城市建成環(huán)境的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建

人與自然和諧共生是中國(guó)式現(xiàn)代化的本質(zhì)要求。

自18世紀(jì)中葉的工業(yè)革命以來(lái)，城市作為主要棲居地經(jīng)歷了快速的城鎮(zhèn)化擴(kuò)張過(guò)程。而伴隨著城市的急速擴(kuò)張，城市內(nèi)部的問(wèn)題日益嚴(yán)峻。城市生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞、人居環(huán)境品質(zhì)低下等諸多問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重影響著人們的生活與身心健康。隨著中國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)化的發(fā)展進(jìn)程，城市建設(shè)已然從注重“量”的外擴(kuò)式發(fā)展，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樽⒅亍百|(zhì)”的內(nèi)涵式更新。在國(guó)家“雙碳”與新型城鎮(zhèn)化等戰(zhàn)略的背景下，解析城市發(fā)展與生態(tài)環(huán)境之間的作用機(jī)理、平衡城市發(fā)展與生態(tài)保護(hù)，進(jìn)而營(yíng)造綠色宜居的城市棲息地成為當(dāng)前城市設(shè)計(jì)與風(fēng)景園林領(lǐng)域的熱點(diǎn)議題。

追根溯源，從麥克哈格的“設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)合自然”的理念到理查德·福曼的土地嵌合理論，從霍華德的田園城市到奧姆斯特德的“波士頓項(xiàng)鏈”規(guī)劃，再到錢(qián)學(xué)森提出將中國(guó)山水詩(shī)詞、山水畫(huà)意境與城市相結(jié)合的“山水城市”概念，綠色、生態(tài)等對(duì)城市建成環(huán)境的營(yíng)建理念一直引導(dǎo)著城市設(shè)計(jì)理論與方法的發(fā)展。近年來(lái)，LAAB建筑師事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的香港自然探索公園、荷蘭VenhoevenCS事務(wù)所的湖畔綠洲項(xiàng)目，以及Grant Associates事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)并建成的新加坡濱?；▓@等工程實(shí)踐項(xiàng)目，也從人、城、自然共同體的視角在城市綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建領(lǐng)域做出了積極探索。

面向未來(lái)，城市建成環(huán)境的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建，將在很大程度上成為應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)城市發(fā)展與人類(lèi)社會(huì)可能面臨的系列可持續(xù)發(fā)展問(wèn)題與挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)對(duì)范式與解決方案。對(duì)此，一方面需要重新審視城市建設(shè)與自然生態(tài)之間的關(guān)系，將城市與自然環(huán)境視為一個(gè)共生的有機(jī)生命體。進(jìn)而從“守底線”的保護(hù)思想轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤扒笊暇€”的共融理念，探索城市建設(shè)與自然環(huán)境保護(hù)的協(xié)同發(fā)展路徑，建構(gòu)適應(yīng)未來(lái)城市發(fā)展需求的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建理論。另一方面，在數(shù)字化、智能化技術(shù)在城市設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域加速滲透的態(tài)勢(shì)下，對(duì)于城市建成環(huán)境的設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建也需要謀求新技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，不斷創(chuàng)新基于多源異構(gòu)城市大數(shù)據(jù)和智能技術(shù)的，更加細(xì)顆粒度、體現(xiàn)人的棲息感受的，契合城市三維空間發(fā)展的城市建成環(huán)境綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建方法體系與技術(shù)構(gòu)成，以解決日益復(fù)雜、高頻運(yùn)行的城市空間所面臨的諸多現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。

本專(zhuān)題根植于當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)外在人居環(huán)境的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建方向的前沿理論探索與實(shí)踐案例，結(jié)合中華人居環(huán)境營(yíng)造智慧，探討當(dāng)前背景下針對(duì)城市建成環(huán)境的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建理念、研究方法和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新。進(jìn)而探索可復(fù)制、可借鑒、可推廣、可應(yīng)用的綠色城市設(shè)計(jì)與營(yíng)建經(jīng)驗(yàn)及工作路徑，引導(dǎo)可持續(xù)的城市建設(shè)發(fā)展模式，提升人居環(huán)境品質(zhì)。為高質(zhì)量、精細(xì)化、生態(tài)文明導(dǎo)向下新階段的城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展和城市建設(shè)提供理念指導(dǎo)和實(shí)踐支撐。

Green Design and Construction of Urban Built Environment

Harmonious coexistence between humans and nature is an essential requirement of Chinese-type modernization.

Since the Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 18th century, cities have, as the main habitats, gone through a process of rapid urbanization and expansion.Along with such rapid expansion,cities have found certain increasingly serious problems inside.The destruction of urban ecological environment and the degrading quality of human environment, among other troubles, are seriously compromising urban citizens’ lives and their physical and mental health.With the urbanization process in China, urban construction has changed from “quantity-based” extensive growth to “qualityfocused” intensive renewal.Under the background of such national strategies of “Double Carbon” deductions and new urbanization, it has become a hot topic in the field of urban design and landscape architecture how to resolve the functional mechanism between urban development and ecological environment, to strike a balance between urban development and ecological protection, and in turn to forge green and livable urban habitats.

In retrospect, we can identify a line of conceptual evolvement:McHarg’s idea of “design with nature”; Richard Forman’s theory of “l(fā)and mosaic”; Howard’s garden city theory; Olmsted’s “Boston Necklace” plan; and Qian Xuesen’s “l(fā)andscape city” conception that proposes a combination between Chinese landscape poetry,Chinese landscape painting’s prospect, and urban design.The building concepts of green and ecological construction for the built environments in cities have always guided the development of urban design theories and methodologies.Over recent years, vigorous explorations have been made in the field of urban green design and construction from the perspective of the community of human, city and nature, as showcased in many construction practice projects,including: the Hong Kong Nature Discovery Park designed by LAAB Architects, the Lakeside Oasis Project by VenhoevenCS of the Netherlands, and the Gardens by the Bay in Singapore designed and built by Grant Associates.

In prospect, the green design and construction of urban built environments would, to a large extent, become a key design paradigm and solution to a series of sustainable development problems and challenges that may be faced by the future urban development and human society.In this respect, on the one hand, it is necessary to reexamine the relationship between urban construction and natural ecology by regarding cities and natural environments as a symbiotic organic body.Then, the protection idea of “keeping the bottom line” should be changed into the convergence concept of “pursuing the top line”, so as to explore a synergistic development approach between urban construction and natural environment protection,while coining a green design and construction theory that can meet the needs of future urban development.On the other hand, given the trend of accelerated penetration of digital and intelligent technologies in the field of urban design, the implementation of new technologies should be sought in the domain of designing and constructing urban built environments.In this way, we may keep on innovating the methodological system and technological composition for green design and construction of urban built environments based on multisource heterogeneous urban big data and intelligent technologies in a more fine-grained manner that can reflect human’s habitation feelings,while meeting the demand of three-dimensional space development of cities, so as to solve many realistic problems faced by the increasingly complex urban space that is operating in high frequency.

The topic in this issue is rooted in the current cutting-edge theoretical explorations and practical cases in the direction of green design and construction of human settlements both in China and other nations.In combination with Chinese wisdom in forging human settlements, it will explore the concepts, research methodologies and technical innovations for green design and construction of urban built environment under the current background.Furthermore, it will search for certain experiences and work paths that can be copied,referenced, rolled out and implemented in green urban design and construction, so as to guide the sustainable urban construction and development models and boost the quality of human settlements.It will provide conceptual direction and practical support for the new-stage urbanization development and city construction in the orientation of high quality, refinement and ecological civilization.

Acquiring editor of the current issue: YANG Junyan

September 6, 2023