王小艷 楊俊武 張蓬杰
【摘要】 目的 探討過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后影響因素。
方法 研究納入陜西省人民醫(yī)院2010年1月~2016年5月收治的過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者共138例,根據(jù)腎組織活檢結(jié)果分組,其中無新月體組50例,節(jié)段性新月體組18例,大新月體組70例;比較不同病理類型的腎臟功能良好率,多因素Cox回歸模型分析過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
結(jié)果 各組不同組間年齡、24 h尿蛋白量、Scr、eGFR、新月體類型、合并內(nèi)皮增生比例及系膜增生比例比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);各組隨訪腎臟功能良好率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,且大新月體組隨訪腎臟功能良好率顯著低于其他兩組(均P<0.01);多因素Cox回歸模型分析結(jié)果顯示,基線eGFR水平、合并大新月體比例可能是過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05)。
結(jié)論 過敏性紫癜性腎炎各病理類型之間臨床特征存在明顯差異,其臨床預(yù)后可能受患者基線eGFR水平、合并大新月體比例影響。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 腎炎;預(yù)后;影響因素;新月體;eGFR;紫癜
中圖分類號(hào):R692?? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A?? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2022.01.012
Study on influencing factors of clinical prognosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis
WANG Xiaoyan1a, YANG Junwu1b, ZHANG Pengjie2
(1a. Department of Nephrology, 1b. Department of Hepatobiliary, 1.Pucheng County Hospital, Weinan 715500, Shaanxi, China; 2. Kidney Disease Center of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China)
【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the influencing factors of clinical prognosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis.
Methods 138 patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis admitted to Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital from January 2010 to May 2016 were enrolled in this study. All patients were grouped according to the results of renal biopsy, there were 50 cases in non crescentic group, 18 cases in segmental crescentic group and 70 cases in large crescentic group. The good rate of renal function of different pathological types was compared, and multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the independent risk factors of clinical prognosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis.
Results There were statistically significant differences in sex, 24-hour urine protein, Scr, eGFR, the proportion of complicated endothelial hyperplasia and the proportion of immunosuppressant among groups (P<0.05). There was statistically significant difference in the good rate of renal function among the three groups, and the good rate of renal function in the large crescentic group was significantly lower than those of the other two groups (all P<0.01). Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that the baseline eGFR level, the proportion of patients complicated with greater crescents and the proportion of patients with mixed crescents were independent prognostic factors of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis (P<0.05).
Conclusion There are significant differences in clinical characteristics of the pathological types of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, and its clinical prognosis may be affected by the baseline eGFR level and the proportion of complicated large crescents.
【Key words】 nephritis; prognosis; influencing factors; crescent; eGFR; purpura
過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者腎小球新月體病變與臨床癥狀嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān),但其是否會(huì)影響腎臟功能良好率尚無明確定論[1~2]。目前IgA腎病腎臟病理分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已將新月體納入其中,而IgA腎病與過敏性紫癜性腎炎在臨床和病理特征方面較為接近,但新月體病變情況是否可用于過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者臨床預(yù)后評(píng)估仍缺乏充足證據(jù)[3~5]?;谏鲜鰡栴},本次研究通過納入陜西省人民醫(yī)院2010年1月~2016年5月收治的過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者共138例,根據(jù)腎組織活檢結(jié)果分組,旨在探討影響過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后的因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
本次研究納入陜西省人民醫(yī)院2010年1月~2016年5月收治的過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者共138例,根據(jù)腎組織活檢結(jié)果分組,即無新月體組(50例)、節(jié)段性新月體組(18例)及大新月體組(70例)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①經(jīng)腎活檢病理診斷確診[6];②有確切皮膚紫癜病史;③年齡≥14歲;④臨床資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腎活檢腎小球數(shù)目<8個(gè);②繼發(fā)性腎小球腎炎;③腎穿刺禁忌證。研究方案設(shè)計(jì)符合《赫爾辛基宣言》要求,且患者或家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
查閱病例收集患者性別、年齡、病史、臨床癥狀、血壓、24 h尿蛋白量、Scr及用藥情況等資料;根據(jù)EPI-GFR公式計(jì)算eGFR。腎穿刺后獲得組織標(biāo)本送檢病理,行光鏡、免疫熒光及電鏡檢查[7]。
1.3 隨訪預(yù)后評(píng)估
隨訪截止時(shí)間為2020年6月;腎臟功能不良判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為隨訪2年內(nèi)eGFR降低>基線值30%,或隨訪過程中Scr較基線值升高1倍,或進(jìn)入終末期腎臟病,反之則為腎臟功能良好[8]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
選擇SPSS 22.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù);正態(tài)性評(píng)估采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov檢驗(yàn),其中符合正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以(±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用t檢驗(yàn);不符合正態(tài)分布計(jì)量資料以[M(Q1,Q3)]表示,比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以%表示,比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn);腎臟功能良好率比較采用Kaplan-Meier法;多因素分析采用Cox回歸模型分析;檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn):α=0.05,雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)。
2 結(jié)? 果
2.1 過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后影響因素單因素分析
不同組間年齡、24 h尿蛋白量、Scr、eGFR、新月體類型、合并內(nèi)皮增生比例及系膜增生比例比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 不同組腎臟功能良好率比較
無新月體組、節(jié)段性新月體組及大新月體組隨訪累積腎臟功能良好率分別為96.00%、100.00%、78.62%,三組隨訪腎臟功能良好率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(log-rank=20.68,P<0.01);大新月體組隨訪腎臟功能良好率顯著低于無新月體組、節(jié)段性新月體組(P<0.01)。
2.3 過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后影響因素多因素分析
納入單因素分析有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義指標(biāo)進(jìn)入Cox回歸模型行多因素分析,結(jié)果顯示基線eGFR水平、合并大新月體比例為過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05)。見表2、表3。
3 討? 論
目前與過敏性紫癜性腎炎病理特征相似的IgA腎病分型中已將新月體納入[9~10]。已有研究顯示[11~12],使用免疫抑制劑可影響新月體預(yù)測(cè)腎炎患者臨床預(yù)后的價(jià)值。本次研究結(jié)果中,大新月體組患者使用免疫抑制劑比例顯著高于其他兩組,Kaplan-Meier法生存分析結(jié)果證實(shí),無新月體組、節(jié)段性新月體組及大新月體組隨訪腎臟功能良好率分別為96.00%、100.00%、78.62%,三組隨訪腎臟功能良好率比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,大新月體組隨訪腎臟功能良好率低于無新月體組、節(jié)段性新月體組,即伴大新月體患者腎臟功能良好率更低,預(yù)后更差。Cox回歸模型多因素分析結(jié)果顯示,合并大新月體比例是過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后獨(dú)立影響因素,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)大新月體形成比例可獨(dú)立影響過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者臨床預(yù)后,合并大新月體比例越高則腎臟功能良好率越低,對(duì)于伴高比例大新月體形成患者臨床應(yīng)給予更為積極有效的治療。此外基線eGFR水平是過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后獨(dú)立影響因素,與既往研究結(jié)果相符[13~14]。
國外研究分析發(fā)現(xiàn)新月體形成可影響系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡腎炎患者預(yù)后,結(jié)果證實(shí)單純節(jié)段性新月體組患者具有最高抗雙鏈DNA抗體陽性率和免疫熒光陽性程度,其中以C1q沉積最為明顯,證實(shí)此類患者病情呈明顯急性活動(dòng)趨勢(shì)[13,15~16]。另有報(bào)道提示伴節(jié)段性新月體IgA腎病患者往往存在急性病變,臨床醫(yī)師應(yīng)更加重視[17~20]。本次研究結(jié)果中,節(jié)段性新月體組與無新月體組患者臨床特征、腎臟功能良好率比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;需要注意本次研究中節(jié)段性新月體組患者無不良預(yù)后事件發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致難以納入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型進(jìn)一步評(píng)估,需擴(kuò)大樣本量和延長隨訪時(shí)間明確臨床意義。
本次研究亦存在一定不足:①屬于單中心回顧性研究,納入患者時(shí)間跨度相對(duì)較大,同時(shí)發(fā)生終點(diǎn)事件例數(shù)相對(duì)較少,所得結(jié)論存在偏倚可能;②本中心過敏性紫癜性腎炎患者免疫抑制劑使用比例較高,同時(shí)因納入樣本量較少,無法對(duì)免疫抑制劑用量和維持治療方案進(jìn)行亞組分析,所得結(jié)論仍有待后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步確證。
綜上所述,過敏性紫癜性腎炎臨床預(yù)后與患者基線eGFR水平、合并大新月體比例密切相關(guān)。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-17 修回日期:2021-10-26)
(編輯:潘明志)