西海云長 民族融合

文/陳架運 陸芳芳

青海省海西州都蘭縣海寺花海。Sea of flowers at Dulan county, Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Qinghai province.

絲綢之路是人類歷史上的一個重要通道，為東西方文明的交融、人類文明的進步作出了巨大貢獻。

絲綢之路并不是一條固定不變的、單一的道路，它是一張鮮活的、錯綜復雜的路網；它也并非一直暢通無虞，受戰(zhàn)爭、政權更迭、氣候變遷等因素影響，在不同的歷史時期，其發(fā)展的重點與走向也不相同。

本屆“2022絲綢之路周”特別邀請了青海省作為主賓省，同時，在中國絲綢博物館推出以絲綢之路青海道為主題的“西海長云：6—8 世紀絲綢之路青海道”大展，吸引了無數參觀者，成為活動一大亮點。

說起“絲綢之路”，人們往往會聯想到“河西走廊”，但其實從益州（今四川成都）到西域有一條通行歷史悠久、幾乎與河西走廊并行的道路—青海道。在十六國時期，河西走廊的交通常因戰(zhàn)亂而中斷，青海道便承擔起了作為東西交通樞紐的重任。由此，當時的青海道是文化交流的十字路口，在各民族間的文化交流中起到了舉足輕重的作用。

可以這么說，青海道在相當的一段歷史時期內，地位并不遜于“河西走廊”；20世紀80年代開始青海道上的眾多重大考古發(fā)現，尤其是都蘭寶地的文明遺跡，更是驚艷世界。而如今的青海道，不僅有飽經風霜后沉淀下來的深厚歷史人文底蘊，更在來自各地援建隊伍、文化考古專家們的支持、幫助下，煥發(fā)著勃勃生機，在西部大發(fā)展中扮演著重要角色。

古代絲綢之路上的青海道與民族融合

青海道的開拓歷史悠久，最早可以追溯到新石器時代晚期?？脊艑W家在青海發(fā)現的大量如馬家窯文化和齊家文化遺存表明，當時以湟水流域為中心，青海地區(qū)已有交通路線通往西域和中原，因此也有學者建議此時應叫“玉石之路”。秦漢時期，這段道路稱為“羌中道”，雖然相對不那么顯赫，但是很多故事都早早地與它產生了似有似無的微妙聯系。張騫第一次出使西域時，在大夏（今阿富汗）見到來自身毒（今印度河流域一帶）的蜀布與邛竹杖，回程時為避免匈奴攔截，就選擇繞道青海。

唐代著名詩人李賀有一首詩，生動再現了古絲綢之路青海道：“天含青海道，城頭月千里?！鼻嗪５烙兄眠h的歷史，一直商旅不絕，但在大多數歷史時期，它只是作為絲綢之路的輔道而存在。然而，事實上，興盛期的青海道具有與河西走廊線同等重要的樞紐地位，甚至一度超過了河西走廊，發(fā)揮了主道的作用。

它的鼎盛時期是在南北朝。此時的青海道，也稱“吐谷渾道”“河南道”（指經青海貴德、循化的黃河以南地區(qū)，也指南北朝時期吐谷渾王國封地），這與吐谷渾民族崛起的歷史息息相關。

吐谷渾民族是公元4世紀初至7世紀中葉對西北地區(qū)尤其是青海歷史產生了極為深遠的影響的一個重要民族，它所建的政權前后存在了350年?！巴鹿葴啞痹瓰檫|西鮮卑慕容部首領涉歸的庶出長子之名，公元4世紀初，因爭奪馬場而與兄弟失和，他率其部跋涉萬里從遼河流域來到了西北的甘青地區(qū)。遷徙到西北以后，吐谷渾部征服了原本在當地占主導地位的羌族部落，在與當地羌、氏、漢、匈奴等族長期共同生活與互相交往的過程中，逐漸融合形成為吐谷渾族。

吐谷渾依托控制絲綢之路青海道的優(yōu)勢，一直充當著絲綢之路青海道上中西客商的向導、保護者，以及貿易中繼人和翻譯的角色，使其聯結起南朝與西域間的政治、經濟和文化，一度發(fā)揮了中西陸路交通主干道東段主線的作用。

1.[唐]鎏金銀鳳鳥。都蘭縣博物館藏。 2.[唐]綠松石金耳墜。都蘭縣博物館藏。 3.[唐]金耳飾。都蘭縣博物館藏。 4.[唐]金盅座。都蘭縣博物館藏。1. Gilt silver phoenix (Tang), collected at the Dulan County Museum. 2. Gold earrings with turquoise stones (Tang), collected at the Dulan County Museum.3. Gold earrings (Tang), collected at the Dulan County Museum.4. Gold cup holder (Tang), collected at the Dulan County Museum.

直至今日，以這一時期為代表的西域與中原使者、商人、僧侶頻繁往來其間的文獻記載不勝枚舉。此外，西寧市區(qū)內發(fā)現的在中世紀的中亞和西亞占有國際貨幣地位的波斯薩珊王朝銀幣，以及都蘭縣香日德出土的羅馬拜占庭時期金幣，都能證明這一時期青海道的繁榮狀況。

公元6世紀，興起于青藏高原的吐蕃民族勢力擴張，于663年徹底攻滅吐谷渾國。吐蕃為加強對吐谷渾王的籠絡與控制，在原吐谷渾故地以和親形式，強化與吐谷渾王族的甥舅關系，授吐谷渾王承襲“莫賀”之號，統轄吐谷渾各部。但大量吐谷渾人依然生活在青海湖西一帶，許多吐谷渾貴族在吐蕃的統治下，依然經營和守護著絲綢之路的青海道，這條道依然可以稱為吐谷渾道。安史之亂后，吐蕃控制了青海大部分地區(qū)，此時，吐谷渾道和唐蕃古道同時成為絲綢之路青海道的最為重要的絲路干線。

此后，宋、金、西夏、蒙古汗國、明、清相繼統治青海地區(qū)，該地呈現出多民族聚居、多種宗教并存發(fā)展的格局。在各個歷史時期，羌、鮮卑、吐谷渾、吐蕃等各民族人民都積極參與了青海道的開發(fā)、維護和利用。中華民族和中華文化正是在這種持續(xù)不斷的民族和文化的交流融合中得以形成和繁盛。

青海道上最閃耀的焦點是熱水

如果說古絲綢之路上，青海道彰顯著重要的作用，那么，在青海道上，都蘭熱水就是最閃耀的焦點。

1982年5月，考古專家許新國在夜間調查巖畫，偶然發(fā)現了雄偉壯觀的墓葬封土堆，尤其是被當地人稱為“九層妖樓”的“熱水一號大墓”最為不凡，自此掀開了都蘭熱水，即吐谷渾—吐蕃時期（6—8世紀）大型墓葬群的考古序幕。

隨后的數十年里，除了青海省考古研究所持續(xù)發(fā)掘，北京大學和中國社會科學院考古研究所等各個專業(yè)團隊也陸續(xù)加入熱水考古隊伍。經過一代又一代考古人艱苦卓絕、耕耘不綴的努力，這一青海境內面積最大、保存最多的墓葬群成果不斷涌現。

追隨著吐谷渾西遷的腳步，今人找到了“都蘭”（蒙古語意為“溫暖”），一個隸屬于青海省海西州，柴達木盆地東南邊緣的小縣城。而千年前的都蘭，是絲綢之路古青海道上的重鎮(zhèn)，是吐谷渾—吐蕃統治時期的腹心之地。

彼時，絲路繁華，王朝鼎盛；千年后，都蘭境內依然留存珍寶無數。出土的金銀器、美玉寶石、絲綢、漆器、金銀外幣不計其數，精美程度為世所罕見。許新國對自己在1982至1985年主持挖掘都蘭血渭一號墓的情景仍然記憶猶新：“那次我們出土最多的就是各種絲綢，像是金錦、緙絲、嵌合組織顯花綾、素綾、絣錦等共計350件殘片，不重復圖案的有130多種，其中112種為中原織造，18件為中亞、西亞織造。那件中古波斯使用的缽羅婆文字錦尤為珍貴，織錦上的文字后來由德國哥廷根大學的專家破譯，意為‘王中之王，偉大的，光榮的’。”

這些珍寶有日用品，也有飾品，工藝精湛，藝術價值極高，展現了波斯、希臘、吐蕃、吐谷渾等多元文化風格。如體現吐蕃時期貴族日常生活的人物金片、充滿動感和游牧風情的金奔鹿、手持西方來通杯的人身魚尾金片、薩珊波斯風格的瑪瑙十二曲長杯、飛傳贊普聞的金鳳鳥，等等。集天地之精華，吸收東西方之美學，它們是真正的物之華、天之寶，生動重現了東西方物資交流、文化交融的盛況。

1983年，熱水一號大墓被評為“全國六大考古新發(fā)現”。1997年，都蘭吐蕃墓群被評為“1996年全國十大考古新發(fā)現”。2021年，青海都蘭熱水墓群2018血渭一號墓發(fā)掘入選“2020年度全國十大考古新發(fā)現”；都蘭熱水墓群入選中國“百年百大考古發(fā)現”。值得一提的是，2018血渭一號墓是熱水墓群乃至青藏高原上發(fā)現的布局最完整、結構最清晰、形制最復雜的高等級墓葬之一，是中國古代陵墓制度考古的重大發(fā)現。其中發(fā)現的墓園祭祀建筑、殉牲坑、五神殿的墓室結構、壁畫、彩棺，還有出土的大量精美文物等，對研究唐（吐蕃）時期熱水地區(qū)的葬制葬俗及唐朝時期與少數民族關系史、絲綢之路交通史、物質文化交流史等相關問題具有重要價值。棺床、主墓室東西兩壁用涂紅彩的斗栱構件裝飾、五色石、大量絲織物等都帶有明顯中原文化特征，充分證明了絲綢之路青海道的物質文化交流盛況，體現了中原文化強大的輻射力及影響力，反映了中華文明由多元到一體的歷史演變過程。

熱水一號大墓上拍攝的血渭一號墓。李嬌儼/攝The No. 1 tomb at Xuewei cemetery. Photo by Li Jiaoyan.

“之江水”流入青海道是東西部合作典范

2022年，不僅是都蘭熱水考古40周年，也是第四批浙江援青干部千里援建都蘭結碩果的一年。如何讓更多人知道青海都蘭的名字，了解到熱水墓群在絲路上的重要性？這些問題始終縈繞在浙江駐都蘭援青干部們的心中。經濟援建，援青干部們早有規(guī)劃并胸有成竹，但是要把無形的文化援青工作做得精彩，則成為需要他們不斷摸索探路的新課題。

浙江省境內最大的河流錢塘江，因江流曲折，被稱之為“之江”。新時代推進西部大開發(fā)形成新格局，對于推動西部地區(qū)高質量發(fā)展、決勝全面建成小康社會、開啟全面建設社會主義現代化國家新征程具有重要意義。這幾年來，浙江對口援助青海海西州，在都蘭所在的海西州設立了援青指揮部，讓“之江水”源源不斷地“流”向海西州。同時，在文物考古領域，浙江的學術機構和學者很早就和青海特別是與都蘭開展了密切合作。

2022年7月12日，“絲路上的都蘭：熱水考古40周年回顧”展覽在都蘭縣博物館開幕。展覽由中國絲綢博物館策劃，以熱水墓群為主體，以考古發(fā)掘為時間脈絡，分設“艱辛歷程”“煌煌印記”“碩果累累”“重大意義”四大單元，從考古過程、考古成果、學術研究三個角度出發(fā)，聚焦墓葬形制、棺板畫、絲織品、金銀器、藏文木牘等多元文物資源，回顧了40年來都蘭境內與吐谷渾—吐蕃文化遺存相關的考古發(fā)掘過程，展現熱水墓群考古對絲綢之路青海道研究、中國多民族多元一體發(fā)展的重大意義。其中，還特別展出了由國絲技術部修復的元代海青衣。

當看到都蘭人攜家?guī)Э谠谡构袂凹毤毿蕾p、專家學者凝神研究、各地游客驚嘆連連、青海道的名字一次次出現、璀璨奪目的都蘭珍寶秒殺無數菲林時，青?？脊湃?、浙江援青干部、文博策展方、文物修復者的心中滿是喜悅與感動：能為千年絲綢之路青海道上的珍貴文化遺存再現榮光而盡一份心，能為在世界面前呈現出都蘭的多元文化交融、絲綢之路上的文化共榮而出一份力，是活在當下的國人之幸。

日落昆侖，長云親吻了雪山，風輕擁著青海湖，心中有愛的文明綿亙萬里，不會逝去。

青海省海西州都蘭縣博物館。The Dulan County Museum.

Ethnic Integration along the Qinghai Path

By Chen Jiayun Lu Fangfang

The Silk Roads, important passages in history which have made great contributions to the integration of Eastern and Western civilizations and the progress of human civilization, are not fixed, singular routes, but a series of lively and intricate road networks; it is not always smooth, but affected by factors such as war, regime change and climate change, the focus and direction of its development are also different in different historical periods.

We tend to think of the Hexi Corridor as the Silk Road,but in fact, there is a long-standing road from Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan) to the Western Regions, almost parallel to the Hexi Corridor — the Qinghai Path. During 304-439, the traffic of the Hexi Corridor was usually interrupted by wars, making the Qinghai Path a major east-west transportation hub. Lying at the crossroads of cultural exchanges at that time, it played an important role in ethnic exchanges.

The major archaeological discoveries there since the 1980s,especially the cultural relics of Dulan, are amazing to the world.Today’s Qinghai Path not only has a profound historical and cultural heritage accumulated after tribulations, but also, with the support, assistance and care of construction aid teams and archaeological experts from all over China, it is radiating vigor and vitality in the future development of the western region.

The development of Qinghai can be traced back to the late Neolithic Age. A large number of remains such as Majiayao culture and Qijia culture discovered there show that with the Huangshui River Basin as the center, Qinghai area had traffic routes leading to the Western Regions and the Central Plains, which some scholars suggested to be called the “Jade Road”. In 221BC-220AD,this road was called the Qiangzhong Path. Although it was less prominent, many stories had early and subtle connections with it.When Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions for the first time,he saw in Bactria (now Afghanistan) Sichuan cloth and bamboo sticks coming from Sindhu (now the Indus Valley), and he chose to detour via Qinghai to avoid interception by the Xiongnu nomads on his return journey.

The Qinghai Path has a long history for commerce and travel,but in most historical periods, it only served as an auxiliary part of the Silk Roads. However, the Qinghai Path in its prosperous period was as important as the Hexi Corridor, or even more so for a time. The first heyday was in 420-589, when the Qinghai Path was known as “Tuyuhun Path” or “Henan Path” (referring to the fiefdom of the Tuyuhun Kingdom, i.e. the area south of the Yellow River through Guide and Xunhua in Qinghai), due to the rise of the Tuyuhun ethnic group, which had a profound impact on the history of Northwest China from the early 4th century to the mid-7th century. Tuyuhun was originally the name of a leader of the Murong clan of Xianbei in western Liaoning. In the early 4th century, he broke up with his brother and led his troops to travel thousands of miles to Northwest China. He conquered the Qiang tribe that was dominant in the local area, and living together and interacting with the local Qiang, Yuezhi, Han, Xiongnu and other tribes, they gradually merged to form the Tuyuhun tribe.

Taking advantage of their control of the Silk Roads, Tuyuhun acted as a guide, protector, trade relay and translator for Chinese and Western merchants. To this day, there are numerous records of the frequent exchanges between the envoys, merchants and monks from the Western Regions and the Central Plains. The Sassanid silver coins of Persia, an international currency in Central Asia and West Asia in the Middle Ages, found in Xining, capital city of Qinghai, and the Byzantine gold coins unearthed in Xiangride township, Dulan county, can all prove the prosperity of the Qinghai Path during this period.

In the 6th century, the Tibet nationality from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau expanded to completely conquer the Tuyuhun state in 663. In order to strengthen control of the Tuyuhun king, Tibet consolidated the relationship with the Tuyuhun royal family in the form of a marriage, and granted the Tuyuhun king to inherit the title of “Mohe” in the former Tuyuhun homeland and govern all the Tuyuhun tribes. However, a large number of Tuyuhun people still lived in the west of Qinghai Lake. Many Tuyuhun nobles still operated and guarded the Qinghai Path under the Tibetan rule. This road could thus still be called the Tuyuhun Path. After the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), the Tibetans even controlled most of Qinghai.

吐谷渾時期棺板畫。Drawings on coffin planks, dated to the Tuyuhun period.

Afterwards, successive dynasties ruled the Qinghai area, which presented a pattern of multi-ethnic settlement and coexistence of various religions. In various historical periods, people of all ethnic groups such as Qiang, Xianbei, Tuyuhun, and Tibetans actively participated in the development of the Qinghai Path. The Chinese nation and Chinese culture were formed and prospered in this continuous exchange and integration of nationalities and cultures.

Therefore, the greatest contribution of the Silk Roads to human civilization lay in the communication between different countries and different ethnic groups, promoting the two-way cultural exchanges between the East and the West. The integration and interaction between the ethnic groups ultimately constituted the general pattern of openness and inclusiveness of the Chinese civilization.

Reshui in Dulan was the most shining focus on the Qinghai Path. In May 1982, archaeologist Xu Xinguo was investigating rock paintings at night and accidentally discovered majestic sealed mounds. “Reshui No. 1 Tomb”, known as the “nine-story demon tower” by the locals, was the most extraordinary. And thus opened the archaeological prelude of the Tuyuhun-Tibetan period (6th-8th century) large-scale tomb group in Dulan. In the following decades, continuous excavations of the largest and best-preserved tomb group in Qinghai continued to reveal Dulan (meaning“warmth” in Mongolian), a small county located in Qinghai’s Haixi Mongolian and Tibetan autonomous prefecture, as a major town on the ancient Qinghai Path a thousand years ago.

Over a thousand years later, countless treasures still remain in Dulan. The unearthed gold and silver ware, jade and precious stones, silk, lacquerware, and foreign gold and silver coins are innumerable and exceptionally exquisite. Xu still remembers the scene when he presided over the excavation of Xuewei No. 1 Tomb in Dulan from 1982 to 1985: “Most articles we found were silk pieces, such as gold brocade, ko-ssu, and interlaced pattern twill damask, simple twill damask and ikat brocade. There are a total of 350 broken pieces of silk, in over 130 kinds of non-repeating patterns, of which 112 were woven in the Central Plains, and 18 in Central Asia and West Asia. The Balaba script brocade used in medieval Persia is especially precious, with the text on the tapestry later deciphered by experts at the University of G?ttingen in Germany as meaning ‘the king of kings, the great, the glorious’.”

These treasures include daily necessities and accessories,with exquisite craftsmanship and high artistic value, showing the multicultural styles of Persia, Greece, Tibet and Tuyuhun,for example, sequins of characters embodying the daily life of aristocrats in the Tibetan period, golden deer in a dynamic and nomadic style, sequins of mermaid holding a rhyton, the agate cup in Sasanian Persian style, the golden phoenix flying to report to the Tibetan king, and so on.