孫琰
摘要:伴隨著英語(yǔ)學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的提出和教育改革的不斷深化,越來(lái)越多的教師意識(shí)到初中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)不僅圍繞詞匯、語(yǔ)法展開,更要幫助學(xué)生提升思維品質(zhì),滿足以育人為目的的教學(xué)需求。因此筆者通過(guò)一節(jié)閱讀課,就如何依托本文培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了創(chuàng)新實(shí)踐。
關(guān)鍵詞:初中英語(yǔ);閱讀教學(xué);思維品質(zhì);批判性思維;邏輯性;創(chuàng)新性
一、案例背景
新修訂的《普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》提出了學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)的概念。而思維品質(zhì)作為核心素養(yǎng)之一主要體現(xiàn)了學(xué)生的心智發(fā)展特征以及心智發(fā)展水平,在幫助學(xué)生分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題方面發(fā)揮著積極的作用。英語(yǔ)閱讀課是培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)的一個(gè)重要載體,因此筆者以《牛津英語(yǔ)》上海版8AUnit7 More Practice:Nobody Knows為例,針對(duì)如何在英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了實(shí)踐。
二、案例描述
(一)問(wèn)題的提出
初中牛津英語(yǔ)(上海版)8AUnit7 More Practice部分的Nobody Knows有別于常見文體,是一篇非連續(xù)性文本,主要記錄了五個(gè)目擊者關(guān)于羅斯威爾事件(Roswell Incident)的陳述。在過(guò)去的學(xué)習(xí)中,學(xué)生也遇到過(guò)非連續(xù)性文本,如7BUnit 2 Going to see a film。作為電影指南,該文本具有傳遞電影信息,幫助觀眾擇影的功能。但這篇Nobody Knows該如何指導(dǎo)學(xué)生閱讀呢?通過(guò)研讀文本,筆者很快從新課標(biāo)中找到了突破口:對(duì)學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。思維品質(zhì)主要指學(xué)生能梳理、概括信息,分析、判斷信息的邏輯關(guān)系,正確評(píng)判各種思想觀點(diǎn),創(chuàng)造性表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)(梅德明 2018)。因此最終,筆者將教學(xué)目標(biāo)定為以下兩點(diǎn):
At the end of the lesson, students will ...
1.get the general idea of the Roswell Incident and gain specific information by reading the text.
2.form relatively objective personal opinion through sorting、questioning and analyzing the information.
(二)課堂的實(shí)踐
該文本并沒(méi)有對(duì)羅斯威爾事件有過(guò)多的背景介紹,了了一句話交代了時(shí)間(in 1947)、地點(diǎn)(in the USA);一個(gè)關(guān)鍵短語(yǔ)one of the most famous stories (of UFOs),作者便引出了五位目擊者的陳述。為了幫助學(xué)生更好地學(xué)習(xí)該文本,課前筆者布置了預(yù)習(xí)工作:網(wǎng)上搜集更多關(guān)于羅斯威爾事件的信息。
(1)課堂導(dǎo)入:分享自主學(xué)習(xí)成果
T: Would anybody like to share your findings on Roswell Incident with us?
S(A): Roswell Incident is also called Roswell UFO Incident. It happened in 1947. The location is in Roswell, New Mexico , the USA. Some people said they saw a UFO falling on the ground. But US military claimed that the falling object was just a weather balloon.
S(B): Some people not only saw a falling UFO but also some strange “people”. They were short with large heads and eyes. They wore tight uniforms in grey. Some people claimed they were aliens.
【說(shuō)明】:學(xué)生應(yīng)具有自主學(xué)習(xí)能力。因此筆者將導(dǎo)入部分變?yōu)閷W(xué)生分享、交流學(xué)習(xí)成果的平臺(tái),從而提高學(xué)生的參與度和積極性,為整堂課的順利展開奠定了基礎(chǔ)。接著筆者的第一次調(diào)查(大約一半的學(xué)生相信有外星人存在)將與之后幾次調(diào)查形成呼應(yīng),幫助學(xué)生明白“梳理、質(zhì)疑、判斷信息,形成較客觀的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)”的重要性。
(1)文本處理:進(jìn)行信息梳理、完成表格填寫
筆者將所有學(xué)生分成五組,小組成員按照學(xué)習(xí)水平梯度搭配。第一遍閱讀要求學(xué)生概括每段大意思。第二遍要求學(xué)生填寫下表。允許小組成員互相交流,合作完成。在展示環(huán)節(jié),五個(gè)小組分別匯報(bào)一個(gè)目擊者陳述;小組每個(gè)成員認(rèn)領(lǐng)一部分進(jìn)行交流,做到人人都有展示機(jī)會(huì)。第三遍默讀,進(jìn)行閱讀的鞏固。
【說(shuō)明】:筆者運(yùn)用了整體閱讀的設(shè)計(jì)處理文本,避免碎片化閱讀。通過(guò)“三遍閱讀”的方式(趙尚華,2020),第一遍閱讀獲取段落大意,第二遍閱讀獲取細(xì)節(jié)信息并交流,第三遍默讀,將文本內(nèi)容理解透徹,為后續(xù)思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)打好基礎(chǔ)。
(3)讀后互動(dòng):分析信息,質(zhì)疑觀點(diǎn),形成判斷
梳理完文本信息,筆者根據(jù)表格提出了以下四個(gè)問(wèn)題:
Question 1: Can we change the order of the states from 5 witness? Why?
S(A): No. Because it is put in the order of the time.
T: whats the advantage of it?
S(B): The readers can better understand the story.
T: Great! What about the states from witness D&E?Can we put them at the beginning?
S(C): No. These two states are about aliens .
T: So you mean they are the supplements(補(bǔ)充) of the incident.
【說(shuō)明】:通過(guò)筆者的提問(wèn)和引導(dǎo),學(xué)生明白了前三位目擊者的證詞是按時(shí)間順序排列的。而后兩位的證詞主要關(guān)于“外星人”,是對(duì)事件的補(bǔ)充。這樣學(xué)生不僅再次對(duì)整個(gè)事件有了進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),也對(duì)此類非連續(xù)性文本的寫作方式有了一定程度的了解。
Question 2: Now, can you tell me why you believe the existence of aliens?
S(A): Because the boy saw the aliens. They had large heads and big eyes.
S(B): Yes. Melvin Brown also saw them with big heads.
S(C): The mental was light and stronger. It was different from other metal.
T: What about those who dont believe it?
S(A): Because a bright object could be a weather balloon or a plane.
S(B): William Brazel just said it was strange. Maybe, the metal was a new invention.
【說(shuō)明】:在幫助學(xué)生梳理了文本結(jié)構(gòu)、大意后。學(xué)生基本已經(jīng)形成了對(duì)此次事件真實(shí)性的個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)。于是,筆者進(jìn)行了第二次調(diào)查。這次大多數(shù)人都相信外星人的存在并從本文中找出了相應(yīng)的證據(jù)。但仍然有小部分人不相信外星人存在,因?yàn)槲谋居迷~模糊,比如“奇怪”,這只是個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。
Question 3: T: Then how to judge the state from witness D?
S: (No one answers this question and looks puzzled.)
【說(shuō)明】:基于第二次的調(diào)查。筆者又乘勝追問(wèn):如何解釋第四個(gè)小孩子說(shuō)自己看到了外星人。大家的沉默也在筆者的意料之中。接下來(lái),筆者開始引導(dǎo)學(xué)生嘗試通過(guò)提出問(wèn)題,質(zhì)疑觀點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性。
Question 4: I know it is hard to answer my third question. Then, whose state is more like real? Student A: I think witness C because he was a major. He was probably well-educated.
T: Yes. Did he say he believed the existence of UFOs or aliens?
Student A: Not really.
Student B: I think Melvin Brown ‘s and William Brazels states are also real because they were real people and they were adults.
【說(shuō)明】:通過(guò)問(wèn)題:誰(shuí)的陳述更可信?學(xué)生們嘗試著從不同的角度來(lái)看待五個(gè)目擊者?;诨拘畔?,職業(yè),年齡,學(xué)生給出了“成年人和受教育程度高的人更可信”的觀點(diǎn)。同時(shí)部分學(xué)生也注意到有些人物有真實(shí)的名字。因此筆者乘此進(jìn)行了第三次調(diào)查。結(jié)果這次又有部分人基于新的認(rèn)知再一次動(dòng)搖了觀點(diǎn)。
(4)追加信息:如何形成相對(duì)客觀的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)
正在學(xué)生焦灼在到底有沒(méi)有外星人時(shí)。筆者呈現(xiàn)了追加信息表明事件只是一場(chǎng)美軍的秘密實(shí)驗(yàn)。
T: What do you read?
Student A: The Roswell Incident was just a terrible accident.
T. Yes. Now lets check the table again. What witness saw, heard and did are the things we call facts(事實(shí)). Are they objective(客觀的) or subjective(主觀的)?
Students: Objective.
T: Yes. However, their thoughts, like “l(fā)ight but stronger”、“stranger”... So they are...
Students: Subjective.
T: Sure. So what lesson have you got?
Student A: I know facts are different from opinions.
Student B: Roswell Incident is fake. There are no aliens in the world.
T: No, I dont agree with you. Actually, can we prove the extra information is real?
Students: No, we cant.
T: Great! Now does anybody notice the title of the text?
Students: (Shout) Thats why the text is called ‘Nobody Knows!
【說(shuō)明】:通過(guò)追加信息的展示,筆者再一次挑戰(zhàn)了學(xué)生的觀點(diǎn)。通過(guò)再讀表格,學(xué)生了解了事實(shí)(facts)和觀點(diǎn)(opinions)的區(qū)別。當(dāng)筆者問(wèn)到“有沒(méi)有人注意到標(biāo)題的時(shí)候”,學(xué)生發(fā)出了恍然大悟的驚呼,明白了本文作者想要向讀者傳達(dá)的信息:事件的真相,如果沒(méi)有更多的事實(shí)挖掘,從旁作證,那結(jié)果將永遠(yuǎn)是nobody knows (the truth)。
二、案例反思
本次的課堂實(shí)踐基本達(dá)成了筆者所設(shè)定的教學(xué)目標(biāo)。整個(gè)教學(xué)流程圖如下:
反思整個(gè)教學(xué)過(guò)程,筆者并沒(méi)有按照傳統(tǒng)英語(yǔ)閱讀課讀前、讀中、讀后三塊設(shè)計(jì)。而是按照對(duì)文本的閱讀、梳理,通過(guò)質(zhì)疑,推理,判斷等思維手段最后形成較客觀的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。整個(gè)過(guò)程模擬了學(xué)生在真實(shí)世界中面對(duì)新觀點(diǎn)的思維過(guò)程,培養(yǎng)了他們的批判性思維和求真精神。前期的小組互助模式,生生間的交流,后進(jìn)生得到了幫助,這使得幾乎所有人都完成了填表的任務(wù)。而從頭到尾,作為教師的筆者都只是一個(gè)協(xié)助者和引導(dǎo)者,通過(guò)類似“蘇格拉底產(chǎn)婆術(shù)”式的提問(wèn),筆者和學(xué)生一起質(zhì)疑,一起反思,一起形成觀點(diǎn)。而學(xué)生的思維也一直處在活躍的狀態(tài),特別是思考、回答環(huán)節(jié)。值得一提的是,部分基礎(chǔ)薄弱學(xué)生對(duì)筆者提出的問(wèn)題也進(jìn)行了積極的思考。他們雖然無(wú)法用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行完整表達(dá),但在搶答中,他們會(huì)用中文表達(dá)正確意思。
以上便是筆者對(duì)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)思維品質(zhì)培養(yǎng)的實(shí)踐研究。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]教育部.普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年版)【M】.北京:人民教育出版社,2018
[2]梅德明,王薔.高中英語(yǔ)新課標(biāo)解析 【M】北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,2018
[3]趙尚華.初中英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題研究 【M】上海:上海教育出版社,2020