談自然保護地與城市景觀有機更新

關(guān)于自然保護地：2021年，中國第一批5個國家公園正式設立，開啟了中國國家公園發(fā)展的新歷程。自1956年廣東鼎湖山成立中國第一個自然保護區(qū)，至今中國的自然保護地已經(jīng)歷了60多年從無到有、從小到大、從單一到多樣、從保護地到區(qū)域與國土生態(tài)安全屏障再到美麗中國的發(fā)展歷程，基本形成了以自然保護區(qū)為主體，風景名勝區(qū)、森林公園、濕地公園以及地質(zhì)公園等共同組成的自然保護地體系。但是，也存在著多頭管理、交叉重疊、邊界權(quán)屬不清等問題，一定程度上制約了自然生態(tài)保護效能的發(fā)揮。2019年6月26日，中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳聯(lián)合印發(fā)的《關(guān)于建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系的指導意見》指出，建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系。本期組織了專題1“自然保護地理論與實踐”，系統(tǒng)梳理了國家公園的理論基礎(chǔ)、管理模式與自然受益型經(jīng)濟發(fā)展；提出了基于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務權(quán)衡與協(xié)同分析的自然保護地交叉重疊問題的區(qū)劃解決策略；闡述了監(jiān)測大數(shù)據(jù)支撐的智慧決策支持系統(tǒng)與智慧管理在現(xiàn)代國家公園基礎(chǔ)設施建設中的未來發(fā)展趨勢；歸納了當前荒野保護包括對荒野地的保護和對不同用地荒野性的保護兩個層面；總結(jié)了自然保護地整合優(yōu)化的關(guān)鍵在于對現(xiàn)有自然資源空間管控的調(diào)整。

關(guān)于城市景觀有機更新：景觀治理（landscape governance）是國家治理中“空間治理”的重要一環(huán)。近年來，在建立文化自信，提升生態(tài)文明建設與推進的背景下，對景觀地方性、文化性及生態(tài)性特征的重視，助推了國家景觀治理能力的提升。目前景觀治理尚需明確其定義，理論體系的建立，至少需要聚焦公園城市及景觀治理有機更新的理論、方法與建設實踐，形成中國特色的公園城市建設背景下城市景觀的有機更新機制路徑。宏觀層面，需要建構(gòu)包含城市綠地在內(nèi)的城鄉(xiāng)景觀系統(tǒng)框架，對系統(tǒng)中的指標合理分配、用地效率提升、空間均勻布局等方面提出要求；中觀層面，需要平衡綠地、分配落實指標，優(yōu)化城市綠地分級增補機制，從等級劃分、等級規(guī)劃控制指標和等級規(guī)劃管制等方面，研究其更新支撐技術(shù)；微觀層面，以景觀共享為價值導向，確立量化指標研究框架，分析社區(qū)共享景觀績效框架，建立績效評價標準等。本期專題2“景觀治理與有機更新”，旨在城市板塊上，作些探索探討，其文涵蓋景觀有機更新實踐指導標準的建立；具有理論支撐和實踐應用價值的景觀有機更新與共享技術(shù)方法體系的構(gòu)建；從延續(xù)城市肌理和地域景觀脈絡的角度，探討景觀有機更新機制以及再生實踐技術(shù)；運用解構(gòu)、活化、重組等景觀更新方法，激發(fā)創(chuàng)造城市景觀的空間活力。

主編

2022年11月10日

Nature Reserves and Organic Renewal of Urban Landscape

About nature reserves: in 2021, China’s first five national parks were officially established, marking a new journey in the development of China’s national parks.Since the establishment of China’s first nature reserve in 1956 in Dinghushan,Guangdong Province, China’s protected natural areas have experienced a development process of more than 60 years, from small to large, from single to diverse,from protected areas to regional and territorial ecological security barriers, and then to beautiful China.A nature reserve system consisting of scenic spots, forest parks,wetland parks and geological parks has basically formed, with nature reserves as the main body.However, there still exist some problems such as multiple management, overlapping and unclear border, which restrict the effectiveness of natural ecological protection to a certain extent.On June 26, 2019, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly issuedThe Guidelines on Establishing a Natural Reserve System with National Parks as the Main Body, pointing out that a natural reserve system with national parks as the main body should be established.In Topic 1 of this issue, “Theory and Practice of Nature Reserves”, the theoretical basis, management model and natural economic development of national parks were systematically sorted out; A regionalization strategy based on ecosystem service trade-off and collaborative analysis was proposed to solve the overlapping problem of natural protected areas; The future development trend of intelligent decision support system and intelligent management supported by big data in modern national park infrastructure construction was expounded; The wilderness protection included the protection of wilderness land and the protection of wildness of different lands were summarized; The key to the integration and optimization of nature reserves was summarized.

About urban landscape organic renewal: the landscape governance is an important part of “spatial governance” in national governance.In recent years, under the background of building cultural confidence and promoting the construction and promotion of ecological civilization, the emphasis on landscape locality, culture and ecological characteristics has boosted the improvement of national landscape governance capacity.At present, the definition of landscape governance needs to be clearly defined.The establishment of the theoretical system at least needs to focus on the theory, method and construction practice of the organic renewal of park city and landscape governance, so as to form the mechanism path of organic renewal of urban landscape under the background of park city construction with Chinese characteristics.At the macro level, it is necessary to construct the framework of urban and rural landscape system including urban green space, and put forward requirements for the reasonable allocation of indicators, the improvement of land use efficiency and the uniform layout of space in the system; At the meso level, it is necessary to balance green space and distribution implementation index, optimize the classification and supplement mechanism of urban green space, and study its updating support technology from the aspects of grade division, grade planning control index and grade planning control; At the micro level, with landscape sharing as the value orientation, the research framework of quantitative indicators is established, the performance framework of community shared landscape is analyzed, and the performance evaluation criteria is established.Topic 2 of this issue, “Landscape Governance and Organic Renewal”, aims to explore the problem at the urban sector.The articles cover the establishment of practice guidelines for landscape organic renewal.Besides, the construction of landscape organic renewal and sharing technology method system with theoretical support and practical application value were discussed.From the perspective of extending the urban texture and regional landscape context, the organic landscape renewal mechanism and regeneration practice technology were discussed.The landscape renewal methods of deconstruction, activation and reorganization to stimulate the creation of urban landscape space vitality were also proposed.

Editor-in-Chief

November 10th, 2022