黃強(qiáng) 宋睿 郭常敏 張彬 劉靚懿
[摘要] 目的 觀察胃復(fù)安對(duì)腹腔鏡闌尾切術(shù)后胃腸道功能恢復(fù)的臨床效果。方法? 選取2021年1~7月四川省色達(dá)縣人民醫(yī)院行腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)的患者60例,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組各30例。對(duì)照組術(shù)后僅給予常規(guī)抗感染、抑酸、補(bǔ)液等治療;觀察組在上述治療的基礎(chǔ)上加用胃復(fù)安。以胃腸功能如首次聞及腸鳴音、肛門(mén)首次排氣排便等作為觀察指標(biāo),記錄數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)比較,評(píng)價(jià)胃復(fù)安對(duì)腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)的臨床療效。結(jié)果? 觀察組患者術(shù)后首次聞及腸鳴音時(shí)間、首次排氣時(shí)間、首次排便時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥總發(fā)生率比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。但觀察組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐、腹脹例數(shù)少于對(duì)照組。結(jié)論? 胃復(fù)安可加速腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后患者胃腸功能的恢復(fù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃復(fù)安;急性闌尾炎;腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù);胃腸功能
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R656.8? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2022)16-0086-03
Clinical observation on the efficacy of metoclopramide in accelerating gastrointestinal function recovery after laparoscopic appendectomy
HUANG Qiang1 SONG Rui1 GUO Changmin1 ZHANG Bin2 LIU Liangyi3
1.Department of Emergency Medicine, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu? ?611130, China; 2.Department of Surgery, Seda People's Hospital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Seda 626600, China; 3.Department of Gastroenterology, the People's Hospital of Chongzhou City, Chongzhou? ?611230, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal function recovery after laparoscopic appendectomy (LA). Methods A total of 60 eligible patients who underwent LA from January 2021 to July 2021 were selected as subjects of the clinical study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomly divided into the control group and the observation group, with 30 patients in each group. The control group was given conventional anti-infection, acid suppression and rehydration therapy after surgery, while the observation group was treated with metoclopramide on the basis of conventional treatment. The time of first audible borborygmus, time of first anal exhaust, time of first defecation, as well as the incidence of nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and constipation were observed and recorded for statistical analysis to evaluate the clinical efficacy of metoclopramide on gastrointestinal function recovery after LA. Results The time of first audible borborygmus, time of first anal exhaust, time of first defecation and days of hospital stay in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the total incidence of postoperative complications. However, the number of cases of postoperative nausea, vomiting and abdominal distension in the observation group was less than that in the control group. Conclusion Metoclopramide can accelerate the recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing LA.
[Key words] Metoclopramide; Acute appendicitis; Laparoscopic appendectomy; Gastrointestinal function
急性闌尾炎是一種常見(jiàn)的胃腸道疾病,每年每100 000人中有5.7~57.0人受到影響,終生累積發(fā)病率為9%[1,2]。急性闌尾炎也是導(dǎo)致患者到急診室就診的急腹癥中最常見(jiàn)原因之一。腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)是一種廣泛使用的外科手術(shù),也是治療急性闌尾炎的最有效的手術(shù)治療方法,與開(kāi)腹闌尾切除術(shù)(open appendectomy,OA)相比,減少術(shù)后疼痛和并發(fā)癥,從而縮短住院時(shí)間和恢復(fù)時(shí)間[3~5]。腹部手術(shù)后,常會(huì)因胃腸功能恢復(fù)延遲造成惡心、嘔吐、腹脹、排氣排便延遲等癥狀[6]。胃腸功能的及早恢復(fù)是患者快速康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵。胃復(fù)安為多巴胺受體拮抗劑,是一種價(jià)格低廉的促進(jìn)胃腸動(dòng)力藥物,可有效增加胃腸道的運(yùn)動(dòng)[7,8]。本文旨在探討胃復(fù)安能否加速腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)后胃腸道功能恢復(fù),現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取四川省色達(dá)縣人民醫(yī)院2021年1~7月在全麻下行腹腔鏡下闌尾切除術(shù)的急性闌尾炎患者60例,隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組各30例。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]見(jiàn)表1,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見(jiàn)表2。兩組患者在性別、年齡分布、病理分型分布、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(術(shù)前及術(shù)后第2、4天)、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量方面比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表3~4。本研究經(jīng)四川省色達(dá)縣人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審批通過(guò)。
1.2 方法
①兩組術(shù)后均禁食禁飲、臥床休息,于常規(guī)排氣或排便后再準(zhǔn)予進(jìn)食進(jìn)飲。
②對(duì)照組術(shù)后僅給予常規(guī)抗感染、抑酸、補(bǔ)液等治療;觀察組在常規(guī)治療的基礎(chǔ)上,加用胃復(fù)安(遂成藥業(yè)股份有限公司,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H41021179,規(guī)格:1 ml∶10 mg)治療。①≥6且≤14歲患者:胃復(fù)安5 mg iv q12h,連用2 d;②>14且≤60歲患者:胃復(fù)安10 mg iv q12h,連用2 d。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
①術(shù)前白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)由邁瑞B(yǎng)C-5180CRP全自動(dòng)血液分析儀測(cè)定)。
②術(shù)中相關(guān)情況:手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、闌尾炎病理分型[急性單純性闌尾炎、急性化膿性闌尾炎、急性穿孔性(壞疽性)闌尾炎、闌尾周?chē)撃[][10]。
③術(shù)后指標(biāo):術(shù)后第2、4天白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),術(shù)后首次聞及腸鳴音時(shí)間(由值班醫(yī)師間隔1~2 h對(duì)患者腹部進(jìn)行聽(tīng)診,時(shí)間不少于5 min)、肛門(mén)首次排氣時(shí)間、首次排便時(shí)間、住院天數(shù)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后的并發(fā)癥包括惡心、嘔吐、腹脹、切口感染、水電解質(zhì)酸堿平衡紊亂、低蛋白血癥、失血性貧血等。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者胃腸功能恢復(fù)情況、住院時(shí)間比較
觀察組術(shù)后的首次聞及腸鳴音時(shí)間、首次排氣時(shí)間、首次排便時(shí)間、住院天數(shù)明顯短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),說(shuō)明術(shù)后使用胃復(fù)安有助于胃腸功能的恢復(fù),從而降低住院天數(shù)。見(jiàn)表5。
2.2 兩組的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較
兩組術(shù)后均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重水電解質(zhì)酸堿平衡紊亂、低蛋白血癥、失血性貧血等并發(fā)癥,對(duì)照組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)惡心4例,嘔吐1例,腹脹3例,便秘1例,傷口感染2例,觀察組術(shù)后出現(xiàn)惡心2例,嘔吐0例,腹脹1例,便秘1例,傷口感染2例。兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率分別為36.67%(11/30)和20.00%(6/30)。因樣本量較少,在并發(fā)癥的比較中,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。但觀察組在使用胃復(fù)安后,出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐、腹脹例數(shù)少于對(duì)照組。見(jiàn)表6。
3 討論
急性闌尾炎是患者急診室就診最常見(jiàn)的急腹癥之一,通常需要急診手術(shù)治療。腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)(LA)已成為治療急性闌尾炎的最有效的手術(shù)治療方法[3]。因手術(shù)打擊所引起的神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制、免疫介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)機(jī)制以及藥理學(xué)機(jī)制相關(guān)等原因,可造成胃腸功能短暫?jiǎn)适В瑖?yán)重者可造成術(shù)后麻痹性腸梗阻[6]。有調(diào)查顯示,闌尾切除術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率為3.0%~28.7%[1],雖然死亡率低,但會(huì)增加住院天數(shù)。
加速康復(fù)外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)計(jì)劃是多學(xué)科、多模式的護(hù)理途徑。最初是由Henrik Kehlet教授在1997年提出,旨在優(yōu)化圍手術(shù)期管理,減少手術(shù)的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),并加素患者的康復(fù)。ERAS計(jì)劃的要素基于通過(guò)降低對(duì)手術(shù)的神經(jīng)激素反應(yīng)和保持合成代謝穩(wěn)態(tài)來(lái)減輕手術(shù)壓力,從而降低器官功能障礙和并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率[11,12]。隨著理念的提出與發(fā)展,有效地縮短住院時(shí)間、減少并發(fā)癥、減少再入院和減少總醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,這主要是在擇期手術(shù)中運(yùn)用[13,14]。而在急診手術(shù)患者中運(yùn)用快速康復(fù)外科計(jì)劃仍具有挑戰(zhàn)性。
LA的患者,術(shù)后的胃腸功能能否快速恢復(fù),是減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、住院時(shí)間的關(guān)鍵。ERAS計(jì)劃中,對(duì)加快術(shù)后胃腸功能恢復(fù)的措施較多,如鼓勵(lì)下地行走、早期飲食、多模式鎮(zhèn)痛和藥物干預(yù)等[14,15]。而藥物方面,胃復(fù)安在加快胃腸功能恢復(fù)中也起著重要作用。有研究表明,胃復(fù)安能有效加快進(jìn)腹部手術(shù)患者的胃腸功能恢復(fù)[15]。胃復(fù)安加快胃腸功能恢復(fù)的機(jī)制是通過(guò)刺激腸道平滑肌收縮,導(dǎo)致通過(guò)小腸的時(shí)間減少,但對(duì)結(jié)腸活動(dòng)的影響仍有待明確。胃復(fù)安也可通過(guò)提高化學(xué)感受器觸發(fā)區(qū)和外周機(jī)制的嘔吐閾值,可有效預(yù)防人類(lèi)阿撲嗎啡引起的嘔吐,并在動(dòng)物中預(yù)防阿撲嗎啡、海德根、利血平、河豚毒素和硫酸銅引起的嘔吐。在通常的治療劑量下,胃復(fù)安的耐受性良好。副作用通常是輕微和短暫的,很少需要停藥。主要包括在口服或腸胃外給藥后出現(xiàn)的困倦、煩躁、腸紊亂、頭暈和昏厥。在本研究中,觀察組在使用胃復(fù)安后,首次聞及腸鳴音時(shí)間、首次排氣時(shí)間、首次排便時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組,從而降低患者的住院時(shí)間。術(shù)后并發(fā)癥情況,兩組均未發(fā)生嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,因樣本量較少,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但是觀察組出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐、腹脹并發(fā)癥的例數(shù)少于對(duì)照組。
本研究中,經(jīng)過(guò)胃復(fù)安治療的30例患者,在首次聞及腸鳴音時(shí)間、首次排氣時(shí)間、首次排便時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均短于對(duì)照組。由此本研究組認(rèn)為胃復(fù)安可加速腹腔鏡闌尾切除術(shù)后胃腸功能的恢復(fù)。但色達(dá)縣平均海拔高達(dá)4000 m以上,研究對(duì)象具有區(qū)域特性且樣本量偏少,缺乏多中心的相關(guān)對(duì)照研究,可能出現(xiàn)資料的統(tǒng)計(jì)偏差。
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(收稿日期:2021-11-18)