為城市市井生活設(shè)計(jì)小微公共空間

2022年9月22日，上海市十五屆人大常委會(huì)第四十四次會(huì)議修訂通過了《上海市市容環(huán)境衛(wèi)生管理?xiàng)l例》。新版《條例》注重城市精細(xì)化管理要求，明確了在適當(dāng)位置滿足城市煙火氣的需要，象征著“路邊攤”的有條件回歸，體現(xiàn)了“人民城市為人民”的理念。其實(shí)，歐美城市更新歷程中，都經(jīng)歷了從大規(guī)模清除貧民窟運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)向社區(qū)環(huán)境的綜合整治、社區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)興以及居民參與下的社區(qū)鄰里自建；都從大規(guī)模以開發(fā)為主導(dǎo)的造新城、推倒重建轉(zhuǎn)向小規(guī)模、分階段，由社區(qū)自組織的謹(jǐn)慎漸進(jìn)式“微改造”。中國城市在過去的30多年，很大程度上沿襲了西方國家功能導(dǎo)向的現(xiàn)代主義規(guī)劃模式，城市空間巨量增長。而在進(jìn)入存量發(fā)展背景下，北京、上海等超大城市已從大規(guī)模的快速城市擴(kuò)張轉(zhuǎn)向小規(guī)模漸進(jìn)式的城市更新發(fā)展階段，高密度建成區(qū)“小微公共空間”的稀缺性和重要性日益凸顯。

與密集而冰冷的高樓大廈所營造的城市空間不同，城市一隅小微公共空間存有煙火氣與文化味，是現(xiàn)代化城市氣度和溫度的重要體現(xiàn)。正如著名城市規(guī)劃師、建筑師伊利爾·沙里寧所說：“讓我看看你的城市，我就能說出這個(gè)城市居民在文化上追求的是什么?！背鞘行∥⒐部臻g的設(shè)計(jì)治理，往往總是從問題出發(fā)，自下而上，具有小中見大的特點(diǎn)，小微尺度的空間重構(gòu)、公眾參與和社會(huì)激活成為將空間關(guān)懷落實(shí)到社區(qū)生活需求、社會(huì)關(guān)系等社會(huì)治理層面的重要途徑。但在實(shí)際生活中，小微公共空間常缺乏規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)、無人管理或亟需維護(hù)，處于被閑置或消極使用的狀態(tài)，具有非正式性和臨時(shí)性；基于小微公共空間的設(shè)計(jì)介入是城市管理者、設(shè)計(jì)師以及居民之間溝通的重要手段。這與傳統(tǒng)語境下的“設(shè)計(jì)”不同，其具有低成本、低門檻、廣參與、多合作、重過程的特征，可以形成分步驟的可持續(xù)微更新。

本期專題1“城市更新與小微公共空間設(shè)計(jì)治理”，研討了城市小微公共空間的設(shè)計(jì)介入，從社區(qū)輻射到街區(qū)、從口袋公園過渡至社區(qū)生活圈，聚微成網(wǎng)，延續(xù)城市生長脈絡(luò)。通過試點(diǎn)工程，調(diào)動(dòng)公眾參與，觸發(fā)基層治理，從而帶動(dòng)無窮的社會(huì)力量，形成“1+N+∞”的工作路徑；搭建多方參與的治理平臺(tái)和模式，進(jìn)一步挖掘微空間能人和自組織，開展可持續(xù)的空間營造活動(dòng)，推進(jìn)參與式的設(shè)計(jì)與共建；利用小微公共空間促進(jìn)社區(qū)生活圈的治理，從單一的空間設(shè)計(jì)到社會(huì)關(guān)系的組織，從提升空間美學(xué)到空間及社會(huì)內(nèi)容的策劃，從被動(dòng)的技術(shù)服務(wù)到主動(dòng)的制度及生活方式構(gòu)建，以實(shí)施全生命周期的規(guī)劃治理、全社會(huì)協(xié)調(diào)的行動(dòng)機(jī)制。另外，本期專題2“城市生物多樣性保護(hù)實(shí)踐”，探討了從社區(qū)花園到城市濕地公園再到國外的城市生物多樣性多元性保護(hù)，基于城市不同的綠地類型以及生物在自然界中的生存環(huán)境，形成不同的立地條件，打造以本地動(dòng)植物為主的多層次生物結(jié)構(gòu)，強(qiáng)化多樣性賦存生境塑造。

風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計(jì)師介入“城市—社區(qū)—微空間”的空間研究，順應(yīng)了城市建設(shè)管理的階段性要求，將進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)城市居民的新生活。“城市是一本打開的書”，本期研討作為鋪墊，是回顧總結(jié)，也是思考探索，期待未來有更多的研究不斷探尋“它的抱負(fù)”。

主編

2022年10月20日

Designing Micro Public Space for Urban Daily Life

On September 22, 2022, the 44th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 15th Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress revised and passed The Regulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation.The new version of The Regulations pays attention to the requirements of urban refined management, reflecting the concept of “people’s city for people”.Meeting the needs of urban pyrotechnic gas in an appropriate location symbolizes the conditional return of “roadside stalls”.Actually, in the process of urban renewal in Europe and the United States, cities have experienced a shift from large-scale slum clearance to comprehensive improvement of community environment, community economic revival and community neighborhood self construction with the participation of residents; They have changed from large-scale development oriented new city building, demolition and reconstruction to small-scale, phased and self-organized“micro transformation”.In the past 30 years, Chinese cities have largely followed the function oriented modernist planning model of western countries, and urban space has grown tremendously.Under the background of stock development, mega cities such as Beijing and Shanghai have shifted from large-scale rapid urban expansion to small-scale progressive urban renewal and development.The scarcity and importance of “micro public space” in high-density built-up areas are increasingly prominent.

Different from the urban space with dense and cold high-rise buildings, the micro public space in one corner of the city has a smoky atmosphere and cultural flavor,which is an important embodiment of the modern urban demeanor and temperature.As the famous urban planner and architect Eliel Saarinen said, “Let me look at your city, and I can tell what the city residents are pursuing in culture.” The design and governance of urban micro public spaces are always based on the problem, from bottom to top, with the characteristics of seeing the big from the small.The reconstruction,public participation and social activation of micro scale space have become important ways to implement space care to community life needs, social relations and other social governance levels.However, micro public spaces are always being ignored in daily life.The design intervention based on micro public space is an important means of communication between urban managers, designers and residents.This is different from the “design” in the traditional context.It has the characteristics of low cost, low threshold, wide participation, multi cooperation and heavy process, and can form a sustainable micro renewal step by step.

Topic 1 of this issue, “Urban Renewal and Micro Public Space Design Governance”, discusses the design intervention of urban micro public space, from the community radiation to the block, from the pocket park to the community life circle,the micro network continues the urban growth.Through the pilot project, a “1+N+∞”working path is formed by mobilizing public participation and triggering grassroots governance; By building a governance platform and mode of multi participation,micro space talents and self-organization is further explored, so as to promote participatory design and co-construction, and to implement the whole life cycle planning governance and the whole society coordinated action mechanism.In addition, Topic 2 “Urban Biodiversity Conservation and Practice” of this issue discusses the diversity protection of urban biodiversity from community gardens to foreign countries.Based on different types of urban green spaces and living environments of organisms in the nature, different site conditions are formed, multi-level biological structures dominated by local animals and plants are created, and the creation of diverse habitats is strengthened.

Landscape architects involve in the space research of “city-community-micro space”, which conforms to the phased requirements of urban construction management and will further guide the new life of urban residents.“The city is an open book”.The discussion of this issue is a foreshadowing, a review and summary as well as a reflection and exploration.It is expected that more research will continue to explore “its ambition” in the future.

Editor-in-Chief

October 20th, 2022