胡曙榮 何新寧 梁炳南 呂尚斌 邱志偉
【摘要】 目的:探討基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)的影響。方法:選取本院2018年12月-2020年12月收治的膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者128例為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組(n=64)和觀察組(n=64),對(duì)照組接受常規(guī)康復(fù)鍛煉干預(yù),觀察組接受基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)。比較兩組術(shù)后第7周膝關(guān)節(jié)功能、生物力學(xué)指標(biāo)以及干預(yù)前后血清炎癥因子水平,并比較兩組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果:術(shù)后第7周,觀察組膝關(guān)節(jié)功能(關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、上下樓、行走能力)各項(xiàng)評(píng)分均明顯高于對(duì)照組,生物力學(xué)指標(biāo)(膝關(guān)節(jié)股骨角、脛骨角、間隙角)均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);干預(yù)后,觀察組的血清白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、血清腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)水平均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05);觀察組的并發(fā)癥(術(shù)后皮膚感染、下肢深靜脈血栓形成、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、畸形愈合)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)能明顯改善膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者關(guān)節(jié)功能,并改善患者炎癥水平,且安全性較高,值得在臨床推廣。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉 康復(fù)干預(yù) 膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后 關(guān)節(jié)功能
Effect of Rehabilitation Intervention Based on Continuous Passive Exercise on Joint Function Recovery of Patients with Knee Joint Injury After Operation/HU Shurong, HE Xinning, LIANG Bingnan, LYU Shangbin, QIU Zhiwei. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(34): -167
[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effect of rehabilitation intervention based on continuous passive exercise on joint function recovery of patients with knee joint injury after operation. Method: A total of 128 cases of postoperative patients with knee joint injury in our hospital from December 2018 to December 2020 were selected as research objects and randomly divided into control group (n=64) and observation group (n=64). The control group received routine rehabilitation exercise intervention, and the observation group received rehabilitation intervention based on continuous passive exercise. The knee function and biomechanical indexes of the two groups were compared at the 7th week after operation. The levels of serum inflammatory factors before and after intervention were compared between the two groups, and the incidence of postoperative complications was compared between the two groups. Result: At the 7th week after operation, the scores knee joint function indexes (range of motion, joint pain, up and down stairs, walking ability) of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the biomechanical indexes (knee femoral angle, tibial angle, gap angle) were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05); after the intervention, the serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β and serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); the incidence of complications (postoperative skin infection, lower extremity deep venous thrombosis, joint stiffness and malunion) in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Rehabilitation intervention based on continuous passive exercise can significantly improve the joint function of patients with knee joint injury after surgery, and improve the level of inflammation, and has high safety, which is worthy of clinical promotion.
[Key words] Continuous passive exercise Rehabilitation intervention After operation of knee joint injury
Joint function
First-author’s address: Jiangmen Second People’s Hospital (Pengjiang Branch of Jiangmen Central Hospital), Jiangmen 529000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.34.040
膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷是臨床上創(chuàng)傷骨科常見的一種疾病,包括軟組織損傷和骨與軟骨的損傷,好發(fā)于運(yùn)動(dòng)量較大的青少年以及年齡較大的老年人群[1]。膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷多在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中造成,膝關(guān)節(jié)產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)屈曲暴力造成半月板撕裂及韌帶的損傷,誘因多為外界碰撞、長(zhǎng)期勞損、過度勞累等[2]。臨床上膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷首發(fā)癥狀為浮腫感,運(yùn)動(dòng)后可出現(xiàn)疼痛,隨著病情加重,可出現(xiàn)劇烈疼痛、關(guān)節(jié)彈響、關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限等癥狀,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量[3]。因此,臨床應(yīng)采取積極有效措施對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷進(jìn)行及時(shí)救治以修復(fù)損傷,緩解膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,改善膝關(guān)節(jié)功能[4]。手術(shù)為膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷典型治療方案,能在直視下對(duì)損傷進(jìn)行修復(fù),效果明顯,但術(shù)后恢復(fù)期長(zhǎng)、膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)慢,且患者長(zhǎng)期制動(dòng)臥床可發(fā)生下肢靜脈血栓形成、畸形愈合等并發(fā)癥[5]。因此,膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者應(yīng)進(jìn)行合理適當(dāng)康復(fù)鍛煉,以加快其膝關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)、縮短其康復(fù)進(jìn)程[6]。常規(guī)康復(fù)鍛煉缺乏系統(tǒng)性、連續(xù)性,往往效果不佳?,F(xiàn)有研究指出,基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)應(yīng)用于膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者能明顯改善其膝關(guān)節(jié)功能,加快康復(fù)[7]?;诔掷m(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)即為患者制訂康復(fù)鍛煉方案,并根據(jù)方案持續(xù)性按時(shí)對(duì)其膝關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行被動(dòng)屈曲運(yùn)動(dòng)[8]。為進(jìn)一步證實(shí)基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)效果并對(duì)其進(jìn)行推廣,本研究將其應(yīng)用于膝關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)后患者,探究其療效,旨在為臨床提供指導(dǎo)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料 選取本院2018年12月-2020年12月收治的膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者128例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):符合本院關(guān)于膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9],且經(jīng)影像學(xué)證實(shí);均符合本院膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)手術(shù)指征[10],并于本院行該手術(shù);認(rèn)知功能、精神狀況均正常無障礙。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并膝關(guān)節(jié)腫瘤者;合并膝關(guān)節(jié)手術(shù)史者;合并心、肝、脾、腎等基礎(chǔ)器官嚴(yán)重疾病者;臨床依從性差者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者分為對(duì)照組(n=64)和觀察組(n=64)。本研究經(jīng)院內(nèi)倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),患者均自愿參與并簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法 所有患者均行骨折手術(shù)。術(shù)后,對(duì)照組行常規(guī)康復(fù)鍛煉:術(shù)后2~3 d,指導(dǎo)患者于床上行踝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸運(yùn)動(dòng),并根據(jù)患者情況逐漸加大鍛煉頻率及時(shí)間,術(shù)后4~14 d,指導(dǎo)患者坐床邊行屈膝和伸膝運(yùn)動(dòng),并根據(jù)患者情況逐漸改成攙扶步行、獨(dú)自步行,共訓(xùn)練14 d,患者出院前,指導(dǎo)患者居家進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng),并每周隨訪。在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上,觀察組加以基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù):術(shù)后1 d,由專業(yè)康復(fù)醫(yī)師對(duì)患者進(jìn)行膝關(guān)節(jié)遠(yuǎn)紅外線照射30 min,頭部和背部緊貼床面,交替彎曲、伸直膝關(guān)節(jié),同時(shí)腿部模擬自行車式蹬腿訓(xùn)練,做直腿抬高動(dòng)作時(shí)至少保持5~10 s,選設(shè)定相應(yīng)的關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍,初始角度從0°~40°逐漸增加,每日增加10°左右,連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)1 h/次,2次/d,訓(xùn)練后對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)行持續(xù)冰敷30 min,連續(xù)訓(xùn)練14 d,出院指導(dǎo)同對(duì)照組,并行每周隨訪。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)與判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) (1)比較兩組術(shù)后第7周膝關(guān)節(jié)功能、生物力學(xué)指標(biāo)。采用美國(guó)膝關(guān)節(jié)協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(AKS)對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),包括關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、上下樓、行走能力,活動(dòng)度25分,關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、上下樓、行走能力各50分,評(píng)分越高,功能越好[11];采用X線對(duì)生物力學(xué)進(jìn)行測(cè)量,包括膝關(guān)節(jié)股骨角、脛骨角、間隙角,角度越低,恢復(fù)越好[12]。(2)比較兩組干預(yù)前后的血清炎癥因子水平,包括血清白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、白細(xì)胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、血清腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)水平。于患者清晨空腹?fàn)顟B(tài)下,抽取其肘靜脈血5 mL,進(jìn)行離心,分離血清,采用ELISA試劑盒進(jìn)行檢測(cè),檢測(cè)方法參考說明書。(3)比較兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。記錄兩組的皮膚感染、下肢深靜脈血栓形成、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、畸形愈合的發(fā)生率。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 21.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對(duì)照組男36例,女28例;年齡29~62歲,平均(40.75±15.34)歲;病程1~7 d,平均(4.22±1.34)d;手術(shù)時(shí)間70~125 min,平均(114.18±18.24)min;損傷方式:交通傷16例,墜落傷28例,摔傷20例。觀察組男37例,女27例;年齡29~63歲,平均(40.80±15.41)歲;病程1~8 d,平均(4.20±1.80)d;手術(shù)時(shí)間70~129 min,平均(114.22±18.17)min;損傷方式:交通傷15例,墜落傷29例,摔傷20例。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。
2.2 兩組術(shù)后第7周膝關(guān)節(jié)功能、生物力學(xué)指標(biāo)比較 術(shù)后第7周,觀察組膝關(guān)節(jié)功能(關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、上下樓、行走能力)各項(xiàng)評(píng)分均明顯高于對(duì)照組,生物力學(xué)指標(biāo)(膝關(guān)節(jié)股骨角、脛骨角、間隙角)均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.3 兩組干預(yù)前后血清炎癥因子水平比較 干預(yù)前,兩組各血清炎癥因子水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);干預(yù)后,觀察組血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
2.4 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 觀察組的并發(fā)癥(術(shù)后皮膚感染、下肢深靜脈血栓形成、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、畸形愈合)發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=5.079,P=0.024),見表3。
3 討論
近年來,膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的發(fā)生率在臨床上呈逐年增高的趨勢(shì),已引起臨床廣泛關(guān)注[13]。研究報(bào)道,手術(shù)是膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷首選治療方案,能有效對(duì)損傷組織進(jìn)行修復(fù),但其屬有創(chuàng)性,患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)較慢、制動(dòng)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、膝關(guān)節(jié)功能差,且下肢靜脈血栓形成、感染等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量[14]。因此,對(duì)膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者實(shí)施積極有效康復(fù)鍛煉干預(yù)對(duì)改善其膝關(guān)節(jié)功能具有重要意義[15]。常規(guī)康復(fù)鍛煉為指導(dǎo)患者進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單膝關(guān)節(jié)、踝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲、旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng),缺乏專業(yè)性、連續(xù)性,效果不甚滿意[16]。
有學(xué)者提出,基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)能明顯改善脛骨平臺(tái)骨折術(shù)后患者膝關(guān)節(jié)功能,縮短其康復(fù)時(shí)間[17]。基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)是一種新型康復(fù)鍛煉方案,即在常規(guī)康復(fù)鍛煉基礎(chǔ)上,訓(xùn)練前對(duì)患者膝關(guān)節(jié)進(jìn)行紅外線照射,訓(xùn)練后對(duì)其進(jìn)行冰敷,并逐漸增加旋轉(zhuǎn)角度,保證運(yùn)動(dòng)持續(xù)性[18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后第7周,膝關(guān)節(jié)功能各指標(biāo)評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組,生物力學(xué)指標(biāo)明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),說明基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)能明顯改善膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者膝關(guān)節(jié)功能,減輕膝關(guān)節(jié)疼痛,提高其行走能力。究其原因?yàn)?,本研究鍛煉方案使患者獲得連續(xù)性下肢運(yùn)動(dòng),避免其長(zhǎng)時(shí)間制動(dòng)導(dǎo)致血運(yùn)不佳,從而改善膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織循環(huán),關(guān)節(jié)囊內(nèi)纖維蛋白滲出液減少,纖維組織粘連程度輕,膝關(guān)節(jié)愈合效果增強(qiáng)、靈活度增加。本研究結(jié)果顯示,干預(yù)后,觀察組血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明顯低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),說明本研究鍛煉方案能明顯改善機(jī)體及關(guān)節(jié)腔炎癥水平。究其原因?yàn)?,基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)能夠通過持續(xù)性對(duì)患者下肢進(jìn)行被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng),促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)腔及下肢局部靜脈血管血液回流,促進(jìn)炎癥因子吸收,機(jī)體血清炎癥因子水平降低[19],此外,膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸擠壓運(yùn)動(dòng)具有提高機(jī)體滑膜腔液體流動(dòng)性作用,利于滑膜液及時(shí)更新,從而清除炎癥因子[16]。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,觀察組的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于對(duì)照組,說明基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)能提升患者安全性,患者遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后質(zhì)量高,更符合患者需求,得益于患者制動(dòng)時(shí)間縮短,血運(yùn)改善,由此關(guān)節(jié)愈合質(zhì)量提高、下肢靜脈血栓形成概率低。
綜上所述,基于持續(xù)性被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉的康復(fù)干預(yù)能明顯改善膝關(guān)節(jié)損傷術(shù)后患者關(guān)節(jié)功能,并改善患者炎癥水平,且安全性較高,值得在臨床推廣。
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(收稿日期:2021-10-11)
基金項(xiàng)目:江門市醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2018F001)
①?gòu)V東省江門市第二人民醫(yī)院(廣東省江門市中心醫(yī)院蓬江分院) 廣東 江門 529000
通信作者:胡曙榮
中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)創(chuàng)新2021年34期