• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Direct Radiative Effects of Dust Aerosols over Northwest China Revealed by Satellite-Derived Aerosol Three-Dimensional Distribution

    2022-11-07 05:33:16RuiJIAYuzhiLIUYanLIJunLIXiaolinHURongluGAOYunfeiTIANYanlingSUNNannanMUandMinfenZHAO
    Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年5期
    關(guān)鍵詞:湖口殘?bào)w余輝

    Rui JIA, Yuzhi LIU, Yan LI, Jun LI*, Xiaolin HU, Ronglu GAO, Yunfei TIAN, Yanling SUN,Nannan MU, and Minfen ZHAO

    1 Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000

    2 Zibo Meteorological Bureau, Zibo 255000

    3 Shandong Meteorological Service Center, Jinan 250000

    ABSTRACT

    Key words: aerosol three-dimensional distribution, direct radiative effect, Northwest China

    1. Introduction

    Northwest China is located in the interior of the Eurasian continent. The dry climate, intensive evaporation, and scarcity of rainfall make the ecosystem fragile and sensitive (Zhao and Wu, 2013), which is vulnerable to climate change (Wang and Zhao, 2001). Over the past century,the global average temperature has shown an upward trend and the “global warming hiatus” observed in the past decade has faded away (Zhang et al., 2019). With drought as the main climatic background, Northwest China is a certain region that responds significantly to global warming and its temperature increases considerably higher than that of East China and the global average (Wei and Wang, 2013). Climate change is varying the temporal and spatial patterns of soil moisture and water resource availability (Zhang et al., 2010) and affecting the agricultural productivity (Zhang et al., 2008). The expansion rate of semiarid regions in China is nearly 10 times of those in arid and semihumid regions (Huang et al., 2019). Climate change and ecological environment evolution in this region have attracted widespread attention (Jiang et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2010, 2014; Ma et al., 2018).

    Despite the center stage of greenhouse gases in global warming discussion, it is known that aerosols also play a crucial role in climate change, which is more localized.Compared with the slow warming and persistent greenhouse effect, the local forcing and internal feedback process caused by aerosol may play a significant role in the faster warming, drying, and glacier retreat (Kang et al.,2010; Lau et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2021).Aerosols emitted by urban industries are sufficient to play an important role in the mesoscale weather system,and they are enough to induce large-scale changes in temperature, wind pattern, and precipitation distribution(Kawecki et al., 2016). Weather-related factors (e.g.,winds, precipitation, and underlying surface conditions)can directly affect the formation and outbreak of dust storms (Shen et al., 2010), while aerosols floated in the air can change the thermal structure of atmosphere, and affect the cloud development and precipitation process(through direct, indirect, and semidirect radiative effects)by contrast (Chen et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2014; Jiang et al., 2018).

    Northwest China belongs to an arid and semiarid climate zone, a critical landscape for dust emission and transport in Asia (Chen et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2021).As highly absorptive aerosol, the traditional heating effect of dust aerosols on atmosphere has been challenged by more complex mechanisms. Dust suspended in high altitudes can enhance the stability of lower atmosphere and inhibit convection through heating up the upper atmosphere and then affect the convective activity and cloud development by modifying the thermodynamic structure (Lau et al., 2010). Dust aerosols near the boundary layer can heat up the atmosphere and cool down the ground, hinder shallow convection, delay the release of energy and water to supplement, and strengthen deep convection (Fan et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2017;Yuan et al., 2021). Dust aerosols can also accelerate the evaporation of low-level cloud droplets and aggravate the drought conditions over arid and semiarid regions(Huang et al., 2014). Severe dust event even can cause the upper tropospheric temperature reversal to substantially impact the subsequent evolution of atmospheric circulation and precipitation process (Lau et al., 2006).With aerosol playing such critical roles in atmospheric processes, reducing the uncertainty in the research on radiation effects of aerosol is the key and basis for studying climate change and ecological environment evolution. In this regard, Northwest China makes a particularly relevant candidate.

    Previous studies on the radiative effects of dust aerosols mainly applied numerical models and satellite data (Chen et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2017). Application of various parameterization schemes and aerosol secondary transformations has resulted in huge differences among the simulation results (Paukert et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2021).Due to the vertical transport, the vertical distribution of aerosols in reality might be contrary to the profile assumptions based on empirical relationships in the model(Adams et al., 2012). There are still large uncertainties in evaluating the radiative effects of dust aerosols due to the lack of adequate direct measurements (Yuan et al., 2021).To reduce these uncertainties, it is essential to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of dust aerosols (Zarzycki and Bond, 2010; Samset and Myhre, 2011; Samset et al.,2013). Any changes in the concentration and three-dimensional distribution of aerosols will lead to the generation of uncertainties in assessing aerosol direct radiative forcing (Soldatenko, 2020). In addition, it is not easy to separate the different types of aerosols, and it is difficult to predict their respective behaviors. These aspects make the study of climate change and ecological environment evolution over Northwest China quite challenging. Apparently, more research is required to understand the behavior of aerosols.

    2. Datasets and methodology

    2.1 Datasets

    2.1.1 CALIPSO

    The Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) improves representation of the vertical structure and properties of clouds and aerosols through carrying a pulsating laser lidar, the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP), which executes vertically sliced scanning of the earth’s atmosphere from space unremittingly. On 8 November 2016, the CALIPSO project began the release of version 4.10 (V4.10) of the CALIPSO data products,providing a substantial advance in the algorithms used to retrieve the spatial and optical properties of aerosols and clouds over the previous data releases (Young et al.,2018). Significant overall improvements in cloud–aerosol discrimination (CAD) reliability were shown by developing a new set of CAD probability distribution functions (PDFs), especially in the classification of lofted aerosols and cirrus clouds. The CALIPSO Level 2 aerosol products include instant layer (ALay), profile (APro),and vertical feature mask (VFM) information along the satellite orbit. CALIPSO V4.10 Level 2 APro and VFM products are used in this study. The CALIPSO APro product provides profiles of particle extinction, backscatter, and additional information derived from these fundamental products. The extinction profiles reported in the CALIPSO V4 APro product, used in this study, are produced by a modified and substantially enhanced version of the hybrid extinction retrieval algorithm used in earlier releases. The CALIPSO Level 2 VFM data product describes the vertical and horizontal distributions of clouds and aerosols. Several improvements to aerosol subtyping have been implemented in the V4.10 VFM product(Young et al., 2018), which divides aerosols into dust(i.e., pure dust in this study), polluted dust, marine aerosol,clean continental aerosol, polluted continental aerosol, elevated smoke, dusty marine (new aerosol subtype), etc.

    2.1.2 CloudSat

    Similarly, the experimental satellite CloudSat helps to unravel the complexity of the climate system by providing a globe-circling slice of the earth’s atmosphere, remaining in particularly close proximity to CALIPSO.They complement each other to provide nearly synchronized observations, which are considered to be simultaneous in this study. The level-2 Fluxes and Heating Rates product (2B-FLXHR-LIDAR) is an upgrade of the original 2B-FLXHR only using CloudSat to constrain clouds. The calculation of 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR product is based on the basis of radar and lidar backscatter from CloudSat and CALIPSO, radiance measurements from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, and ancillary temperature and humidity profiles from the ECMWF (Henderson et al., 2013). The 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR product derives profiles of radiative fluxes and heating rates throughout the atmosphere, which are combined into two broadband estimates (longwave and shortwave, abbreviated as LW and SW respectively), covering a 4-yr period from 2007 to 2010. The variables of column-integrated radiative heating (RH) and atmospheric radiative heating rates (QR) are used in this study.

    2.1.3 MISR

    The Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)was launched onboard the Terra satellite in 1999, which was designed to improve our understanding of the earth’s ecology, environment, and climate. The MISR has nine push-broom cameras on the optical bench pointing at different fixed view angles (70.5°, 60.0°, 45.6°, 26.1° for both backward and forward and 0°) and each of the nine cameras has four spectral bands (446, 558, 672, and 866 nm). This design overcomes the adverse effects of angular variation of reflected sunlight on the observed scenes derived from that most satellite instruments observe straight down or toward the edge of earth. The high spatial resolution, wide range of along-track view angles,and high-accuracy calibration make it uniquely capable of tracking the aerosol plume (Kahn et al., 2009). The level-3 products are aggregated into global grids with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° on daily, monthly, and yearly timescales. Monthly aerosol optical depth (AOD)from MISR Version 23 L3 products are used to analyze the horizontal distribution of aerosols together with CALIPSO observation in this study.

    2.2 Methodology

    The three-dimensional distribution of aerosols over Northwest China can be obtained based on an artificially constructed three-dimensional (3D) matrix with a resolution of 1° × 1° × 500 m (longitude × latitude × height),which is the result of synthetically considering spatial resolution and sample counts. The process is shown schematically in Fig. 1. Both daytime and nighttime CALIPSO orbital data are collected. Construct a 3D matrix and pick out the orbital data fall in a certain cell of the 3D matrix (the small black box in Fig. 1a and the cubes in Figs. 1b, c) for every CALIPSO footprint (Adams et al., 2012; Jia et al., 2021). The three-dimensional structure can be constructed by repeating this pattern for each successive cube puzzle of the 3D matrix (Fig. 1c). The 3D matrix of aerosol extinction coefficients is derived by averaging the CALIPSO L2 APro data fall in each cell on the monthly timescale. The frequencies of various aerosols over Northwest China are also converted into the 3D matrix based on the subtypes of aerosols given by the CALIPSO L2 VFM product. It is worth pointing out that the accompanying extinction quality control (QC) flag are used to filter the aerosol extinction coefficient. For reliable scientific analyses, only those extinction coefficients with QC flag values of 0, 1, 2, 16, and 18 (Young et al., 2018) are used in this study. The feature classifications of clouds and aerosols are also filtered by the quality assessment (QA) flag to remove data with none(QA = 0) or low (QA = 1) confidence.

    洞庭湖及入湖口表層沉積物OM與TN呈顯著正相關(guān)(r=0.574,P<0.05)(表3),相關(guān)研究表明水體沉積物總氮中的 70%~90%是以有機(jī)氮的形式存在的(李輝等,2011),洞庭湖沉積物TN與OM 的相關(guān)關(guān)系從側(cè)面驗(yàn)證了該研究結(jié)果。TN與TP相關(guān)性不大(r=0.433,P>0.05),表明 TN與TP可能具有不同的來源。OM 與 TP相關(guān)性較?。╮=0.073,P>0.05),表明TP可能并非主要由沉積物中OM的富集造成。由此可推測(cè),湖區(qū)各種生物殘?bào)w的分解是洞庭湖表層沉積物OM的一個(gè)重要來源,且OM在沉積物中的富集可能是全湖中N的主要來源,而對(duì)P影響不大(余輝等,2010)。

    Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the methodology used in this study. (a) The orbit track locations of the CALIPSO satellite (gray for daytime and black for nighttime). (b) A fragment of the CALIPSO profile. (c) The artificially constructed three-dimensional (3D) matrix.

    The AOD for a specific type of aerosol (τtype) is retrieved in terms of the aerosol extinction coefficient σaer( ) from the CALIPSO L2 APro product restricted by the aerosol types from the CALIPSO L2 VFM product as shown below:

    where σaeris the aerosol extinction coefficient at layerz,and dzis the vertical resolution (the interval between the layer base and top).

    If no aerosol and cloud are detected in the designated grid frame, it is defined as “clean atmosphere”; if the occurrence frequency of dust aerosol is greater than 90%, it is defined as “dusty environment.” Similar to the definition of aerosol radiative forcing, the effect of dust aerosol on atmospheric radiation balance and thermodynamic structure can be obtained by calculating the differences of column-integrated radiative heating and atmospheric radiative heating rate between the “dusty environment”and the “clean atmosphere” [Eqs. (2)–(3)].

    where RH and QR mean the column-integrated radiative heating and profiles of atmospheric radiative heating rate from CloudSat 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR product, respectively. R Heis the effect of dust aerosol RH and Q Reis the effect of dust aerosol on QR. Since the calculation is highly dependent on the observations of CALIPSO and Cloudsat, the defects of polar orbiting satellites, such as the long revisit period and the limited data, will inevitably bring some uncertainties. To minimize the uncertainty of the study results, the statistical bias [Eq. (4)] is used to constrain the RH and QR:

    wherenis the sample number of valid measurements within the grid or bin andsis the standard deviation.

    This study is based on data collected during the period 2007–2010, since the CloudSat 2B-FLXHR-LIDAR profile data are publicly available only for this period.It should be pointed out that the radiative effect of aerosols in this study refers to the direct radiative effect because aerosol–cloud interactions are not involved throughout the calculation.

    3. Results

    Figure 2 shows the distinctive geographical distribution of Northwest China. Complicated topography and huge difference in elevation are the most significant geographical features of this region. There are mainly plateaus, mountains, and basins, composed of complex and various landscapes, e.g., glaciers, deserts, oases, etc. As inland hinterland with the furthest distance from the sea,the climate conditions (semiarid to arid in overall) can be described as dry, scarce precipitation, intensive evaporation, and water shortage. Overall, this region exists in a delicate ecological balance and it is vulnerable to the increased environmental pressures caused by climate change.

    3.1 The 3D distribution of aerosols

    Accurate separation of dust from different types of aerosols is critical for reducing the uncertainty in the research of aerosol radiative effect. The 3D distributions of occurrence frequencies for various aerosols over Northwest China are derived from the CALIPSO L2 VFM product (Fig. 3). The aerosol that occurs most frequently is pure dust and polluted dust, followed by smoke, continental, and polluted continental aerosols. As shown in Fig. 3a, the occurrence frequency of pure dust aerosols over the Tarim Basin is as high as 60%, mainly distributed below 6 km. The occurrence frequencies of pure dust aerosols over the Zhungeer Basin and Loess Plateau are about 40%. Polluted dust is produced by the denaturation of pure dust mixed with other types of aerosols during long-distance transport. Due to the transport, polluted dust becomes more uniformly distributed (about 20%). Clean continental and smoke aerosols rarely appear as the occurrence frequencies are about 15% (Figs.3c, e). Polluted continental aerosols are evenly distributed within 2 km with occurrence frequency of 5%–10%(Fig. 3d).

    To better understand the 3D distribution of aerosols over Northwest China, the spatial distribution of optical depths (Fig. 4) and altitude–longitude cross-sections of extinction coefficients (Fig. 5) are analyzed for all the aerosol and the most frequent aerosols (pure dust and polluted dust). The AOD, pure dust optical depth (DOD),and polluted dust optical depth (PDOD) are obtained by integrating the corresponding extinction coefficients [Eq.(1)]. A comparison of the MISR observation (Fig. 4a)and CALIPSO derived AOD (Fig. 4b) prove that the calculation of AOD and extinction coefficient in this study is reasonable. From a horizontal perspective, aerosols are mainly distributed over the Tarim Basin on the northern slope of the Tibetan Plateau, Junggar Basin between the Tianshan Mountains and Altai Mountains, Gobi Desert,and Loess Plateau (Fig. 4). As shown in Fig. 5, the aerosol extinction coefficients near the ground are greater than 0.36 km-1over the Tarim Basin and 0.16 km-1over the Gobi Desert and Loess Plateau. In general, these aerosol extinction coefficients decrease with height. Notably, there are also some aerosols over high terrains such as the Tibetan Plateau and Tianshan Mountains (Fig. 5a),with extinction coefficients of about 0.10 km-1in general and 0.30 km-1in individual. As shown in Figs. 4, 5, pure dust and polluted dust are the most important components of atmospheric aerosols over Northwest China. The distributions of DOD and dust extinction coefficient are almost the same as those of AOD and aerosol extinction coefficient, both distributed over several key deserts. The PDOD and polluted dust extinction coefficient are relatively small and evenly distributed (except for a few areas with frequent human activities).

    Fig. 2. Topographical distribution of Northwest China.

    Fig. 3. Altitude–longitude cross-sections of annual mean occurrence frequencies of different aerosols.

    Fig. 4. Spatial distributions of aerosols over Northwest China: (a) annual mean AOD from MISR observations, (b) annual mean AOD, (c) pure dust optical depth (DOD), and (d) polluted dust optical depth (PDOD) from CALIPSO observations.

    Fig. 5. Altitude–longitude cross-sections of annual mean extinction coefficient (km-1) for (a) all the aerosols, (b) pure dust, and (c) polluted dust.

    3.2 Direct radiative effects of dust aerosols

    Based on the satellite derived 3D distribution of aerosols, the effects of aerosols on the atmospheric radiation balance and thermodynamic structure are explored. Since pure dust and polluted dust are the most frequently occurring (Fig. 3) and most abundant (Figs. 4, 5) atmospheric aerosols over Northwest China, the radiation effects of other aerosols are not analyzed in this study.Considering that the sample counts of polluted dust at each cube puzzle of the 3D matrix are too small in the calculation process, pure dust and polluted dust aerosols are commonly referred to as dust aerosols hereafter.

    Figure 6 shows the annual mean column-integrated radiative heating aggregated into grids with 1° × 1° (longitude × latitude) in the “dusty environment” and “clean atmosphere.” The calculation is performed for the daytime and nighttime (distinguish by Day_Night_Flag from CALIPSO) separately. The statistical bias in Fig. 6 shows that most of the RH data are credible. The sample size of “dusty environment” is smaller than that of “clean atmosphere” and the statistical bias of RH is smaller in the “clean atmosphere” (Figs. 6b, d, f, mostly 0–0.03 K day-1). The statistical bias of RH in the “dust environment” is relatively large, especially for SW radiation(Fig. 6a, 0.03–0.1 K day-1). Only grids where the ratio of statistical bias to the corresponding annual mean RH less than 0.1 are used to calculate effects of dust aerosols on column-integrated radiative heating [Eq. (2)]. Similarly,the effect of dust aerosol on QR can be obtained [Eq.(3)]. It is worth pointing out that the white grids in Figs.6, 7, 8 are not 0, but artificially set as default values. This may come from the limited satellite data, the coexistence of multiple types aerosols or hardly any aerosols, which make it difficult to pick out samples of “dusty environment” (occurrence frequency greater than 90%).

    The effects of dust aerosols on column-integrated radiative heating over Northwest China are shown in Fig. 7.Dust aerosols can heat the atmosphere (about 0.3–0.7 K day-1) by absorbing SW in the day (Fig. 7a) and cool the atmosphere during both daytime and nighttime by emitting LW radiation (Figs. 7c, d). After the mutual compensation of the SW and LW radiative effects, dust aerosols can heat the column-atmosphere by about 0.3 K day-1during the daytime (Fig. 7e). The heating effect(i.e., SW radiation effect) is consistent with the distribution pattern of dust aerosols (Fig. 4), which is not uniform spatially and presents only in the daytime. The LW radiation effect is relatively long-lasting and overall presents a cooling effect of about -0.4 K day-1. Given the mutual compensation of SW heating effect and LW cooling effect, dust aerosols may have a relatively small impact on the atmospheric radiation balance, but it still cannot be ignored. The radiative effects of dust aerosols will modify the horizontal temperature gradient and increase the diurnal temperature range.

    Similarly, the effects of dust aerosol on the atmospheric vertical thermodynamic structure are explored (Figs. 8,9). Figure 8 suggests that dust aerosols can significantly alter the thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere by heating the lower atmosphere and cooling the upper atmosphere. The effect of dust aerosols on the SW heating rate shows a heating effect (1.5–2.5 K day-1) below 5 km that corresponds to the dust layer with the largest aerosol extinction coefficient (Fig. 5) and a weak cooling effect(about -1.0 K day-1) in the upper atmosphere by absorbing and scattering SW radiation. By contrast, the effect of dust aerosols on LW radiation is more evenly distributed,which shows cooling effect in the middle atmosphere and weak heating effect in the upper and near-surface atmosphere by emitting LW radiation, similar to the case study of Huang et al. (2009). The LW cooling rate can partially offset the SW heating effect. Overall, dust aerosols can heat up the lower atmosphere (0.5–1.5 K day-1)and cool down the upper atmosphere (about -1.0 day-1)during the daytime, while they cool down the lower atmosphere (-3 to -1.5 K day-1) and heat up the upper atmosphere (1–1.5 K day-1) at night. As far as the entire Northwest China is concerned, the impact of dust aerosols on QR is relatively small (Fig. 9). Combining the SW and LW radiation, it is observed that dust aerosols heat up (cool down) the atmosphere during the daytime and cool it down (heat it up) at night below 4 km (higher than 6 km). In the range of 4–6 km, dust aerosols have a cooling effect on the atmosphere during both daytime and nighttime.

    Fig. 6. The annual mean column-integrated radiative heating (colors; K day-1) and corresponding statistical bias (dot symbols; K day-1) in the“dusty environments” (left) and “clean atmosphere” (right).

    Fig. 7. The effects of dust aerosols on the annual mean column-integrated radiative heating (RH; K day-1) in the day (left; Day_Night_Flag = 0)and night (right; Day_Night_Flag = 1).

    Fig. 8. The effects of dust aerosol on the annual mean atmospheric radiative heating rate (QR; K day-1) over Northwest China in the day (left;Day_Night_Flag = 0) and night (right; Day_Night_Flag = 1).

    Fig. 9. The mean effects of dust aerosols on the annual mean atmospheric radiative heating rate (QR; K day-1) over Northwest China in the day(left; Day_Night_Flag = 0) and night (right; Day_Night_Flag = 1).

    4. Conclusions and discussion

    In this study, the effects of dust aerosols on the radiation balance and atmosphere thermodynamic structure over Northwest China were evaluated based on the satellite-derived aerosol 3D distribution.

    In general, aerosols over Northwest China are mainly distributed in the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Gobi Desert, and Loess Plateau. Dust and polluted dust are the most important aerosols both in the aerosol extinction coefficient and occurrence frequency. The aerosol extinction coefficients are greater than 0.36 km-1over the Tarim Basin and 0.16 km-1over the Gobi Desert and Loess Plateau, decreasing with height. Aerosols can extend to more than 6 km along the northern slope of the Tibetan Plateau and Tianshan Mountains.

    For the column-atmosphere, dust aerosols can heat up the atmosphere by absorbing and scattering SW radiation in the day and cool it during both daytime and nighttime by emitting LW radiation, which are consistent with the distribution pattern of dust aerosols. In general, it shows a heating (about 0.3 K day-1) during the daytime and a cooling effect (about -0.4 K day-1) during the nighttime, which will modify the horizontal temperature gradient and increase the diurnal temperature range.Dust aerosols can also significantly change the vertical thermodynamic structure of the atmosphere. Dust aerosols can heat up the lower atmosphere (0.5–1.5 K day-1)and cool down the upper atmosphere (about -1.0 K day-1) during the daytime, while they cool down the lower atmosphere (-3 to -1.5 K day-1) and heat up the upper atmosphere (1–1.5 K day-1) at night.

    As far as the whole Northwest China is concerned, the impact of dust aerosols on the atmospheric radiation balance is relatively small. However, it still cannot be ignored. The radiative effects of dust aerosols on the atmospheric temperature will modify the horizontal temperature gradient and the vertical thermodynamic structure.Due to the spatiotemporal inhomogeneity of dust aerosols, the atmospheric stability, wind field, and diurnal temperature range will also be affected. The incidence of dust events are highly correlated to the meteorological factors, ahead of oceanic oscillations, atmospheric circulation patterns, and land surface conditions (Wu et al.,2021). This heating effect caused by the dust aerosols will in turn, affect the dust emissions, providing one of the strongest feedback pathways for Northwest China. In summary, the overall impact of aerosols on the sensitive climate system and the fragile ecosystem of Northwest China should be a matter of concern.

    Although this method has certain research value and prospect in studying radiative effects of aerosols, there are still some uncertainties and caveats due to polar-orbit satellite data (Jiang et al., 2018). A large number of calculations in this study are based on CALIPSO and CloudSat observations, which only provide instantaneous information of aerosols and clouds at fixed time.Both CALIPSO and CloudSat satellites have a long revisit period and the limited data will bring some uncertainty, especially in the regions with multiple types of aerosols. It is hoped that more perfect results will be obtained by combining multi-source observations and model simulation in the follow-up study.

    Acknowledgments.We are very grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The CALIPSO, CloudSat, and MISR data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences Data Center. The authors gratefully acknowledge their efforts in making these data available online.

    猜你喜歡
    湖口殘?bào)w余輝
    甲狀腺殘?bào)w的特征及其在甲狀腺切除手術(shù)中的臨床意義
    森林次生演替過程中有機(jī)質(zhì)層和礦質(zhì)層土壤微生物殘?bào)w的變化*
    非遺視角下湖口彈腔藝術(shù)形態(tài)及文化淵源研究
    北方音樂(2020年17期)2020-12-06 09:38:53
    Zn空位缺陷長(zhǎng)余輝發(fā)光材料Zn1-δAl2O4-δ的研究
    光照條件對(duì)長(zhǎng)余輝材料顯現(xiàn)手印效果影響的研究
    蓄能清潔人造石產(chǎn)品的研制
    2013年湖口縣舜德鄉(xiāng)農(nóng)村飲用水水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果分析
    湖口首次發(fā)現(xiàn)并放飛白鷴
    甘肅白龍江亞高山杜鵑粗木質(zhì)殘?bào)w腐爛程度與持水性能研究
    贛北湖口縣馬鈴薯與棉花連作高效模式調(diào)研
    日本免费a在线| 久久久久久大精品| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 亚洲国产精品国产精品| 成年版毛片免费区| 国产不卡一卡二| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 日本免费a在线| 韩国av在线不卡| 99精品在免费线老司机午夜| 亚洲成人久久性| 成人国产麻豆网| 嫩草影院精品99| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 亚洲图色成人| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 欧美日韩在线观看h| 亚洲最大成人av| 成人av在线播放网站| 老女人水多毛片| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 亚洲不卡免费看| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 亚洲电影在线观看av| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 日本熟妇午夜| 一区福利在线观看| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 直男gayav资源| 伦精品一区二区三区| 小说图片视频综合网站| 看免费成人av毛片| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 久久精品91蜜桃| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 中文字幕av在线有码专区| 老女人水多毛片| 如何舔出高潮| 最近最新中文字幕大全电影3| 色综合色国产| 日本色播在线视频| 欧美zozozo另类| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 亚洲色图av天堂| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 18禁裸乳无遮挡免费网站照片| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 亚洲国产色片| 真人做人爱边吃奶动态| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 中文字幕精品亚洲无线码一区| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| 身体一侧抽搐| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 成年女人永久免费观看视频| 亚洲美女视频黄频| av国产免费在线观看| 国产伦精品一区二区三区视频9| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| 哪里可以看免费的av片| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 一进一出抽搐gif免费好疼| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 精品日产1卡2卡| 99久久成人亚洲精品观看| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 观看免费一级毛片| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 在线天堂最新版资源| 日本免费一区二区三区高清不卡| 久久精品91蜜桃| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 69av精品久久久久久| 国产精品三级大全| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 久久久久国内视频| 成人av在线播放网站| 日本黄色片子视频| 久久久国产成人免费| 99热全是精品| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 亚洲在线自拍视频| 精品久久久噜噜| 小说图片视频综合网站| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 搡老岳熟女国产| 精品一区二区三区人妻视频| 男人舔奶头视频| 两个人的视频大全免费| 免费观看在线日韩| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 桃色一区二区三区在线观看| 国产成人freesex在线 | 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 国产成人aa在线观看| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 看黄色毛片网站| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| av福利片在线观看| 国产白丝娇喘喷水9色精品| 日本五十路高清| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 淫妇啪啪啪对白视频| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| 亚洲国产色片| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 大香蕉久久网| 亚洲国产日韩欧美精品在线观看| 少妇高潮的动态图| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件 | 丰满乱子伦码专区| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 色吧在线观看| a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频 | 国产av在哪里看| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放 | 精品久久久久久久久av| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 男人狂女人下面高潮的视频| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 亚洲国产精品sss在线观看| 99久久精品热视频| 亚洲av美国av| 变态另类丝袜制服| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 欧美色视频一区免费| 久久草成人影院| 婷婷精品国产亚洲av| 美女免费视频网站| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 激情 狠狠 欧美| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 免费av不卡在线播放| 草草在线视频免费看| 高清毛片免费观看视频网站| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 亚洲色图av天堂| 草草在线视频免费看| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 亚洲欧美精品综合久久99| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 99热这里只有是精品50| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 乱人视频在线观看| 简卡轻食公司| 观看免费一级毛片| 少妇熟女aⅴ在线视频| 国产精品国产高清国产av| 特级一级黄色大片| 99久久成人亚洲精品观看| 国产成人a区在线观看| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| 欧美成人a在线观看| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| avwww免费| 成人性生交大片免费视频hd| 99视频精品全部免费 在线| 久久久精品94久久精品| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 成人三级黄色视频| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 国产真实伦视频高清在线观看| 亚洲va在线va天堂va国产| 人人妻人人看人人澡| 日韩精品有码人妻一区| 日本黄色片子视频| 日韩人妻高清精品专区| 日本一二三区视频观看| 黄色一级大片看看| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 精品一区二区三区av网在线观看| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕 | 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 91av网一区二区| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说 | 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 最近在线观看免费完整版| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 国产在视频线在精品| 午夜福利在线在线| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 在线a可以看的网站| 日韩强制内射视频| 性欧美人与动物交配| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 色吧在线观看| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 免费一级毛片在线播放高清视频| 悠悠久久av| 精品一区二区免费观看| 十八禁网站免费在线| a级毛片a级免费在线| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看 | 九九在线视频观看精品| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 国产乱人偷精品视频| 综合色丁香网| 亚洲最大成人手机在线| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 亚洲最大成人中文| 最好的美女福利视频网| 99在线人妻在线中文字幕| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久| 成人精品一区二区免费| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 可以在线观看毛片的网站| www.色视频.com| 麻豆av噜噜一区二区三区| 精品一区二区三区人妻视频| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 国产精品乱码一区二三区的特点| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 国产真实乱freesex| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜 | 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区 | 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 一本久久中文字幕| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 看片在线看免费视频| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 99热全是精品| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站 | 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 99久久精品国产国产毛片| 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 亚洲最大成人av| 99热精品在线国产| 黑人高潮一二区| 成年av动漫网址| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| a级毛色黄片| 国产乱人视频| 一进一出抽搐动态| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 日韩亚洲欧美综合| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 久久午夜福利片| 天天一区二区日本电影三级| 亚洲性夜色夜夜综合| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 亚州av有码| 在线播放国产精品三级| 亚洲欧美成人综合另类久久久 | 美女免费视频网站| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 亚洲aⅴ乱码一区二区在线播放| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 嫩草影院精品99| 午夜视频国产福利| 久久久久久大精品| 免费av观看视频| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 中文字幕久久专区| 波多野结衣高清作品| av黄色大香蕉| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 一个人免费在线观看电影| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 亚洲中文字幕一区二区三区有码在线看| 精品久久久久久久末码| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜 | 免费观看精品视频网站| 波多野结衣高清作品| 国产高清三级在线| 亚洲熟妇中文字幕五十中出| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 精品午夜福利在线看| 午夜久久久久精精品| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 少妇丰满av| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 99热全是精品| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 色在线成人网| 欧美中文日本在线观看视频| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 91精品国产九色| 国产精品福利在线免费观看| 亚洲一区高清亚洲精品| 亚洲激情五月婷婷啪啪| 欧美成人a在线观看| av在线亚洲专区| 91久久精品国产一区二区三区| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 麻豆国产97在线/欧美| 精品久久久噜噜| 天堂动漫精品| 国产精品野战在线观看| 97在线视频观看| 赤兔流量卡办理| 长腿黑丝高跟| 日韩一区二区视频免费看| 国产精品三级大全| 国产亚洲精品av在线| 综合色av麻豆| 内射极品少妇av片p| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 国产成人影院久久av| 在线观看66精品国产| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 在线天堂最新版资源| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 12—13女人毛片做爰片一| 别揉我奶头~嗯~啊~动态视频| 国产午夜福利久久久久久| 久久午夜亚洲精品久久| 91久久精品电影网| 午夜激情欧美在线| 无遮挡黄片免费观看| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 美女免费视频网站| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 亚洲自偷自拍三级| 午夜视频国产福利| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 久久6这里有精品| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 在线观看免费视频日本深夜| 欧美色视频一区免费| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 日日啪夜夜撸| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 人妻丰满熟妇av一区二区三区| 久久精品影院6| 国产在线男女| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 久久午夜福利片| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看 | 两个人视频免费观看高清| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| videossex国产| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 99riav亚洲国产免费| 国产极品精品免费视频能看的| 麻豆国产av国片精品| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产亚洲欧美98| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 精品欧美国产一区二区三| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 成人国产麻豆网| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 变态另类成人亚洲欧美熟女| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 99热精品在线国产| 精品一区二区免费观看| 国产日本99.免费观看| 日本黄色视频三级网站网址| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 欧美一级a爱片免费观看看| 国产高清激情床上av| 蜜桃亚洲精品一区二区三区| 日日啪夜夜撸| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 精品免费久久久久久久清纯| 欧美潮喷喷水| 变态另类丝袜制服| 精品国内亚洲2022精品成人| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 男女那种视频在线观看| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 校园春色视频在线观看| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 美女cb高潮喷水在线观看| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 亚洲婷婷狠狠爱综合网| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 久久久国产成人免费| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| 午夜福利成人在线免费观看| 免费电影在线观看免费观看| 看黄色毛片网站| 搡老妇女老女人老熟妇| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 免费看a级黄色片| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 日韩欧美三级三区| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验 | 九九热线精品视视频播放| 中文资源天堂在线| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类| 美女免费视频网站| av在线老鸭窝| 亚洲无线在线观看| 黄色一级大片看看| 在现免费观看毛片| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 亚州av有码| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 欧美成人a在线观看| 欧美区成人在线视频| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 亚洲av免费高清在线观看| 亚洲真实伦在线观看| 亚洲不卡免费看| 天堂√8在线中文| 国产成人一区二区在线| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 嫩草影视91久久| 国产91av在线免费观看| 变态另类丝袜制服| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 国产精华一区二区三区| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 一级毛片我不卡| 在线天堂最新版资源| 禁无遮挡网站| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 舔av片在线| 黄色欧美视频在线观看| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 久久久国产成人精品二区| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区 | 国产av在哪里看| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 2021天堂中文幕一二区在线观| 国产亚洲欧美98| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 国产激情偷乱视频一区二区| 夜夜爽天天搞| 男女啪啪激烈高潮av片| 亚洲图色成人| 日韩强制内射视频| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 午夜激情欧美在线| 精品一区二区免费观看| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验 | 国产91av在线免费观看| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 99久久九九国产精品国产免费| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 神马国产精品三级电影在线观看| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 日本熟妇午夜| 成人av在线播放网站| 久久精品久久久久久噜噜老黄 | 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 九色成人免费人妻av| 日本熟妇午夜| 成人av在线播放网站| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 国产在线男女| 国产精品久久视频播放| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 国产一区亚洲一区在线观看| 久久久久久久久中文| 免费观看人在逋| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 69av精品久久久久久| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 六月丁香七月| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| av视频在线观看入口| 三级经典国产精品| 色噜噜av男人的天堂激情| 99久久无色码亚洲精品果冻| 人妻制服诱惑在线中文字幕| 国产黄色小视频在线观看| 免费看光身美女| 狠狠狠狠99中文字幕| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看 | 天堂动漫精品| 国产精品野战在线观看| 俄罗斯特黄特色一大片| 亚洲最大成人中文| 91久久精品国产一区二区成人| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 校园春色视频在线观看| 综合色av麻豆| 全区人妻精品视频| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 黑人高潮一二区| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 亚洲国产色片| 久久婷婷人人爽人人干人人爱| 97超碰精品成人国产| 久久久久国内视频| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 欧美成人一区二区免费高清观看| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 国产大屁股一区二区在线视频| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 欧美绝顶高潮抽搐喷水| 国产人妻一区二区三区在| www.色视频.com| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 亚洲欧美日韩高清专用| 久久这里只有精品中国| 国产午夜精品论理片| 国产淫片久久久久久久久| 精品国产三级普通话版| 欧美高清成人免费视频www| 国产亚洲精品久久久com| 少妇丰满av| 91在线观看av| 欧美色视频一区免费| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 特级一级黄色大片| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| 日韩精品中文字幕看吧| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| 亚洲18禁久久av| 伦理电影大哥的女人|