逛博物館，成為火出圈的時尚

文/吳海霞

寧波納得美術(shù)館夜游活動現(xiàn)場，由學(xué)術(shù)主持馬善程博士導(dǎo)賞新展。Dr Ma Shancheng from Ningbo University works as a guide for a new exhibition during at a night event in Nart Museum, Ningbo city.

這個暑假哪里最火？不少寧波人會選擇去試開放的周堯昆蟲博物館看切葉蟻，去寧波（鄞州）博物館看恐龍。

在鄞州，這十年，各類博物館拔地而起，逛博物館不僅是一種生活方式，還是一種越來越火出圈的時尚。

愛上一座城，有很多理由，在博物館看到歷史與當(dāng)下，也許就是其中一種。

“中國博物館文化之鄉(xiāng)”鄞州，目前已擁有博物館、美術(shù)館38座，平均每4萬人一座，遠(yuǎn)超發(fā)達(dá)國家水平。博物館群，正一遍遍刷新鄞州文化的高度與厚度。

愛上博物館

哪里博物館最多？

在寧波，這個答案一定是鄞州區(qū)下應(yīng)街道灣底村。

中國插花藝術(shù)館、寧波服裝博物館、鄞州非遺館、旗袍文化會館、千峰越窯青瓷博物館、水墨藝術(shù)館……

一個村的擁有，就是一個鄞州博物館群的生動樣本。

中國插花藝術(shù)館—寧波唯一的國字號民營博物館，也是鄞州首個有生命實物陳列的博物館，帶著露珠的鮮花綠葉成為大師手下的作品，讓部分展陳內(nèi)容常更常新，這里也是集培訓(xùn)、賽事、書畫交流、古琴藝術(shù)等活動于一體的場所。

寧波服裝博物館，省級非遺項目紅幫裁縫技藝的主題館。

鄞州非遺館，幾經(jīng)升級，已經(jīng)成為游客參與體驗、學(xué)生研學(xué)、國際友人了解中國文化的窗口。

此外，旗袍文化、青瓷文化、書畫藝術(shù)……匯聚在不同場館，帶給參觀者不同的體驗與收獲。

鄞州博物館多姿多彩的形態(tài)，豐富多元的視角，開放包容的胸懷，都在一個村的樣本里得以體現(xiàn)。

灣底村博物館群是“中國博物館文化之鄉(xiāng)”的一個縮影。

鄞州的博物館有多美、 有多酷，不去說館藏，單是建筑外觀就能驚艷時光。

中國首位普利茲克建筑獎獲得者王澍設(shè)計的新鄉(xiāng)土主義作品，在寧波一共有4個，其中3個在鄞州，并分別與3個文化場館對應(yīng)：寧波（鄞州）博物館、華茂美術(shù)館和鄞州公園“五散房”之一的李元攝影藝術(shù)館。

簡約而靈動的造型，舊石料與老磚瓦砌成的瓦爿墻，修竹、睡蓮、水系，寄寓鄉(xiāng)愁，也傳達(dá)現(xiàn)代，這是寧波（鄞州）博物館。

四面環(huán)水，有著江南民居清新典雅審美特色的，是寧波華茂美術(shù)館。

參差的瓦爿墻，大跨度坡頂，青磚堆砌立面，在協(xié)調(diào)的色差之中，不同材質(zhì)與造型的拼貼，交錯出雅致清淡的美，這是李元攝影藝術(shù)館。

愛上博物館，其建筑本身就是最美的藏品。

酷炫的場館遠(yuǎn)不止王澍的作品。

7月28日正式開館的周堯昆蟲博物館，圍繞“蝶”主題概念，造型和布局以此展開，兼具昆蟲翅膀的輕薄質(zhì)感，獲得了2021年普羅獎最高榮譽“鉑金獎”；華茂藝術(shù)教育博物館，由享譽全球的葡萄牙國寶級建筑師阿爾瓦羅·西扎設(shè)計，這也是他當(dāng)前設(shè)計的唯一“黑色系”作品，也是國內(nèi)首家以藝術(shù)教育為主題的博物館，已是寧波的“網(wǎng)紅打卡地”，并獲得“2020年度全球最佳建筑”等各類榮譽；堪稱“不可移動文物”的慶安會館，是國家級重點文物保護(hù)單位，會館里蘊藏著各種民俗文化—媽祖文化、船文化、商幫文化，隨處可見的精美石雕、木雕、磚雕，是一座令人目不暇接的雕刻藝術(shù)館……

內(nèi)涵與外觀一樣令人流連忘返。這么多座博物館，各有各的主題，各有各的個性，各有各的氣質(zhì)。其中，非遺類的博物館是較有辨識度的一種類型，除了上文提到的灣底村的插花、寧波服裝、鄞州非遺等外，還有雪菜博物館、甬式家具博物館、金銀彩繡藝術(shù)館、朱金漆木雕博物館、骨木鑲嵌博物館、甬劇博物館等非遺類場館。

同時，在鄞州的博物館中，還有沙孟海書學(xué)館、周堯昆蟲博物館、吳永良美術(shù)館、畢春芳藝術(shù)館、沙氏故居等規(guī)模、層次、定位各不相同，凸顯名人文化品牌的博物館、藝術(shù)館；也有記錄地域文化、歷史變遷的濱海博物館，以及散落在各社區(qū)、各村落居民和村民家門口的“迷你博物館”。

走進(jìn)博物館，就是感受傳統(tǒng)，鏈接現(xiàn)代；走進(jìn)博物館，也是在歷史、文化、科技、自然等知識百科的“終身課堂”接受熏陶。在藝術(shù)審美中沉醉，在文脈傳承中獲得力量，在穿越時空的對話中遇見另一個自己。

寧波華茂美術(shù)館。Huamao Art Museum in Ningbo.

好物拿出來

辦博物館，簡單地說，就是把好物藏起來再拿出來的一個選擇。

鄞州大地上，之所以有那么多博物館、美術(shù)館如雨后春筍般生長，是因為這里本身就有浩如煙海的“人間好物”，越來越多人愿意把它們拿出來、讓社會共享，同時也有能撬動更多參與文化建設(shè)的公共熱情的機制以引導(dǎo)和扶持。

去年底，省文物局公布了《浙江省文博事業(yè)發(fā)展水平評估指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)（2020年度）》，在納入評估的81個區(qū)（縣、市）中，鄞州以94.82分位列全省第一名。

同時，看一組數(shù)據(jù)：鄞州擁有不可移動文物862處，包括古遺址、古墓葬、古建筑、石窟寺及石刻、近現(xiàn)代重要史跡及代表性建筑等，擁有世界文化遺產(chǎn)寧波三江口，海絲申遺點天童寺；國有館藏文物藏品數(shù)93932件/套。

家底之豐厚，足見歷史底蘊之厚重?！爸袊┪镳^文化之鄉(xiāng)”有著優(yōu)秀的傳統(tǒng)基因。

而更多的場館，來自民營。激發(fā)了多少民間資本投入公共文化場館的建設(shè)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)難以計數(shù)，但撬動民間藏家、民營企業(yè)家熱情的，是政府的扶持和引導(dǎo)。

2008年，鄞州涌起民辦博物館熱，積極鼓勵扶持民辦博物館發(fā)展的模式開了全國先河，“中國博物館文化之鄉(xiāng)”就此起步。尤其是近十年，一座座民辦博物館更是如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)。

私人收藏向公眾化轉(zhuǎn)型，以及企業(yè)家投身公共文化事業(yè)提升品牌內(nèi)涵，構(gòu)成了鄞州民間資本熱衷博物館建設(shè)的大背景。

多年來，鄞州探索創(chuàng)新各種政策，鼓勵民辦博物館發(fā)展，涉及資金補助、用地保障、人員配備、搭建各種推廣傳播平臺等。

紫林坊藝術(shù)館是鄞州首家民辦博物館，創(chuàng)辦人是中國工藝美術(shù)大師、國家級非遺項目骨木鑲嵌技藝傳承人陳明偉。他告訴記者，辦這個館的初衷就是希望把寧波的工藝美術(shù)發(fā)揚光大，館內(nèi)有他的收藏和他創(chuàng)作的精品，將傳統(tǒng)技藝之美，傳遞給公眾。

華茂集團(tuán)先后打造華茂美術(shù)館、華茂藝術(shù)教育博物館，其幾十年積累的珍貴藏品是辦館的基礎(chǔ)之一。元明清的文人字畫精品，黃賓虹、徐悲鴻、劉海粟、潘天壽等國內(nèi)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代名家的作品，與提香 · 韋切利奧、菲力比諾 · 利皮等西方大師們的作品一起，展示了美術(shù)館的實力、品格，從而成為本地藝術(shù)愛好者的精神殿堂。

寧波（鄞州）博物館恐龍展。A dinosaur exhibition held at the Ningbo Museum.

其他如魚文化博物館、陶瓷博物館、熨斗錫镴器博物館等，都是民間藏家或者民營企業(yè)家，在政府倡導(dǎo)推動的良好氛圍與風(fēng)尚之下，積極以辦館的形式，把珍藏好物拿出來進(jìn)行展示，并免費向公眾開放，讓它們真正“活起來”。

注入新活力

今年，“5 · 18國際博物館日”的主題是“博物館的力量”。

“博物館有能力改變我們周圍的世界?！?/p>

這樣的能力是怎樣生發(fā)，怎樣強大起來的？

博物館熱的興起，一方面有著中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化自身的魅力，以及增強民族文化自信的意識，另一方面也源于博物館自身的破圈跨界，與更多社會資源鏈接，與年輕群體鏈接，與時尚潮流對話。

從央視的“國寶會說話”節(jié)目到故宮的網(wǎng)紅文創(chuàng)，從蘇州博物館的一票難求到三星堆面具等引發(fā)的各種關(guān)于文物的話題……

突破時空界限，做好“博物館+”新場域，盤活博物館的有形和無形資源，成為讓博物館事業(yè)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的重要引擎。

近十年來，鄞州作出了不少探索。

北京冬奧會期間，在中國工藝美術(shù)館、中國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)館舉行的“中華瑰寶”—中國非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)和工藝美術(shù)展上，紫林坊藝術(shù)館館館長陳明偉的兩件骨木鑲嵌作品亮相。

寧波周堯昆蟲博物館。The Chow Io Entomological Museum in Ningbo.

多年來，陳明偉一手堅持工藝美術(shù)精品創(chuàng)作，黃楊木雕《人參如意》和骨木鑲嵌《萬工床》先后獲得中國民間文藝“山花獎”，一手致力于博物館文創(chuàng)品的推陳出新，先后開發(fā)了骨木鑲嵌文房系列、家具系列等。2020年，他推出了骨木鑲嵌箱包系列，將傳統(tǒng)的元素與現(xiàn)代生活美學(xué)相融合，獲得工藝美術(shù)界專家的贊譽。

另兩家寧波傳統(tǒng)工藝美術(shù)“三金一嵌”技藝主題博物館—金銀彩繡藝術(shù)館和朱金漆木雕博物館，也在服裝、床上用品、工藝品、傳統(tǒng)家具、佛像藝術(shù)等領(lǐng)域開拓了產(chǎn)業(yè)化傳承。

灰雕藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作現(xiàn)代家裝作品、漁船制作與餐具容器結(jié)合、釘碗技藝的瓷板畫、越窯青瓷的虎形筷架……非遺館里的文創(chuàng)產(chǎn)品，同樣受到了人們的歡迎。

在鄞州，開發(fā)和展示文創(chuàng)品，已經(jīng)成為很多博物館的標(biāo)配。

同時，博物館的國際化交流，也讓文物“流”起來、傳起來。寧波（鄞州）博物館與國內(nèi)外眾多博物館合作舉辦過各類高規(guī)格臨展，寧波服裝博物館也與湖北恩施等地開展過結(jié)對辦展及交流。

在暑期，博物館成為研學(xué)活動的熱地。寧波華茂藝術(shù)教育博物館梳理出國潮、版畫、我與大師等八大系列美育課程；寧波納得美術(shù)館推出融入多種藝術(shù)及美學(xué)傳播元素的特色主題夏令營，受到孩子們的歡迎。

在體驗感較強的雪菜博物館、鄞州非遺館、甬式家具博物館等文化場館內(nèi)，時常出現(xiàn)學(xué)生人頭攢動的熱烈場面。鄞州區(qū)文保中心主任金琪軍說：“在文博場館開展研學(xué)，通過專家介紹、課題研究、互動主題游戲、親身體驗等多種形式，可以零距離感受歷史文化的魅力，跟祖先在精神層面進(jìn)行溝通。”

寧波水墨藝術(shù)館、匯港美術(shù)館打通了收藏、拍賣、藝術(shù)品消費等線上線下交易體系；連續(xù)多年在鄞州舉辦的文創(chuàng)設(shè)計大賽，讓來自全國各地的年輕設(shè)計師，將目光投向這些文博場館，設(shè)計、開發(fā)出更多文創(chuàng)品，將鄞州的人文資源更好地傳播并走向市場。

數(shù)字化場景建設(shè)是“博物館+”未來發(fā)展的趨勢。無論是增加數(shù)字文博“沉浸游”、云展覽等線上體驗空間，還是在線下場館之中植入更多數(shù)字技術(shù)，如周堯昆蟲博物館聲光電打造的虛擬體驗區(qū)、互動區(qū)等，都是吸引流量、提升博物館效應(yīng)的途徑。

有傳承，有創(chuàng)新，在鄞州，一個全新的博物館時代正在到來。那一扇扇向公眾打開的線上線下的大門，將為鄞州文化建設(shè)注入新活力。

Visiting Museums: A Fashion for Ningbo Residents

By Wu Haixia

What are the most popular leisure activities this summer? A visit to the Chow Io Entomological Museum for a close-up view of leafcutter ants and a tour of the Ningbo Museum (also known as Yinzhou Museum) for its dinosaur exhibition must have been among the top choices. Over the past decade, Yinzhou district,Ningbo city has seen a growing number of museums. For the locals,visiting museums is not only a way of life, but a cool thing to do.

There are myriads of things that will make one fall in love with a city. Its museums where one can get a true sense of its past and present, for example, are probably such a thing. Yinzhou,known for its rich museum culture in China, is home to 38 museums and art galleries, which equals to one museum for every 40,000 residents, a figure much higher than those of its counterparts in many developed countries. Museum clusters are playing an important part in elevating the district’s cultural caliber.

Where can onefind the most museums in Ningbo? The answer is Yinzhou’s Wandi village whose long list of museums constitutes a great example of museum clusters there. The Chinese Floral Art Museum is the only private museum in Yinzhou prefixed with“Chinese” where blooming flowers and fresh leaves are transformed into intriguing exhibits in the hands of horticultural masters. The museum is also an ideal space for anything from training courses to competitions to art events on calligraphy, painting and(a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family). Another member of the museum cluster is the Ningbo Garment Museum that showcases(literally “red gang”) tailoring techniques, an item on the list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Zhejiang province. The third example is the Yinzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum. A window on Chinese culture, the upgraded museum offers engaging experiences for visitors and makes a fabulous destination for study tours.Furthermore, there are other captivating museums that specialize in various subjects including cheongsam, celadon, calligraphy and painting, all having a lot to offer culture-buffs. The museum cluster in Wandi village is the epitome of the museum culture of Yinzhou that values diversity and inclusion.

寧波李元攝影藝術(shù)館展覽開幕式上，學(xué)生們正在展廳觀賞自己的作品與活動照片。During the opening of an exhibition at the Li Yuan Museum of Photographic Art, children of migrant workers look at their own works and photos.

When it comes to how arresting Yinzhou’s museums are, the museum architecture alone speaks volumes. Ningbo is home to four neo-vernacular buildings designed by Wang Shu, the first Chinese winner of the Pritzker Prize, and three of them are nestled in Yinzhou. Ningbo Museum features wapan masonry facades that are constructed with recycled bricks, tiles and other materials from demolished buildings, a traditional technique common in the area.Besides, the use of bamboo groves, water lilies, and water elements all contribute to a landscape reminiscent of the mountains surrounding the site. The nostalgic, simple yet agile architecture presents a contemporary translation of traditional construction practices. Surrounded by water on all sides, Huamao Art Museum in Ningbo is notable for its(south of the Yangtze River)folk house architectural style characterized by simplicity and elegance, commonly seen in regions along the Yangtze River’s lower reaches. As one of thefive experimental architecture projects in Yinzhou Park, Li Yuan Museum of Photographic Art reflects a distinctive Chinese aesthetic that favors natural materials and simplicity. With unevenwalls, long-span roofs and grey brick facades, the museum demonstrates a harmony of different colors, materials and shapes.

Visitors cannot help but fall in love with the museums in Yinzhou because the architecture there makes a most stunning collection, too. Apart from the designs by Wang Shu, Yinzhou’s museum ensemble includes other amazing ones. The Chow Io Entomological Museum was opened to the public on July 28, 2022.Its butterfly-inspired design has made it one of the five Platinum Pro winners of 2021 Pro+Award. Embodied in the architectural shape and arrangement, the design motif also captures the ultralightweight and delicate characteristics of an insect’s wings. Designed by álvaro Siza Vieira, one of the most celebrated Portuguese architects, the Huamao Museum of Art Education is the only blackcolored construction in his design portfolio and has pocketed many awards including the Best Houses of 2020. Besides, it is China’sfirst museum dedicated to art education. Itsfine reputation, therefore,has turned it into a popular photo spot in Ningbo. The third one is Qing’an Guildhall, an example of immovable cultural relics. A treasure house of varying folklore traditions and dazzling sculptures of different types, the museum has been listed as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level.

Indeed, what is inside Yinzhou museums is as fascinating as how they look from the outside. Among all the museums with varied themes and characteristics, museums focusing on specific intangible cultural heritage elements are the most distinctive. An impressive array of such elements include salted Chinese mustard greens,Ningbo furniture, Ningbo embroidery, Ningbo opera, gold lacquered wood carving, and bone inlay collections. The aforesaid Chinese Floral Art Museum, Ningbo Garment Museum, and Yinzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum all fall into this category.

Further, Yinzhou has a variety of museums and galleries that are dedicated to prominent personages in different fields,showcases of the local culture and history, and aptly named “mini museums” because of their close-to-home location. Museums help us feel connected with traditions, throw light on the present, and nurture our mind with encyclopedic knowledge. They present enchanting artworks and valuable cultural legacies that empower us through dialogues across time and space.

Running a museum, put simply, is making a choice between locking real treasures away from the general public or putting them on display for visitors to marvel at. Why, then, are museums and galleries springing up all over Yinzhou? For one thing, the treasure-packed district boasts an increasing number of residents who are willing to make their priceless artifacts publicly available,and for another, Yinzhou has put in place supportive mechanisms to boost participation in promoting cultural development.

According to “Culture and Museums in Zhejiang: Evaluation Index and Stats of 2020” released by Zhejiang Provincial Cultural Heritage Administration, at the end of 2021, Yinzhou rankedfirst among 81 cities, counties and districts that were placed under assessment. Yinzhou is a depot for 862 immovable cultural relics such as ancient sites, ancient tombs and grotto temples, 2 world heritage sites and 93,932 pieces (sets) of cultural relics in state-owned museums. After a look at the above figures, one will immediately understand that the district, well endowed with cultural treasures,lives up to its reputation of being steeped in museum culture.

In fact, many museums in Yinzhou museums are owned by private entities who have invested massively in building local cultural facilities. The year 2008 saw a private museum boom in Yinzhou whose initiatives of supporting the development of private museums were a good example for other regions in the country. The number of private museums in the district has grown substantially in the last decade. The flourishing can be credited mainly to the local government whose support and guidance have not only steered individual collectors towards being willing to share their collections with the public but also inspired aspiring entrepreneurs to elevate their brands through investment in the cultural sector. For years,Yinzhou has been exploring a vast array of policies to facilitate the development of private museums, ranging from government funding to personnel allocation, provision of exhibition space and establishment of publicity platforms.

According to Chen Mingwei, founder of the Zilinfang Art Gallery, thefirst private museum in Yinzhou, the gallery that houses arts and crafts he has collected and created is meant primarily for the preservation, promotion, and education of local traditional craftsmanship. Huamao Group founded the Huamao Art Museum and the Huamao Museum of Art Education with the precious collections it has procured over decades. The gems of its collection include masterpieces of calligraphers and painters of the Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties (1271-1911), paintings of famed modern Chinese artists, and works of influential western painters like Tiziano Vecellio (Titian) and Filippino Lippi. They are the telling proof of the strengths of the two museums, heaven for local art lovers.

Chen Mingwei and Huamao Group are just two examples among many individual collectors and private enterprises who have, thanks to the support from the local government,transformed private collections into private museums, and in so doing, they have brought ancient treasures to life.

The theme for the International Museum Day 2022, observed on May 18 every year, is “The Power of Museums”, namely,“museums have the power to transform the world around us”.How come museums have such power?

The burgeoning of museums in Yinzhou is, on the one hand,a matter of cultural confidence that originates from China’s broad and profound traditions and, on the other hand, an outgrowth of cross-sector collaboration that pools additional resources, engages young communities and follows trending topics. Cases in point include the program “Every Treasure Tells a Story” by China Central Television (CCTV), the internet-famous cultural products of the Palace Museum, the scramble for Suzhou Museum tickets, and the heated discussions on cultural relics triggered by the mysterious mask unearthed at Sanxingdui, an archaeological site outside Chengdu city.

Yinzhou museums have seen untiring efforts made in creatively utilizing their resources, online and offline, visible and invisible. For instance, Chen Mingwei has devoted years to developing bone inlay cultural products. The two product lines — bone inlay baggage and bone inlay furniture he launched in 2020 — won wide praise.During the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics, two bone inlay artifacts he created were put on display at an exhibition held by China Intangible Cultural Heritage Museum and China National Arts and Crafts Museum. In addition, two local museums that focus on embroidery and gold-lacquered woodcarving respectively have both striven to inject new life into the traditional crafts by turning them into well-received cultural products like clothing, bedding and furniture. Creating and showcasing cultural products that are derived from transitional crafts and ancient relics has become a common practice of Yinzhou museums.

Additionally, the local museums have held international and domestic events to keep their ancient cultural artifacts alive.For example, Ningbo Museum has joined hands with museums inside and outside China in staging a wide variety of exhibitions.The Ningbo Garment Museum has collaborated with local organizations in Enshi city of Hubei province, for exhibitions and other exchange activities.

During the summer vacation this year, museums were among the top destinations for study tours. The Huamao Museum of Art Education offered eight art education programs. The most beloved summer camps of the Nart Museum provided participants with superb experiences that incorporated aesthetic elements into art activities. Moreover, students flocked to those museums featuring hands-on participatory learning. According to Jin Qijun, director of Yinzhou Cultural Relics Protection Center, students experience the charm of local history and culture through assorted activities like study tours, expert lectures, research projects and interactive games designed by these museums.

The Ningbo Ink Art Museum and the Ningbo HKE Art Museum have created trading systems that provide arts collectors and buyers with both online and offline access. Besides, Yinzhou has hosted for many years arts and design competitions that have drawn numerous young designers around the country to design and develop derivative cultural products by drawing on local museums, a practice intended for the marketing of cultural resources in Yinzhou.

Another emerging trend of local museums is to go digital either by providing online visitors with immersive experiences or harnessing virtual technologies to optimize on-site tours.Digitalization is playing a crucial role in attracting more visitors and boosting the value of museums. Yinzhou is ushering in a new era of museums where tradition and innovation are the dual engines of its cultural development.

寧波周堯昆蟲博物館展廳。An exhibition hall of the Chow Io Entomological Museum in Ningbo.