中國的現(xiàn)代價值觀有古老的根基

文/Laurence Brahm 譯/郜舒笛

改革開放四十多年來，中國在經濟發(fā)展方面贏得了全球的尊重。中國總結出了獨有的經驗，不照搬其他國家的發(fā)展道路，開辟了獨特的發(fā)展模式。同樣，中國也支持世界各國遵循自己的傳統(tǒng)，發(fā)展自己的經濟和制度。

中國在經濟發(fā)展方面取得了巨大的進步：全面打贏脫貧攻堅戰(zhàn)，促進生態(tài)文明發(fā)展以應對氣候變化，在“一帶一路”框架下擴大影響，并與其他發(fā)展中國家分享經驗。聯(lián)合國贊許中國稱，中國可能是唯一真正實現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程的國家。

問題在于，為什么某些西方國家不承認中國在新時代的自身發(fā)展價值。自殖民時代以來，西方某些國家曾試圖定義過“普世價值”。但“普世價值”不僅僅是政治價值，它還包括每個國家和文化所固有的廣泛價值觀。不同的文化有不同的價值觀，這與他們自己的物質文化遺產、地形地貌、文化內涵和傳統(tǒng)風俗密不可分。

在理解新時代中國的價值觀時，我們必須著眼于中國深厚的歷史文化傳統(tǒng)，正是這些傳統(tǒng)和智慧指引著這個國家和人民走過了數(shù)千年的歷史，從而成為今天的中國。為了幫助世界更好地了解新時代的中國價值觀，我們可以通過中國的功夫文化來獲得精辟的見解。大家都喜歡看李小龍的電影。通過拍攝功夫的鏡頭，我們可以清楚地闡述一套代表“普世價值”的九種價值觀。而這些價值觀正源于中國深厚的文化根基。

The past more than forty years of opening and reform has earned China global respect in terms of economic development. China has adopted its own model of development through accumulated experience and has not tried to follow any one particular path of any other nation.China’s own unique experience is unique to China. Likewise China supports each nation following its own traditions in evolving its own systems both economic and governmental.

China has made enormous strides in its economic development, eliminating poverty, promoting Ecological Civilization in combatting climate change, expanding and sharing its developmental approach with other developing countries on the Belt and Road. The United Nations has already recognized that China may be the only nation to actually achieve the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

The truth is that since the colonial era, certain countries in the west have had the agenda of defining universal values. But universal values are not just political values.They include a broad mosaic of values that are inherent to each country and culture. Different cultures have different values for reasons that are inseparable from their own heritage, landscape, culture and traditions.

In considering China’s own values for a new era, we must look to China’s deep traditions and the wisdom that has guided this nation and people through thousands of years of history to bring China to become the nation that it is today. While China’s culture is so rich and history so complex, it is often difficult for the international community to understand a set of values that represent a universality of Chinese values. To help the world understand Chinese values in the new era, one way to have incisive view is through the culture of Chinese Kung Fu. Everyone loves a Bruce Lee movie. Through the lens of Kung Fu we can actually clearly articulate a set of nine values that represent universal values. These values however originate from China’s deep cultural roots. Kung Fu represents a set of cultural values for body-mind health that can be understood and embraced across countries and continents.It came from China, but belongs to all humanity. In some ways Kung Fu is a common language that can bring people together.

功夫雖然來自中國，卻屬于全人類，因為它代表了一套能使身心健康的文化價值觀，可以被世界各國人民理解和接受。從某種程度上來說，功夫是一種共同的語言，有利于團結人民。功夫是中國文化的一面鏡子，通過這面鏡子，我們可以了解中醫(yī)、書法和茶文化的方方面面。

功夫的準則關于堅韌不拔、忠誠、正義，尊重同輩，以及見義勇為。功夫訓練也增強了自我意識、天人合一、身體平衡和應對變化的能力。雖然武術這個詞被大多數(shù)西方人隨意地翻譯為“尚武的藝術”，但在中文里的意思是“非暴力的藝術”。

對于每一個中國人來說，如果他們審視自己的內心，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)功夫的價值和傳統(tǒng)蘊含其中。而現(xiàn)在就是與世界分享這些價值觀的時候了?！肮Ψ騼r值觀”提出了一個可以被理解為一套普遍價值觀的準則。如果我們都練習功夫，了解其中蘊含的教義，那么世界上的人可能會有更多共同的理解，也更尊重對方且很少使用暴力。

我們都熟悉北京故宮的九龍壁。九條龍是中國文化中表達的自然和文化的九個元素的象征。因此，如果我們應用第一個元素象征，這九個功夫概念就會形成一個共同的準則，并且每個武術流派都息息相關。它們代表了一套綜合的心態(tài)價值觀，我們可以在日常生活中采用，即堅忍不拔，忠誠，平衡，變化，定心，和諧，流動，虛空，非暴力。

這九個功夫原則可以理解為訓練的九個階段、中國哲學的九個方面，或是武術家們認可的九個價值觀。如果每個人都遵守這些原則，我們就可以努力實現(xiàn)全球良好的公民意識——這本身就是一種功夫價值觀。許多功夫大師一再告訴我，習武不是為了打架，而是為了修身養(yǎng)性，成為一個更好、更負責任的人。

自我修養(yǎng)的核心是中國古代的“天、地、人”概念。有句古話叫“人在天地間”。簡而言之，人類必須理解和尊重這種概念，并在地（陰）和天（陽）之間產生的自然現(xiàn)象的范圍內生活，才算真正的生存。

Kung Fu is a mirror of Chinese culture. Everything from traditional medicine, calligraphy and tea can be understood by looking through the Kung Fu looking glass.

The code of Kung Fu has always been about perseverance, loyalty and righteousness, respect for one’s brothers, and standing up against unfair odds in doing what is correct for others. Kung Fu training enhances awareness, harmony with nature, balance and acceptance of change.

A master of Kung Fu is the last person to use violence.In fact the wordWushu, loosely translated by most westerners as “martial arts”, in Chinese literally means the“art of non-violence.”

For every Chinese, if they look deeply inside, Kung Fu values and traditions are within. Now it is time to share these values with the world. Kung Fu values present a code that can be understood as a set of universal values.If we all practice Kung Fu, and the teachings embedded within, than our world just might become a place of greater shared understanding and mutual respect, with a little less violence.

We are all familiar with the Nine Dragon Wall in the Forbidden City in Beijing. Nine dragons are a symbol of nine elements of nature and culture expressed in Chinese culture. So if we apply the number one, there are nine Kung Fu concepts that a a code are shared and belong to every school of martial arts. As a code they represent a set of integrated mind-set values that we can adopt in our daily lives: Perseverance, Loyalty, Balance, Change,Centering, Harmony, Flow, Emptiness, Non-violence.

These nine Kung Fu principles can be understood as nine stages of training, nine aspects of Chinese philosophy,or nine values shared by martial artists offered here as a code. Through each of our own individual actions adhering to these principles, we can strive toward achieving global good citizenship, which in itself is a Kung Fu value. Many Kung Fu masters have repeatedly told me, the purpose of martial arts is not to fight but to cultivate oneself to become a better and more responsible person.

地是陰的深層力量，而天是陽。人類處于這兩者之間，且都是由陰陽元素組成的，不分性別或性取向。人類與宇宙相連，或者說人類只是宇宙秩序的一個衍生物。在古代，中國的皇帝扮演著代表人類的重要角色，是天與地之間的對話者。他們通過祭祀活動達到精神層面的連接；通過善政在外交、社會和經濟力量之間尋求平衡。

這九個功夫原則也可以被理解為中國價值觀的原則，由九個漢字或單一的原則表示。它們本身就可以被視為“普世價值”。這九個字是：忍、忠、平、易、中、和、無、空、武。

“忍”，是“決心”的意思。這個字被寫成一把刀插在一顆心上，刀旁的一撇表示流血。這意味著要追求堅持不懈的精神，需要個人在漫長的時間里作出犧牲和決心。這就是為什么“功夫”一詞的字面意思是“時間”。

“忠”，是“忠誠”的意思，這其中也包含了尊重的含義。這就涉及儒家的概念，即對師承的奉獻，對師父或老師的奉獻，以及對同修或師承弟子的相互尊重。此外，這種忠誠和尊重的標準應超越武術學?；驇煶械姆秶蔀檎麄€社會的一部分。

“平”，是“平衡”的意思。實現(xiàn)身體的平衡是武術發(fā)展的一個基礎階段。內部平衡是所有武術訓練最理想的目標。平衡超越了堅實的步法，它要使自己體內的陰陽同步，然后將這種平衡感投射到周圍的人身上。此外，還要在生活的各個方面培養(yǎng)平衡。

“易”，是“變化”的意思。它在《易經》中常常被提到，這是一個古老而完善的體系，通過八卦的六十四種組合來計算未來的變化。接受變化會使我們變得通達，并認識到所有事物的無常性。

“中”，是“中心”的意思。我們訓練武術是為了實現(xiàn)身體和心靈的中心化。身體重心的居中也使我們不至于失去平衡。通過定心，我們可以保持平靜，達到內心的平和，在作決定時頭腦清晰。佛教強調中庸之道，不被異端吸引。

“和”，是“和諧”的意思。在練習武術的過程中，我們正在努力實現(xiàn)身體和自然界、身體和精神的和諧。我們可能還會意識到，身體只是自然界的一個衍生物。在這一點上，我們可以順其自然，讓事情自然發(fā)生。

Core to self-cultivation is the ancient Chinese concept ofTian Di RenHeaven-Earth-Humanity. There is an ancient saying “Mankind exists between Heaven and Earth”. Simply put Humanity must understand, respect and work within the bounds of natural phenomena arising between Earth (Yin) and Heaven (Yang) in order to exist.

Earth is the deep force of Yin while Heaven is Yang.Humanity is in between and we are all composed of Yin and Yang elements, regardless of sex or sexual preference. Humanity is connected to the universe,or just a derivative of the universal order. In ancient times the Emperor of China played an important role representing Humanity as interlocutor between Heaven and Earth. On the spiritual level through ritual. On a political level through good governance in finding balances between diplomatic, social and economic forces.

These nine Kung Fu principles that can be understood as Chinese values are represented by nine Chinese characters or singular principles. They can be considered as universal values on their own. These nine characters are:

Ren embraces determination. The character is written as a knife over a heart with a dash’ indicating blood. That means perseverance requires personal sacrifice of consistency and determination over vast periods of time. That is why the term Kung Fu literally means “time.”

Zhongmeans “Loyalty” and encompasses respect.This involves Confucian concepts of devotion to the lineage, one’s master or teacher, and deep mutual respect toward fellow practitioners or disciples of the lineage.Moreover, such standards of loyalty and respect are to be projected beyond the martial arts school or lineage into society as a whole.

Pingmeans “Balance.” Achieving physical balance is a foundational stage of martial arts development.Cultivating internal balance is the desired outcome of all martial arts training. Balance goes beyond solid footwork. It requires synchronizing the Yin and Yang elements within oneself. Then projecting that sense of balance to those around you. Moreover, cultivating balance in all aspect of life and living.

Yiis the character for “Change.” As it appears in the I-Ching Book of Changes, an ancient yet very advanced system of calculating future changes through sixty four combinations of the Eight Trigrams. Acceptance of change allows us to achieve non-attachment.Recognizing the impermanence of all things.

“無”，是道教的一個核心概念。道教術語“無為”從字面上可以翻譯為“什么也不做”。但這種翻譯并沒有對這個概念作出合理的解釋，無為并不真正意味著不作為?！盁o”最好翻譯為“流動”。

“空”，是佛教的一個核心概念，被翻譯為“虛空”。它是一種身—心—靈同步的狀態(tài)，不受任何事物的干擾。沒有依戀，沒有分心的想法，沒有消極或積極的心態(tài)。這種有心或無心的狀態(tài)，并不意味著什么都沒有，因為空就是一切。

“武”英文通常被翻譯為“尚武的”。其實這是不正確的翻譯。“武”字由兩個字組成，“止”意為“停止”，“戈”是中國古代對武器的稱呼。因此，武的字面意思是“停止使用武器”，或者更好地翻譯為“非暴力”。因此，Kong Fu被翻譯為“武術”，字面意思是“防止暴力的藝術”。

這些價值觀為我們提供了一個了解中國人的途徑，以及他們是如何通過堅韌不拔、忠誠、尋求平衡、順其自然、追求中庸之道等原則，從而達到和諧的。如果我們加上實現(xiàn)不間斷發(fā)展的不停流動和對空虛的和平思考，就能理解即使中國人民面對全球動蕩和迫在眉睫的爭端依然能堅持非暴力的原因?！肮Ψ颉钡淖置嬉馑际恰皶r間”。中國是靠總結歷史經驗發(fā)展起來的國家，是通過人民的巨大奉獻和堅持不懈的努力獲得成功的國家。達成這些成就，都需要一定的時間，需要“功夫”。因此，只有“功夫”到了，中國式現(xiàn)代化一定能實現(xiàn)。

Zhongis the character for “Center.” We train martial arts to achieve centering of body and mind. Centering allows us to not lose balance. By centering our mind, we can be calm, peaceful within, and clear-headed when making decisions. Buddhism emphasizes always taking a middle way, not being drawn to extremes on either side of the path.

Hemeans “harmony.” In practicing martial arts we are seeking to achieve both physical and mental harmony with our own body and also our natural world. At a higher level we realize our body is only a derivative of the natural world. At this point we are in harmony with the rhythm of a natural order. Things happen naturally.

Wuis a core Taoist concept. The Taoist termWuweitranslates literally as “to do nothing.” But this translation does not do justice to the concept.Wuweidoes not really mean non-action.Wucould best be translated as “flow.”

Kongis a core Buddhist concept. Kong is translated as “emptiness.” It is a state of synchronized body-mindspirit undistracted by anything. No attachment. No distractive thoughts. No negative or positive. This state of mind or no-mind, does not mean that there is nothing,because nothing is everything.

Wuof the termWushu“martial arts” is commonly translated into English as “martial.” This is an incorrect translation. The characterWuconsists of two charactersZhimeaning “halt” andGean ancient term for weapons.SoWuliterally means to “halt the use of weapons.” Or better translated as “non-violence.” SoWushu, translated as “martial arts” literally means “the art of preventing violence.”

These values offer us a lens to understand how Chinese people through principles of perseverance,loyalty, seeking balance, understanding the nature of change and responding accordingly, seeking a middle road between extremes, that leads to harmony. If we add the seamless flow of achieving unbroken development and the peaceful contemplation of emptiness, we understand why China is a nation and people that uphold nonviolence at a time of global volatility and impending altercation. Actually Kung Fu literally translates as time.Much of China’s own development has been experiential.China has achieved everything through enormous devotion of its people and dedication through their perseverance. That requires time. Therefore, only when people keep working on their goals over a period of time,will chinese midernization be realized.