鎖定角度，精準(zhǔn)打擊
——基于高考英語閱讀說明文出題的角度探究其解題策略

王來民

（河南省鹿邑縣高級中學(xué)）

說明文在高考英語閱讀中占比很高，其原因在于說明文的首要特點是知識性，即著眼于解說和傳播某種已經(jīng)得到公認(rèn)的知識；第二個特點是科學(xué)性，即在介紹、解說、傳播知識時必須科學(xué)，能準(zhǔn)確地反映客觀事物的實際及其規(guī)律性，不允許任何的主觀隨意性；說明文體的第三個特點是說明性，即以說明為主要表達(dá)方式。說明是普遍意義上具體而明白無誤地介紹、解說某種客觀事物的語言形式。

說明文內(nèi)容涉及科技產(chǎn)品、研究成果、體育鍛煉、自然生態(tài)等方面的內(nèi)容，內(nèi)容廣泛，語言緊密，結(jié)構(gòu)性強，復(fù)雜句較多，學(xué)生對文本的理解有一定的難度。命題人從不同的角度進(jìn)行設(shè)題，給學(xué)生帶來了一定的困難，如果能把握住出題的角度，結(jié)合有效的解題策略，學(xué)生就能提升說明文解題的正確率?；诖耍P者從以下內(nèi)容進(jìn)行探析：

一、基于真實故事或某種現(xiàn)象的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于通過故事或一種現(xiàn)象，往往是自己或他人的故事，或與說明內(nèi)容有關(guān)的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行出題。其看似不起眼，卻為下文做好鋪墊，吸引讀者注意，引出話題，命題人在此設(shè)題的目的在于考查學(xué)生是否理解作者意圖，考查其透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)的推理能力。

Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed,the arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much;I could have made six salads with what I threw out.（2022 年全國新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀理解B 第一段）

24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?

A.We pay little attention to food waste.

B.We waste food unintentionally at times.

C.We waste more vegetables than meat.

D.We have good reasons for wasting food.

解題策略：本文主題語境是人與自我，通過講述作者自己浪費芝麻菜的事情引出食物浪費的主題，從而號召大家節(jié)儉食物，避免浪費。首先確定主題語境和主題意義，確認(rèn)所出現(xiàn)的故事或現(xiàn)象與主題意義的關(guān)系。由第一段中的“The arugula（芝麻菜）was to make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast chicken dinner....I could have made six salads with what I threw out.”可知，作者由于沒在意芝麻菜，隨著時間流逝，芝麻菜變質(zhì)，作者就把它扔掉了。作者根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)歷，表明我們有時會無意識地浪費食物，引出本文要表達(dá)的主題：避免食物浪費。故選B。

二、基于作者目的設(shè)置問題

這類設(shè)題特點在于通過與目的相關(guān)的語句或別人的建議、做法來推出作者真實的意圖或者對作者的意圖直接詢問，通過分析它們并進(jìn)行歸納，推出作者的真實意圖，此類型題旨在考查學(xué)生是否明白主題意義，考查學(xué)生的歸納能力。

Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we just don’t think.“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,”Curtin says.（2022 年全國新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀理解B 最后一段）

27.What does Curtin suggest people do?

A.Buy only what is needed.

B.Reduce food consumption.

C.Go shopping once a week.

D.Eat in restaurants less often.

解題策略：本文主題意義是減少食物的浪費，根據(jù)主題意義，歸納出作者真實意圖。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat”可知，作者借助Curtin 的建議，表達(dá)出無論買東西還是在餐館吃飯，都不要超量，只要自己需要的，從而避免食物的浪費，這也是作者寫這篇文章的目的所在。故選A。

三、基于說明的內(nèi)容角度設(shè)置問題

基于說明的內(nèi)容角度是指在說明內(nèi)容時，其包含了相關(guān)的條件、原因、效果等方面的內(nèi)容，符合內(nèi)容誕生的規(guī)律，可以從實現(xiàn)的條件、說明的原因、所描述內(nèi)容的功能、結(jié)果等角度設(shè)置問題，考查學(xué)生對所說明內(nèi)容的理解。

1.基于說明內(nèi)容實現(xiàn)的條件設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于通過內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生的條件分析該條件是否重要，是否能產(chǎn)生一定的結(jié)果，如果重要，那么在該條件下推理出產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果，該類型題考查學(xué)生的分析問題和解決問題的能力。

Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.The more regularly they can be inspected,the more railway safety,reliability and on-time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.（2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解C 第二段）

28.What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?

A.The use of drones in checking on power lines.

B.Drones’ability to work at high altitudes.

C.The reduction of cost in designing drones.

D.Drones’reliable performance in remote areas.

解題策略：由文中所提供的的條件推知在該條件下會產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果。根據(jù)第二段中的“Drones are already being used to examine hightension electrical lines....such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.”可知，無人機已經(jīng)被用于檢查高壓線，它們也可以用于鐵路檢查，這是無人機用于鐵路檢查的條件。故選A。

2.基于說明內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)的原因角度設(shè)置問題

這類設(shè)題特點在于要從語句中找出原因，得出結(jié)論，往往因果關(guān)系并不是從文字的表面所看出來的，而是隱含的，這就需要學(xué)生認(rèn)真揣摩，仔細(xì)分析前后句的關(guān)系，從而確認(rèn)出因果關(guān)系。該類型題考查學(xué)生因果關(guān)系的推理能力。

First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.It is believed that today’s children and teenagers are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar,putting them at a higher risk of the disease.（2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解D 第二段）

32.Why was the sugar tax introduced?

A.To collect money for schools.

B.To improve the quality of drinks.

C.To protect children’s health.

D.To encourage research in education.

解題策略：本題考查征收糖稅的原因。首先確定文中因果關(guān)系，然后通過有因果關(guān)系但沒有出現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系的連詞的句子，推理出暗含的因果關(guān)系。根據(jù)第二段中的“First announced in April,2016,the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5 g of sugar per 100 ml,was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）.”可知，征收糖稅的原因在于要減少兒童肥胖現(xiàn)象，即要保護兒童的健 康。故選C。

3.基于說明內(nèi)容的功能角度設(shè)置問題

這類設(shè)題特點在于對所說明內(nèi)容的工作原理，功能作用進(jìn)行檢測，這是科技產(chǎn)品，法律政策等說明文的?？碱}，往往由于說明內(nèi)容的工作原理或功能是文中重點，其語言相對專業(yè)，對學(xué)生理解來說，有一定的難度，該類型題考查學(xué)生是否理解說明內(nèi)容的功能作用。

An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.（2022 年新全國高考Ⅱ卷閱讀理解C 第五段）

29.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out

A.Where a driver came from.

B.Whether a driver used their phone.

C.How fast a driver was going.

D.When a drier arrived at the scene.

解題策略：閱讀表述說明內(nèi)容功能的句子，歸納出說明內(nèi)容有哪些功能。本題對 Textalyzer（短信監(jiān)控器）功能的考查。根據(jù)第五段中的“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted,emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.”可知，Textalyzer 能判斷出司機是否使用過手機。故選B。

4.基于說明內(nèi)容的結(jié)果的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于對說明內(nèi)容的結(jié)果進(jìn)行檢測，從結(jié)果的有效性、市場的應(yīng)用性、未來的使用等方面進(jìn)行檢測，這是說明內(nèi)容的關(guān)鍵所在，也是出題的熱點方向，該類題的難點在于學(xué)生對結(jié)果判斷偏差，往往會以偏概全。該類型題考查學(xué)生判斷和歸納能力，從相關(guān)的結(jié)果句進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，最后準(zhǔn)確得出結(jié)果。

Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（設(shè) 施）and healthier eating in schools.Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance,and the industry is playing its part.（2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解D 最后一段）

35.What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?

A.It is a short-sighted decision.

B.It is a success story.

C.It benefits manufactures.

D.It upsets customers.

解題策略：本題是對糖稅政策結(jié)果的考查。結(jié)果一般出現(xiàn)在文章后幾段，從后幾段中分析說明內(nèi)容在實施后，出現(xiàn)什么樣的結(jié)果。根據(jù)最后一段“Today’s figures,according to one government official,show the positive influence...and the industry is playing its part.”可知，糖稅政策的結(jié)果是繳納的費用被用于學(xué)校的體育設(shè)施的建設(shè)和更健康飲食的改善，由此可知糖稅政策是成功的。故選B。

5.基于說明內(nèi)容的效果的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于從說明內(nèi)容實施后，產(chǎn)生了哪些影響，與其有關(guān)的行業(yè)或機構(gòu)做了哪些調(diào)整，通過相關(guān)行業(yè)或機構(gòu)做出的調(diào)整，推出其效果。該類型題考查學(xué)生的邏輯能力，根據(jù)相關(guān)現(xiàn)象，逐步分析，最后得出結(jié)論。

It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax.Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of manufacturers’efforts to avoid the charge,according to Treasury figures.Since April drinks companies have been forced to pay between 18 p and 24 p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import,depending on the sugar content.（2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解D 第四段）

33.How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?

A.They turned to overseas markets.

B.They raised the prices of their products.

C.They cut down on their production.

D.They reduced their products’sugar content.

解題策略：本題是對糖稅政策效果的考查。從說明內(nèi)容實施后，產(chǎn)生什么樣的效應(yīng)，往往是對說明內(nèi)容效果的證明。根據(jù)第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制造商）so they can avoid paying the tax.”可知，軟飲料公司為了避免繳納糖稅，降低了商店中銷售飲料的含糖量，說明糖稅政策起到一定的效果。故選D。

四、基于他人的評價角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于對他人的評價內(nèi)容來對照說明內(nèi)容，有的評價是對說明內(nèi)容的支持，有的是對說明內(nèi)容的反對，有的是說明內(nèi)容的客觀評價。該類型題考查學(xué)生的批判性思維，能否根據(jù)評價內(nèi)容，判斷出評價人的觀點態(tài)度。

Everywhere in Sydney these days,change and progress are the watchwords（口號）,and traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the city’s official historian,told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s,Sydney swept aside much of its past,including many of its finest buildings.“Sydney is confused about itself,”she said.“We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving（解決）.”（2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解D 第六段）

34.What does Shirley Fizgerald think of Sydney?

A.It is losing its traditions.

B.It should speed up its progress.

C.It should expand its population.

D.It is becoming more international.

解題策略：首先，找到他人評價的內(nèi)容，再看其評價內(nèi)容與說明內(nèi)容是一致還是相悖。根據(jù)第六段第二句至段末可知，Shirley Fizgerald 認(rèn)為悉尼在20 世紀(jì)70 年代建設(shè)現(xiàn)代化的過程中，把它的過去都丟在了一邊，即丟失了其傳統(tǒng)。故選A。

五、基于詞語語義角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于根據(jù)上下語境猜出詞語的意思或所指代內(nèi)容，學(xué)生借助于上下句之間的關(guān)系和段與段之間的關(guān)系，對畫線詞進(jìn)行推理驗證，該類型題考查學(xué)生在語境中對生詞的猜測能力。

“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,”said Félix W.Ortiz,who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”（2022 年全國新高考Ⅱ卷閱讀理解C 最后一段）

30.What does the underlined word“something”in the last paragraph refer to?

A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.

解題策略：通過段與段、句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系和語義，進(jìn)行猜測詞義。根據(jù)下文“If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,“people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”可知，如果Textalyzer bill 成為法律，人們會更害怕拿起他們的手機，所以something 應(yīng)指“法律”。故選D。

六、基于對比的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于通過將兩個不同事例或兩個不同人說的話進(jìn)行對照，得出不同的結(jié)果，從而對觀點句進(jìn)行證明。該類型題考查學(xué)生的批判性思維能力，對不同事例進(jìn)行詮釋推理，從對比中得出作者要表達(dá)的觀點。

Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy.Participants were randomly divided into two groups.The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic（無氧）—balance training and weight training—three times a week.The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years,the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.（2022 年全國新高考Ⅱ卷閱讀理解D 第三段）

33.In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?

A.Diet plan.

B.Professional background.

C.Exercise type.

D.Previous physical condition.

解題策略：找出對比內(nèi)容，看其實施過程中條件是否一致，最后得出結(jié)論。根據(jù)第三段中 的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic（無氧）...under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.”可知，兩組的不同在于參與者鍛煉的方式不同。故選C。

七、基于段落段意角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于從整段的中心意思進(jìn)行設(shè)題，讓學(xué)生歸納段意，去枝抓干，避免管中窺豹現(xiàn)象，最后得出核心要旨。該類型題考查學(xué)生的歸納能力，從眾多信息中，排除不主要的細(xì)節(jié)，梳理出主要所指意向，最后歸納出主要觀點。

Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city discovered its harbor.Then,one after another,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks,superb beaches,and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that makes the city.（2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解D 第一段）

32.What is the first paragraph mainly about

A.Sydney’s striking architecture.

B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.

C.The key to Sydney’s development.

D.Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.

解題策略：本題是對段落大意的考查。找出本段中句子間的關(guān)系，總結(jié)出要表達(dá)的核心意思。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，悉尼的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)都與港口有關(guān)，最后一句中的But 強調(diào)悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是港口。故選C。

八、基于標(biāo)題的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于通過對文章主題意義的把握，綜合衡量，最后選出合適的標(biāo)題。選出的標(biāo)題既能夠概括出文章大意又新穎，標(biāo)題不同于作者目的的考查，目的是作者所傳遞的主要思想，而標(biāo)題不但包括主要思想，還包括語言優(yōu)美，概括全面。該類型題在于考查學(xué)生的歸納能力和審美能力，選出的標(biāo)題既能概括文章大意又語言優(yōu)美。（2022 年全國乙卷閱讀理解C 全文 略）

31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?

A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones

B.How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded

C.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face

D.How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways

解題策略：本題對文章標(biāo)題進(jìn)行考查。首先掌握主題意義，再判斷標(biāo)題是否與主題意義吻合。通讀全文可知，本文主要講的是無人機有了在高壓線上使用的功能，也就為在鐵路上的使用做好了鋪墊，最后用在鐵路上，對未來鐵路產(chǎn)生一定的影響。故選D。

九、基于例子的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于通過例子，找出例子要說明的觀點，需要建立觀點句和例子之間的關(guān)系。例子是對觀點的進(jìn)一步延伸，也是觀點的佐證。例子前往往沒有for example/instance 之類的詞，導(dǎo)致部分學(xué)生看不出來，從而誤選答案。該類型題考查學(xué)生的邏輯能力，根據(jù)觀點和例子之間的關(guān)系，最后找出它們的結(jié)合點，進(jìn)一步佐證觀點句的正確性。

We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients,while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.（2021 年全國新高考Ⅰ卷閱讀理解D 第二段）

33.Why does the author mention“doctor”and“cheater”in Paragraph 2?

A.To explain a rule.

B.To clarify a concept.

C.To present a fact.

D.To make a prediction.

解題策略：首先從例子總結(jié)出要表達(dá)的意思，再結(jié)合觀點句判斷它們最終要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第二段中的“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.”可知，作者認(rèn)為情商是一種技能，既可以用于好的目的也可以用于壞的目的，高情商并不一定能使一個人成為有道德的人?！癲octor”和“cheater”是對這句話的證明。故選B。

十、基于作者態(tài)度的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于對作者的態(tài)度進(jìn)行歸納，根據(jù)作者表達(dá)觀點的句子，推出作者對所說明內(nèi)容的情感態(tài)度，是支持或反對等態(tài)度，關(guān)于作者的情感態(tài)度，文中沒有直接出現(xiàn)表示情感的詞，而是用相關(guān)的句子表達(dá)出來，里面包含褒義詞，中性詞或貶義詞，根據(jù)這些詞匯推出作者態(tài)度。該類型題考查學(xué)生的推理能力，從文中得出作者情感態(tài)度。

Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running,research shows,while most likely contributing to fewer injuries.It does,however,have its own problem.（2020 年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀理解C 第一段 ）

31.Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?

A.Skeptical. B.Objective.

C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.

解題策略：確定作者情感基調(diào)，對其表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是支持還是反對，看相關(guān)表示褒義或貶義的詞匯。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，作者既說了競走的好處也說到了其問題，可見作者從兩方面來看待競走問題，并沒有偏向某一方，所以作者的觀點是客觀的。故選B。

十一、基于作者觀點的角度設(shè)置問題

該類設(shè)題特點在于對作者的觀點進(jìn)行歸納，作者的觀點有時會明確表示出來，而對此類型題進(jìn)行考查時，卻沒有明顯表達(dá)出來的語句，而是讓學(xué)生首先梳理文章大意，找出表示觀點的相關(guān)句子，然后對它們?nèi)シ治龊蜌w納，最后得出作者真實的觀點。該類型題考查學(xué)生的歸納能力，從文中得出作者的觀點。

On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony.“Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me.“What people forget is that the Italians,when they came to Australia,brought 2 000 years of their culture,the Greeks some 3 000 years,and the Chinese more still.We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”

He is right,but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.（2022 年全國甲卷閱讀理解D第七、八段）

35.Which statement will the author probably agree with?

A.A city can be young and old at the same time.

B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.

C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.

D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.

解題策略：本題是對作者看法的考查。確認(rèn)作者對說明內(nèi)容的主張，再從選項中選出與作者主張一致的選項。根據(jù)第七段中的“We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”和第八段“He is right,but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.”可知，作者贊同“一座城市可以既年輕又古老”的觀點。故選A。

結(jié)語

通過了解說明文的命題角度，在平常閱讀時有意識關(guān)注它，并進(jìn)行一定的思維訓(xùn)練，學(xué)生再做高考說明文試題時，就會抓住核心要點，提高做題速度和正確率，做到事半功倍的效果。