表明,亞低溫治療能降低CA經(jīng)ECPR成功后患者血清TNF-α、IL-6水平,改善患者預(yù)后[25]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),常溫組和亞低溫組TNF-α、IL-6表達(dá)水平較對(duì)照組升高,提示實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物CA經(jīng)ECPR后機(jī)體釋放大量炎性因子;亞低溫組炎性因子表達(dá)水平較常溫組降低,與楊小紅等[26]研究結(jié)果一致,提示亞低溫治療可減少實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物CA經(jīng)ECPR后炎性介質(zhì)和細(xì)胞因子的釋放,從而減輕缺血-再灌注損傷誘發(fā)的全身炎癥反應(yīng)。
綜上所述,亞低溫治療可有效改善豬CA經(jīng)ECPR后的凝血功能,降低炎性因子表達(dá)水平,從而減輕炎癥反應(yīng),這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可為CA經(jīng)ECPR后的臨床治療提供參考。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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(2023-01-05收稿 2023-04-18修回)
(本文編輯 陳麗潔)