王安石與寧波的故事

文/周東旭

慶歷七年（1047），二十七歲的王安石出任鄞縣縣令。當(dāng)時的鄞縣地域較廣。史料記載，北宋淳化元年，鄞縣地域有十九鄉(xiāng)，即相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的海曙區(qū)、鄞州區(qū)及北侖區(qū)的部分地域。熙寧六年（1073），析蓬萊、安期、富都三鄉(xiāng)另建昌國縣；十年（1077），又析靈巖、太丘、海晏三鄉(xiāng)給定?？h（后稱鎮(zhèn)?？h，今北侖區(qū)）。此后，全縣為十三鄉(xiāng)。

為官一任，造福一方。方志上的記錄只有簡單的數(shù)語：“仁宗慶歷七年（1047）調(diào)知鄞縣，殫心水利，必躬歷其地。邑人王鄞江先生安貧樂道，公師事之。沒則銘其墓。又因孔子廟為學(xué)校，教養(yǎng)縣子弟，請慈溪杜先生醇為師。嘗貸谷與民，令立息以償，俾新陳相易。復(fù)嚴(yán)保伍之法。”但細(xì)推起來，可以概括為王安石在教育、水利、農(nóng)業(yè)、民生等各方面的政策措施，對寧波影響極大。寧波人也經(jīng)常用“治鄞一千天，影響一千年”來形容王安石治鄞，而且留下許多廟宇祭祀王安石，現(xiàn)在也有許多遺跡，據(jù)說是王安石留下的。

縣署與縣學(xué)

鄞縣縣署，自然是縣官老爺辦公的地方?，F(xiàn)在寧波中心城區(qū)海曙區(qū)還有一條叫縣前街的街巷，街北就是海曙區(qū)政府，原來即是鄞縣縣署。不過這里是明清時的鄞縣縣署，據(jù)聞性道《鄞縣志》記載，從唐代大歷間，鄮縣的縣衙正對開明坊，即如今開明街與中山路東西交界的位置。鄮縣在五代后梁開平三年（909）因為梁太祖的祖父名叫朱茂琳，鄮字的音與茂重，需要避諱，乃選用鄞字作為縣名?！伴_明坊，坊在開明橋下，正對縣門?？h門左右，有義井各二。俱見《寶慶志圖》。今為市舍所蔽，無從尋訪。唐大歷間（766—779），自小溪州城移鄮縣于此。長慶間（821—824），并徙州治，而縣仍附郭。后梁開平三年（909）因避其祖諱茂，改鄮為鄞，宋因之。今為城守營守備署?！彼螘r鄞縣縣署，大概在現(xiàn)在的縣前街的東側(cè)。這就是王安石辦公的縣署。

寧波縣學(xué)街。The Xianxue Street in Ningbo city.

皇祐元年（1049）二月，王安石在縣署頒布《善救方》。他在頒行醫(yī)方的序文中稱：“臣等雖賤，實受命治民，不推陛下之恩澤而致之民，則恐得罪于天下而無所辭誅。謹(jǐn)以刻石，樹之縣門外左，令觀赴者自得而不求有司云。”從文章來看，這是一項當(dāng)時朝廷的要求，王安石作為鄞縣地方長官，頒行此醫(yī)方是分內(nèi)之事，他將其刻石于縣門之外，以便士民隨時按需取用。

現(xiàn)在寧波城內(nèi)還有一條縣學(xué)街，縣學(xué)即為鄞縣縣學(xué)，不過不是王安石時代的縣學(xué)，王安石時代的縣學(xué)在縣治邊上。慶歷八年（1048年），王安石將縣治附近建于唐代元和年間的鄞縣孔廟作為學(xué)校，“鄞縣始有縣學(xué)”。鄰縣慈溪于北宋雍熙元年（984）即建慈溪縣學(xué)。王安石任鄞縣令后，羨慕慈溪之文風(fēng)，在《慈溪縣學(xué)記》中說：“天下不可一日而無政教，故學(xué)不可一日而亡于天下?！辈痪茫麆?chuàng)辦了鄞縣的縣學(xué)，并誠邀杜醇等享有盛名的慈溪學(xué)者前來任教。鄞縣作為附廓縣，有明州州學(xué)，就無需鄞縣縣學(xué)，但王安石不這么認(rèn)為。

王安石創(chuàng)辦縣學(xué)，對寧波文化的影響是不可估量的。千年來，甬江流域產(chǎn)生了近3000名進(jìn)士和13位狀元，這在全國也不多見。而在學(xué)術(shù)上，從南宋的楊簡到明清的王陽明、黃宗羲、萬斯同、全祖望，哺育了中國學(xué)術(shù)史上著名的浙東學(xué)派，產(chǎn)生了一批中國早期民主主義的偉大啟蒙者。而這一切，似乎就是從王安石開始的。鄞縣的縣學(xué)在南宋建炎年間毀于兵災(zāi)。嘉定十三年，丞相史彌遠(yuǎn)以舊址湫隘，命守俞建以寶云寺西威果指揮廢營更之，于是，先圣始有殿從祀分列，春秋釋奠禮行。匾其堂曰“養(yǎng)正”；東西設(shè)四齋：曰“觀善”，曰“辨志”，曰“習(xí)說”，曰“敬業(yè)”。后屢圯。新中國成立后，縣學(xué)改為第一醫(yī)院，只?？h學(xué)門樓還在，是現(xiàn)今的一個文保點，雖然不起眼，但曾經(jīng)也是一個龍門。

寧波東錢湖邊紀(jì)念王安石的福應(yīng)廟。Sitting by the Dongqian Lake in Ningbo, the Fuying Temple was built in memory of Wang Anshi.

鼓樓與祖關(guān)山

宋慶歷八年（1048），明州太守王周重修奉國軍樓的刻漏，新上任的鄞縣縣令王安石，特為奉國軍樓的刻漏做了一篇《新刻漏銘》。

戊子王公，始治于明。丁亥孟冬，刻漏具成。追謂屬人，嗟汝予銘。自古在昔，挈壺有職。匪器則弊，人亡政息。其政謂何，弗棘弗遲。君子小人，興息維時。東方未明，自公召之。彼寧不勤，得罪于時。厥荒懈廢，乃政之疵。嗚呼有州，謹(jǐn)哉惟茲。茲惟其中，稗我后思。

刻漏，中國古代科學(xué)家發(fā)明的計時器。漏是指帶孔的壺，刻是指附有刻度的浮箭。有泄水型和受水型兩種。早期多為泄水型漏刻，水從漏壺孔流出，漏壺中的浮箭隨水面下降，浮箭上的刻度指示時間。受水型漏刻的浮箭在受水壺中，隨水面上升指示時間，為了得到均勻水流可置多級受水壺。

這篇短短的銘文，勸人們勤快、努力，不要快也不要慢，珍惜每分每秒。

宋代的奉國軍樓，就是唐代明州子城的南城門。明代重修后，改名為海曙樓，現(xiàn)存建筑是晚清咸豐五年所建，民國時，在樓中間加了機(jī)械鐘，現(xiàn)在依然為寧波人報時。這個建筑，寧波人俗稱鼓樓，是寧波老城中最中心的建筑。是古代城市的標(biāo)志。

祖關(guān)山在城南，現(xiàn)在寧波火站南站的邊上，有一個祖關(guān)山公園。因為天臺宗的高僧知禮法師塔在那里，所以取名為祖關(guān)山，山就是一個低矮的坡，上有崇法院，舊號焚化院。慶歷八年六月十四日，王安石之女（王安石稱女兒為“鄞女”）不幸早夭，十五日，葬于崇法院。鄞女剛滿周歲，異常聰慧，大概王安石也感覺聰慧的孩子不屬于他，他非常悲傷，在離任時，他還專門跟鄞女作別：“行年三十已衰翁，滿眼憂傷只自攻。今夜扁舟來訣汝，死生從此各西東?！?/p>

東錢湖與廣德湖

北宋時的鄞縣東西都有大湖，東為東錢湖，西為廣德湖，王安石主政時都疏浚過。

東錢湖，在鄞縣東二十五里。名字的來歷有兩種說法，一種說是上承錢埭之水，所以名錢湖；另外一種說以有利于老百姓，又叫萬金湖。宋代《寶慶四明志》記載：“在唐曰西湖，蓋鄮縣未徙時，湖在縣治之西也。天寶三年，縣令陸南金開廣之。皇朝屢浚治。周回八十里，受七十二溪之流，四岸凡七堰，曰錢堰，曰大堰，曰莫枝堰，曰高湫堰，曰栗木堰，曰平湖堰，曰梅湖堰，水入則蓄，雨不時則閘而放之，鄞、定海七鄉(xiāng)之田資其灌溉?！?/p>

東錢湖的東南兩面依山，西北毗鄰平原，東西寬6.5公里，南北長8.5公里，環(huán)湖周長45公里，湖面積19.89平方公里，是浙江省最大的淡水湖泊。西部以師姑山，笠大山為界，稱谷子湖；東北以五里塘為界，稱梅湖；其余大部分稱外湖。

廣德湖，又名罌脰湖，因其形狀如盛酒器罌脰而得名。廣德湖在今海曙區(qū)內(nèi)，但在北宋末廢湖為田，其大概的范圍是北到高橋，南到桂林俞家，東到聯(lián)豐新村，西到橫街靠山腳的地方，中心是現(xiàn)在的集士港鎮(zhèn)。

封建時代，農(nóng)業(yè)水利是最為地方官員關(guān)心的，王安石在任上，對東錢湖與廣德湖都進(jìn)行了疏浚，清除湖中的葑草，劃定湖的界線，不讓目光短淺的富戶占湖為田。雖然歷代地方官都做過相應(yīng)的工作，但王安石的工作更為突出，所以現(xiàn)在的錢湖邊，既塑了王安石的像，也有以安石命名的路，更有好幾個祭祀王安石的廟。這些都在默默訴說著曾經(jīng)的大宋宰相青年時期兢兢業(yè)業(yè)、腳踏實地的累累業(yè)績。

寧波東錢湖畔的國際會議中心。The International Convention Center by the Dongqian Lake in Ningbo.

Wang Anshi and His Stories in Ningbo

By Zhou Dongxu

In 1047, Wang Anshi (1021-1086), only 27 years old at the time, who would later become one of the most prominent politicians in the Song dynasty (860-1279), took up the position of magistrate in Yin county, which according to historical records was quite expansive in land at the time. It was roughly equal in area to the present-day Haishu district, Yinzhou district and part of Beilun district, all in Ningbo city.

As the county magistrate, Wang was supposed to do his best to serve the place, and he did what was expected of him and more.The official local gazetteer wrote of him, “In the seventh year of Qingli during the reign of Renzong Emperor of Song, Wang was appointed county magistrate of Yin county. He saw to it himself that the water and irrigation system be improved. He humbly asked for advice from a local gentleman and wrote epitaph for him after the gentleman passed away. He also established an academy in the county so that local children could receive education.”

All in all, Wang rolled out a series of measures in education,water management, agriculture, among others, to help improve the local people’s livelihood. Indeed, some argue that these policies were the precursors to the New Policies that he would later push through throughout the entire Song territory. Wang’s impact on Ningbo is such that local people often speak of his “staying in Yin for one thousand days, influencing it for one thousand years”.Indeed, in many temples, Wang is still worshipped and many historical sites are closely related to him.

On the north side of the Xianqian (literally “county government front”) Street in Haishu district, stands the district government office building, the site of which used to be the Yin county government office during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing(1616-1911) dynasties. During the Song period, when Wang Anshi oversaw the county, his office, which no longer exists, sat on the east side of the street. In 1049, Wang wrote a preface for the(a collection of prescriptions commissioned by the emperor), and had the whole book engraved on stone outside the government office, so that more people could know and access it without having to apply through authorities.

In Ningbo, there is also a Xianxue (literally “county academy”)Street. In the city’s First Hospital, there is an old and ancient gate,the Lingxing Gate, which is the only remaining structure of the Confucius Temple in Yin county. When Wang came to the place,there had been no county academy. Admiring the neighboring Cixi county for its county academy and good education, he turned the Confucius Temple built in the Tang dynasty (618-907) near the county government into an academy, thefirst official one in the county. The impact could never be underestimated. Over the past thousand years, the number of people in this area who obtained the jinshi title, the highest degree in China’s imperial examinations, reached nearly 3,000, 13 of whom were top scorers,a rare accomplishment across China.

刻漏。Ke Lou, a traditional Chinese water clock.

Throughout history, Ningbo’s Drum Tower not only served as the south gate of its inner city, but also as the center of its outer city. It was alternatively known as the Qiao Tower, the Wanghaijun Gate (Tower), the Fengguojun Gate (Tower).

In 1048, the prefect of Mingzhou (present-day Ningbo)decided to rebuild the Fengguojun Tower, and on the occasion when the new tower was unveiled, Wang dedicated a piece specially for its, a traditional Chinese water clock.

In the “Epigraph on the New”, he exhorted the public to cherish every minute and work hard. He also wrote, “dealing with government affairs should be like the, neither too fast nor too slow.” Many have interpreted the epigraph as Wang expressing his ambitions to institute the reforms of the New Policies some 20 years later. Today, the Drum Tower, standing at the very center of Ningbo’s Old Town, still rings out time for the public.

In the southern part of the city, next to Ningbo South Railway Station, there is a Zuguan Mountain Park. While it is called a mountain, the place is more like a small hill or a big mound where Buddhist monks, prominent families as well as common people buried their deceased family members. It is also the place where Wang Anshi bade farewell to his beloved daughter,who was only a year old and died on the fourteenth day of the sixth lunar month in 1048. For the bereaved Wang Anshi, it was as if his daughter had never meant to belong to the place. As he left his magistrate office in Yin county for the capital to the west in 1050, Wang visited her grave once again and penned down the following poem in grief:

During the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127), two lakes, the Dongqian Lake and the Guangde Lake, were located on the eastern and western parts of Yin county respectively. When Wang Anshi was the magistrate, he had ordered the dredging of both lakes.

The Dongqian Lake is the largest freshwater lake in Zhejiang province, with a width of 6.5 kilometers from east to west and a length of 8.5 kilometers from north to south. The circumference of the lake is 45 kilometers, and the lake covers an area of 19.89 square kilometers. It is bounded by Shigu Mountain and Lida Mountain in the west — this part is called the Guzi Lake. It is bounded by Wulitang in the northeast and is called the Meihu Lake in that part. The rest parts of the Dongqian Lake are known as the Outer Lake.

The Guangde Lake is alternatively known as the Yingdou Lake, as it resembles the shape of a yingdou, a type of ancient wine vessel. The lake was situated in today’s Haishu district, but at the end of the Northern Song dynasty, it had been reclaimed and turned into farmland.

In ancient times, local officials were most concerned about agriculture and water conservancy. Wang Anshi’s dredging work on the Dongqian Lake and the Guangde Lake had undoubtedly significantly improved the livelihood of the local population, as statues of him had been built around the lake, roads were named after him and temples dedicated to him.

寧波三江口，甬江、姚江、奉化江在這里匯聚。肖奕叁/攝The Sanjiangkou in Ningbo, where the Yong River, the Yao River and the Fenghua River con fluence. Photo by Xiao Yisan.