摘 要 目的:探討機(jī)器人輔助單孔腹腔鏡根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(Single-port Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy,spRARP)治療中高危前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer, PCa)患者的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法:回顧性分析哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院2021年6月—2022年1月行spRARP手術(shù)患者的臨床資料和圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo),所有患者術(shù)前均評(píng)估為中高危PCa。結(jié)果:本研究共納入8例患者,平均年齡為69.75(50~80)歲,平均體重指數(shù)(BMI)為24.75(17.96~28.34)kg/m2,平均PSA為 43.67(8.58~100)ng/ml,Gleason評(píng)分平均為7(6~8)分。手術(shù)均順利完成,未發(fā)生中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹或增加輔助通道。平均手術(shù)時(shí)間為219.38(130~290)min,平均出血量131.25(20~400)ml,術(shù)后均未使用阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,術(shù)后7d拔除導(dǎo)尿管且術(shù)后即刻尿控良好。切緣5例為陰性,3例為陽(yáng)性,術(shù)后短期隨訪(1~6個(gè)月)均無(wú)漏尿,均無(wú)切口部位疼痛及不適感。結(jié)論:spRARP治療中高危PCa安全、可行,該術(shù)式具有切口小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、疼痛小等特點(diǎn),但其遠(yuǎn)期療效仍待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
關(guān)鍵詞 單孔腹腔鏡;機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡手術(shù);根治性前列腺切除術(shù);安全性
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào) R697+.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 2096-7721(2022)06-0451-05
Abstract Objective: To investigate the clinical application of single-port robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (spRARP) in patients with medium or high-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Clinical data and perioperative parameters of patients under spRARP for medium or high-risk PCa in the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University from June 2021 to January 2022 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results: 8 patients were selected in this study, with the average age of 69.75(50-80) years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.75(17.96-28.34)kg/m2. The average PSA was 43.67(8.58-100) ng/ml, and the average Gleason score was 7 (6-8). All surgeries were successfully completed without conversion to laparotomy or adding auxiliary channels. The mean operative time was 219.38 (130-290)min, with an average blood loss of 131.25(20-400)ml. No opiate analgesics were used after operation. The catheter was removed 7 days after operation and immediate postoperative urinary continence was satisfied. Negative margins were found in 5 cases and positive margins in 3 cases. There was no leakage of urine during the short-term follow-up (1-6 months) after operation, and no pain or discomfort occurred at the incision site. Conclusion: spRARP is safe and feasible in treating moderate or high risk PCa, but further studies should be done to confirm its long-term efficacy.
Key words Single-port laparoscopy; Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery; Radical prostatectomy; Safety
前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer,PCa)是男性第二常見(jiàn)的癌癥。據(jù)推算,至2030年將會(huì)有170萬(wàn)新發(fā)病例和近50萬(wàn)死亡病例[1]。以往認(rèn)為根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(Radical Prostatectomy,RP)適用于中低危PCa患者。近年來(lái),RP已成為中危和高?;颊叩男兄行У闹委煼椒?,其適應(yīng)證現(xiàn)已更改為可用于具有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、隱匿性轉(zhuǎn)移和明確轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病的患者[2]。目前,機(jī)器人輔助根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy,RARP)已成為全球范圍內(nèi)局限性PCa的主要治療選擇[3]。本研究中采用第4代Da Vinci Xi機(jī)器人操作平臺(tái)通過(guò)單孔專(zhuān)用套管進(jìn)行單孔機(jī)器人輔助根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(Single-port Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy,spRARP),探討spRARP在中高?;颊咧械呐R床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
回顧性分析哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院2021年6月—2022年1月行spRARP的8例患者的臨床資料和圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)。所有患者經(jīng)前列腺穿刺活檢后病理確定為PCa,并且經(jīng)患者及家屬同意進(jìn)行spRARP。所有患者均無(wú)腹部手術(shù)史,經(jīng)評(píng)估所有患者均為PCa預(yù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)中高?;颊?,使用第4代Da Vinci Xi機(jī)器人操作平臺(tái)進(jìn)行單孔機(jī)器人腹腔鏡PCa根治術(shù)。
1.2 方法
患者全身麻醉,取平臥位,雙下肢略分開(kāi),取臍下5cm左右行縱形或橫行切口(大小為3~5cm),逐層分開(kāi)皮膚、皮下組織、腹直肌前鞘,使用醫(yī)用橡膠手套自制簡(jiǎn)易氣囊充氣800~1000ml擴(kuò)張間隙,切口置入單孔Port,固定并于Port上置入達(dá)芬奇機(jī)器人專(zhuān)用通道及輔助通道。患者頭低腳高30°,建立氣腹,置入通道,連接機(jī)器人手臂,游離并剔除前列腺部表面脂肪,于左右側(cè)前列腺與盆壁紅白相間處分別打開(kāi)左右盆側(cè)筋膜,游離前列腺側(cè)方至前列腺尖部,游離靜脈復(fù)合體兩側(cè)并離斷恥骨前列腺韌帶,縫合靜脈復(fù)合體,于前列腺與膀胱交界處切開(kāi),鈍銳性結(jié)合游離膀胱頸與前列腺,近膀胱頸處銳性離斷部分膀胱頸黏膜,沿前列腺表面繼續(xù)向前游離,打開(kāi)狄氏筋膜,游離至前列腺尖部,游離兩側(cè)前列腺韌帶并離斷,游離前列腺后方及兩側(cè),于前列腺尖部離斷尿道,盡可能多保留尿道后壁,切除前列腺,查直腸無(wú)損傷,肛門(mén)指檢指套未見(jiàn)染血,膀胱內(nèi)雙側(cè)輸尿管口無(wú)損傷,重新置入F18三腔尿管,3-0 V-lock縫合尿道和膀胱,使用可吸線減張縫合以減少尿道與膀胱之間的張力,膀胱注入碘伏水無(wú)滲漏,最后放置一枚引流管。
2 結(jié)果
8例患者手術(shù)均順利完成,無(wú)中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)腹或增加輔助通道?;颊咂骄挲g為69.75(50~80)歲,平均BMI為24.75kg/m2,平均PSA為43.67(8.58~100)ng/ml,前列腺體積平均為50.17(17.59~71.09)ml,Gleason評(píng)分平均為7(6~8)分,PCa預(yù)后風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分組為4例中危,4例高危?;颊呋拘畔⒁?jiàn)表1。
平均手術(shù)時(shí)間為219.38(130~290)min,平均出血量為131.25(20~400)ml,切緣陰性5例,切緣陽(yáng)性3例,平均出院時(shí)間為7.625d;術(shù)后病理分期5例為T(mén)1c,1例為T(mén)2c,2例為T(mén)3b。下面是患者圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)的信息(見(jiàn)表2)。
術(shù)后均未使用阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,術(shù)后第1d排氣,術(shù)后7d拔除導(dǎo)尿管,并拆除縫線,切口大小5cm左右,切口愈合良好,術(shù)后短期隨訪(1~6個(gè)月)均無(wú)漏尿,術(shù)后短期隨訪所有患者尿控良好,均無(wú)切口疼痛不適感,術(shù)后短期隨訪3位切緣陽(yáng)性患者tPSA平均為5.83(0.53~16.01)ng/ml,5位切緣陰性患者tPSA平均為0.064(0.01~0.20)ng/ml。術(shù)中情況如圖1。
3 討論
據(jù)多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,單孔與多孔機(jī)器人根治性前列腺切除術(shù)在手術(shù)時(shí)間、失血量、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、手術(shù)切緣陽(yáng)性率和尿失禁等方面無(wú)顯著差異[4]。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)已證實(shí)多孔機(jī)器人操作平臺(tái)進(jìn)行spRARP是安全、可行的,并且相比機(jī)器人多孔腹腔鏡術(shù)后住院時(shí)間顯著縮短,術(shù)后止痛藥需求減少,且具有更好的美容效果,但在并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、功能結(jié)局方面并無(wú)差異[5]。本院在第4代Da Vinci Xi機(jī)器人操作平臺(tái)進(jìn)行單孔腹腔鏡治療PCa的手術(shù)。根治性前列腺切除術(shù)作為PCa綜合治療的一部分,與長(zhǎng)期雄激素剝奪治療均可作為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及局部晚期PCa的一級(jí)治療[6]。和傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡手術(shù)相比,機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡對(duì)于治療PCa在術(shù)后尿失禁及勃起功能等方面也可以提供更好的效果[7],而spRARP的術(shù)后切口更小,疼痛更小。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,淋巴結(jié)清掃對(duì)于PCa結(jié)局并沒(méi)有任何直接性益處,并可能帶來(lái)更多并發(fā)癥[8]。
患者體重指數(shù)高、失血量多、PSA高和前列腺體積大會(huì)增加手術(shù)時(shí)間[9-10]。前列腺體積、手術(shù)時(shí)間、BMI、保留神經(jīng)的術(shù)式是影響術(shù)中出血量的重要因素[11-12]。本研究中的8例PCa患者,平均PSA為 43.67(8.58~100)ng/ml,前列腺體積平均為50.17(17.59~71.09)ml。
Kocarek J等人[13]進(jìn)行機(jī)器人1400余例PCa根治患者數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn),患者術(shù)前PSA平均為6.7ng/ml?;颊咔傲邢袤w積較大,平均PSA較高,體重指數(shù)較高,這些因素都會(huì)導(dǎo)致手術(shù)難度加大、術(shù)中出血量增多、手術(shù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)等。本研究中,平均出血量為131.25(20~400)ml,2例高危患者出血量為400ml,其PSAgt;100,前列腺體積較大、手術(shù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),這可能是導(dǎo)致其出血量較大的主要原因。術(shù)前PSAgt;10ng/mL,術(shù)中失血量gt;200ml,術(shù)后分期為pT3是切緣陽(yáng)性的三個(gè)重要影響因素[14],有研究中心報(bào)道近2000例高危PCa患者術(shù)后切緣陽(yáng)性率為25%~37%[15],本研究中,術(shù)后3位患者切緣陽(yáng)性,切緣陽(yáng)性率為37.5%,其中2例術(shù)后分期為T(mén)3b,1例術(shù)后分期為T(mén)2c,患者PSA均gt;50ng/ml,2例患者手術(shù)時(shí)間gt;200ml,均為高危,高?;颊咝g(shù)后切緣切緣陽(yáng)性率要遠(yuǎn)比中?;颊咭?,這可能是導(dǎo)致本研究中患者切緣陽(yáng)性高的原因。本研究中,8例患者術(shù)后平均住院時(shí)間為7.625d,這可能與其中1例患者因合并糖尿病、腦梗等繼續(xù)治療并發(fā)癥有關(guān),其術(shù)后住院時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),為21d,其余患者平均術(shù)后住院時(shí)間為5.7d。術(shù)后隨訪切緣陽(yáng)性患者tPSA較高,平均為5.83(0.53~16.01)ng/ml,建議其恢復(fù)尿控后進(jìn)行放療及內(nèi)分泌治療;切緣陰性患者tPSA平均為0.064(0.01~0.20)ng/ml,大多可以恢復(fù)至0.1ng/ml以?xún)?nèi),建議密切檢測(cè),考慮術(shù)后隨訪tPSA水平可能與術(shù)前tpsa及切緣陽(yáng)性有關(guān)。所有患者術(shù)后24h內(nèi)排氣均未發(fā)生腸道損傷,均未使用阿片類(lèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,短期隨訪均無(wú)切口疼痛不適感,所有患者均控尿良好。手術(shù)切口5cm左右,無(wú)其它輔助口,術(shù)后美容效果較好。
綜上所述,通過(guò)spRARP進(jìn)行中高危PCa根治術(shù)是安全可行的,但其存在學(xué)習(xí)曲線較長(zhǎng)、盆腔無(wú)法完成淋巴結(jié)清掃等不足。另外該研究?jī)H為初步探索,存在研究樣本例數(shù)較、隨訪時(shí)間較短、缺乏對(duì)照組等缺陷,因此,需要高質(zhì)量的研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)此項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果。
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