陳風(fēng)揚(yáng) 董作軍 王超君 王靖雯 孫國(guó)君
摘 要 目的:綜合評(píng)價(jià)酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療用于治療表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突變晚期非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC )的藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究,探討EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。方法:從中英文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療用于NSCLC治療的藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn),系統(tǒng)綜述評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果。結(jié)果:11篇研究認(rèn)為EGFR-TKI具有經(jīng)濟(jì)性,3篇認(rèn)為化療經(jīng)濟(jì)性更好,4篇認(rèn)為EGFR-TKI和化療序貫治療具有經(jīng)濟(jì)性。結(jié)論:目前,EGFR-TKI較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療EGFR突變晚期NSCLC患者更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性,但決策者應(yīng)結(jié)合國(guó)情判斷其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的外推性。
關(guān)鍵詞 EGFR-TKI 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療 非小細(xì)胞肺癌 藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)
中圖分類號(hào):R979.19; R956 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2022)05-0032-04
引用本文 陳風(fēng)揚(yáng), 董作軍, 王超君, 等. EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療EGFR突變非小細(xì)胞肺癌藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)綜述[J]. 上海醫(yī)藥, 2022, 43(5): 32-35; 49.
System review of the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of EGFR-TKI and standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR mutation
CHEN Fengyang1, DONG Zuojun1, WANG Chaojun2, WANG Jingwen1, SUN Guojun1
(1. School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzou 310014, China; 2. Hangzhou Aeronautical Sanatorium for Special Service of Chinese Air Force, Hangzhou 310007, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To comprehensively evaluate the pharmacoeconomic study of tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKI) and standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and to explore the economy of TKI and standard chemotherapy. Methods: The literatures of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of EGFR-TKI and standard chemotherapy for NSCLC were searched from Chinese and English databases, and the results were systematically reviewed. Results: Eleven studies were considered that the EGFR-TKI treatment regimen was economical, three studies were considered that chemotherapy was more economical, and four studies were considered that EGFR-TKI and sequential chemotherapy were economical. Conclusion: At present, EGFR-TKI is more economical than standard chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation,but decision makers should judge the extrapolation of pharmacoeconomic evaluation results in other countries and regions according to their national conditions.
KEy WORDS EGFR-TKI; standard chemotherapy; non-small cell lung cancer; pharmacoeconomic evaluation
在中國(guó),肺癌是最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,占2018年新確診惡性腫瘤的18%[1]。非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)約占肺癌的80%~85%,約46%的NSCLC患者診斷時(shí)已是局部晚期或發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。其中,EGFR突變?cè)谥袊?guó)非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者中非常普遍,在35%~50%的個(gè)體被檢測(cè)為表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)突變NSCLC[3]。
NSCLC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療是以鉑類為基礎(chǔ)的4~6周期的雙藥聯(lián)合化療,常用的聯(lián)合藥物主要為第三代細(xì)胞毒性藥物如吉西他濱、培美曲塞、紫杉醇等。但化療的臨床效果并不理想,其中位總生存期(overall survival,OS)僅1年[4]。然而隨著NSCLC精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療的不斷發(fā)展,酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)臨床的應(yīng)用越發(fā)廣泛。在EGFR-TKI的臨床效果得到充分肯定之后,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者更加關(guān)注藥物的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。本文將系統(tǒng)回顧EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療EGFR突變NSCLC藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn),探討二者的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索
檢索Web of Science平臺(tái)、PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有關(guān)EGFR-TKI用于治療EGFR突變NSCLC藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)。同時(shí),檢索相關(guān)綜述,通過(guò)綜述的引用文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)一步完善檢索結(jié)果。檢索語(yǔ)言為中文和英文。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
通過(guò)人工排除會(huì)議摘要、非藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)和不可及文獻(xiàn),以及對(duì)標(biāo)題、摘要篩選,共有18篇文獻(xiàn)納入EGFR-TKI用于治療EGFR突變晚期NSCLC藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分析文獻(xiàn)。
2.1 藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)分析結(jié)果
藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)分析結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。在納入的18篇文獻(xiàn)中,有11篇認(rèn)為EGFR-TKI具有成本效果[5-15];3篇認(rèn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療具有成本效果[16-18];4篇認(rèn)為EGFRTKI與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療序貫治療更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性[19-22]。
2.2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性
Lu等[16]以中國(guó)醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生體系作為研究角度,評(píng)估四種一線策略(培美曲塞加順鉑、培美曲塞加順鉑化療后培美曲塞維持治療、吉非替尼、埃克替尼)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。結(jié)果表明培美曲塞維持治療最具經(jīng)濟(jì)性。他也提到當(dāng)埃克替尼和吉非替尼可贈(zèng)藥時(shí),??颂婺釋⒏哂薪?jīng)濟(jì)性。 Tan等[17]對(duì)阿法替尼與順鉑聯(lián)合培美曲塞進(jìn)行成本效果分析。研究表明,在新加坡公共衛(wèi)生體系下使用阿法替尼一線治療EGFR突變晚期NSCLC并不具有經(jīng)濟(jì)性。Wu等[18]在美國(guó)和中國(guó)衛(wèi)生體系下對(duì)第三代奧西替尼治與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療伴腦轉(zhuǎn)移EGFR突變晚期NSCLC進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)性評(píng)估研究,結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)前無(wú)論是美國(guó)還是中國(guó)衛(wèi)生體系下,奧西替尼的ICER都超過(guò)意愿支付(willingness to pay,WTP)閾值,因此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
2.3 EGFR-TKI更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性
在歐美,眾多研究充分肯定了EGFR-TKI較化療的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。在EGFR突變NSCLC患者更為常見(jiàn)的亞洲,EGFR-TKI同樣被證實(shí)是更經(jīng)濟(jì)的。趙子影等[8]和Narita等[10]分別在日本和中國(guó)衛(wèi)生體系下對(duì)吉非替尼聯(lián)合EGFR檢測(cè)和紫杉醇聯(lián)合卡鉑(PC)一線治療進(jìn)行了成本效果分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),與PC相比,吉非替尼聯(lián)合EGFR檢測(cè)在WTP閾值下更具成本效果。Wen等[14]和Gu等[15]則對(duì)多個(gè)EGFR-TKI藥物與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療進(jìn)行藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià),他們得出雖然EGFR-TKI藥物之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)性有差異,但其經(jīng)濟(jì)性皆優(yōu)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療。Wen等[14]將厄洛替尼與順鉑聯(lián)合吉西他濱治療亞洲NSCLC患者進(jìn)行比較,厄洛替尼方案與化療方案的PFS分別為11.81個(gè)月和5.81個(gè)月,OS分別為24.68個(gè)月和26.16個(gè)月。化療方案的ICER為174 808美元/QALY,超過(guò)WTP閾值,所以不具有經(jīng)濟(jì)性。Gu等[15]基于多個(gè)臨床試驗(yàn)以及文獻(xiàn)meta分析結(jié)果,間接比較多個(gè)EGFR-TKI及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療在中國(guó)一線治療的經(jīng)濟(jì)性得出EGFR-TKI藥物更具成本效果優(yōu)勢(shì)。
2.4 EGFR-TKI與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療序貫治療更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性
對(duì)于晚期EGFR突變晚期NSCLC患者,EGFR-TKI與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療序貫治療更符合實(shí)際治療過(guò)程。Lopes等[20]以新加波患者角度對(duì)一線使用吉非替尼,二線使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療以及一線使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療二線使用吉非替尼進(jìn)行成本效果評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果顯示,一線使用吉非替尼,二線使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療可節(jié)省成本2 400美元,增加0.91個(gè)QALY,更具成本效果。Cai等[21]和Lasalvia等[22]分別以中國(guó)與哥倫比亞衛(wèi)生體系下對(duì)第三代EGFR-TKI-奧西替尼治療EGFR突變NSCLC的經(jīng)濟(jì)性進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。結(jié)果表明,由于奧西替尼價(jià)格昂貴,一線使用奧西替尼雖取得較好的臨床效果,但經(jīng)濟(jì)性較差。因此在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)EGFR-TKI治療進(jìn)展后使用奧西替尼更具經(jīng)濟(jì)性。
本研究對(duì)EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療EGFR突變NSCLC的藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了全面的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果表明,EGFR-TKI較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療治療EGFR突變NSCLC在經(jīng)濟(jì)性方面有更好的優(yōu)勢(shì)。但國(guó)家和地區(qū)之間衛(wèi)生體系和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平有差異性,醫(yī)療決策部門應(yīng)結(jié)合國(guó)情判斷其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的外推性。
在成本數(shù)據(jù)搜集方面,研究者只考慮藥品價(jià)格、不良反應(yīng)(3級(jí)以上)管理費(fèi)用、住院治療、疾病進(jìn)展治療等直接醫(yī)療成本。因國(guó)內(nèi)缺少晚期NSCLC效用值研究,因此國(guó)內(nèi)藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)文獻(xiàn)多借鑒其他國(guó)家晚期NSCLC患者效用值研究。成本和效用值的差異會(huì)直接妨礙最終經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出的結(jié)果,所以研究者會(huì)通過(guò)敏感性分析觀察數(shù)據(jù)不確定性對(duì)結(jié)論的影響。
在模型選擇方面,Markov模型可以模擬治療周期,預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)的臨床治療效果以及經(jīng)濟(jì)性,所以Markov模型受到學(xué)界的廣泛認(rèn)可。鑒于缺乏直接的臨床數(shù)據(jù),國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者通過(guò)提取臨床文獻(xiàn)的生存曲線,重建患者個(gè)體數(shù)據(jù),并進(jìn)行生存函數(shù)擬合的方式獲得Markov模型的轉(zhuǎn)移概率[23]。但Markov模型使用時(shí)需要假設(shè)條件,且假設(shè)缺少可靠的理論支撐。為了避免Markov模型中大量的模型假設(shè)和轉(zhuǎn)移概率計(jì)算,很多學(xué)者將分區(qū)生存模型運(yùn)用到藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)中[24]。
另外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管EGFR-TKI較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療在一線治療EGFR突變晚期NSCLC的臨床療效和經(jīng)濟(jì)性有一定優(yōu)勢(shì),但標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療在二線治療以及聯(lián)合治療中發(fā)揮著積極作用。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療仍為EGFR突變晚期NSCLC患者具有經(jīng)濟(jì)性的輔助治療方案。
目前,EGFR-TKI較化療治療EGFR突變晚期NSCLC患者有更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。但仍需要來(lái)自不同國(guó)家和地區(qū)對(duì)EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療進(jìn)行衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)估評(píng)估。醫(yī)療決策部門在制定決策時(shí)應(yīng)結(jié)合國(guó)情判斷其他國(guó)家和地區(qū)EGFR-TKI和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化療藥物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的外推性。
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