貴州
眾所周知,《普通高中英語課程標準(2017 年版2020 年修訂)》要求培養(yǎng)學生深層次理解語言的能力,而邏輯推理能力又是閱讀理解的核心,對學生深層次理解能力的培養(yǎng)有著重大的影響??梢哉f,邏輯推理已滲透到學生語言學習的方方面面。
在解答詞義猜測題的過程中,如果學生能迅速抓住邏輯關系信號詞,明確句間邏輯關系,揣摩分析相應的關鍵詞,必將大大提高其解題能力。筆者認真研究了近三年的高考英語真題,就高考英語中??嫉钠叻N邏輯關系分述如下,以饗讀者。
以下為七種邏輯關系在2018~2020 年高考英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題中的分布情況:
結(jié)論:在常考的七種邏輯關系中,考查的熱點是同、近義關系(9 次),其次是對比關系和因果關系(各4 次)。
有時,文中會對兩個事物或現(xiàn)象進行對比性的描述,或會出現(xiàn)與生詞意思相反的詞。因此,學生可以根據(jù)句中的對比關系來猜測詞義。對比關系為高考英語的考查熱點。
【例】[2020 年新高考Ⅰ卷(供山東省使用),閱讀理解D 篇]And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
13.What Does the underlined word“beanpoles”in Paragraph 1 refer to?
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
【畫線詞所在句的句意】現(xiàn)有的研究表明,你應該避免與購買大份食物的胖子一同進餐,但事實卻與之相反,你應該避免和那些食量大但卻又高又瘦的人一同進餐。
【解題策略】表示對比關系的信號詞有:contrary to,in contrast,except for,than,while 等。本題中通過畫線詞所在句中表示對比關系的信號詞“contrary to”可知,畫線詞“beanpoles”與文中的“heavier people”形成強烈的對比。故選D。
作為一種推理方法,類比關系是指類比各對象之間存在的一種相似性(共同特征)。它是通過比較不同對象間的某些相似屬性,從而推導出另一屬性也可能相似。
【例】(2019 年天津卷,閱讀理解D 篇)...And the story poses an interesting question:why Do some people Discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their Days,while others go to seed long before?
We’ve all known people who run out of steam before they reach life’s halfway mark.I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top.We can’t all get there.I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
52.What Does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.End one’s struggle for liberty.
B.Waste one’s energy taking risks.
C.Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D.Lose the interest to continue learning.
【畫線短語所在句的句意】我們都認識一些人,人生目標的一半還沒實現(xiàn),他們就失去了動力。
【解題策略】常見的表示類比關系的信號詞有:similarly,like,just as,also,as well 等。本題是一個隱性類比句。畫線短語“run out of steam”的主語“who”在此引導一個定語從句,指前面的“people”。眾所周知,在蒸汽機時代,“steam”代表“動力”。在本句中,“people”與蒸汽機形成隱性類比,兩者的一個共同特征就是“動力,活力”。而“run out of ”表示“用完,用盡”,由此可推知畫線短語“run out of steam”的意思是“失去動力”。再聯(lián)系本段最后一句“I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing...”可知,作者談論的是那些不再學習成長的人。所以,畫線短語“run out of steam”指的是:失去學習的動力。故選D。
有時,在畫線單詞或短語的前后會出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語,它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義,這時就可以根據(jù)同、近義的替代關系推知生詞或短語的含義。同、近義關系為高考英語的考查熱點。
【例】(2020 年全國卷Ⅲ,閱讀理解B 篇)One nonprofit organization,which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment,is keeping tabs on more than 2 000 productions this year.
26.What Does the underlined phrase“keeping tabs on”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Listing completely.
B.Directing professionally.
C.Promoting successfully.
D.Watching carefully.
【畫線短語所在句的句意】一個旨在監(jiān)督影視娛樂中如何對待動物的非盈利組織,今年正密切關注著2 000 多部影片。
【解題策略】同、近義關系常見的信號詞有:and,or,like,as well,similarly,too,also,either 等。本題中根據(jù)語境可知,畫線短語“keeping tabs on”和前文的“monitors”之間為隱性的同、近義關系,與選項A、B、C 意思不符。故選D。
本文中所提及的轉(zhuǎn)折關系是指文中畫線生詞的前后句之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關系。在這種情況下,學生可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關系來猜測詞義。
【例】(2020 年全國卷Ⅱ,閱讀理解 C 篇)...The fur trade kept nutria in check for Decades,but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
30.What Does the underlined word “collapsed” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A.Boomed. B.Became mature.
C.Remained stable. D.Crashed.
【畫線詞所在句的句意】幾十年來,毛皮貿(mào)易使得海貍鼠的數(shù)量得到了控制,但是,在20 世紀八十年代海貍鼠市場崩潰時,這種與貓同等大小的動物的數(shù)量猛增。
【解題策略】表示轉(zhuǎn)折關系的信號詞有:but 和however 等。本題中由畫線詞所在句中表示轉(zhuǎn)折關系的邏輯信號詞“but”可知,“but”前一分句指由于毛皮交易的存在,海貍鼠的數(shù)量一直處于控制當中,而后一分句則表明海貍鼠的數(shù)量猛增。由此可推知,海貍鼠市場應該經(jīng)歷了“衰退”或“重創(chuàng)”。所以,畫線單詞“collapsed”的意思與選項D 相近。故選D。
在做閱讀理解題時,如果生詞或陌生的短語所在的句子與另一個句子之間存在因果關系,學生就可以根據(jù)因果邏輯關系推斷單詞或短語的含義。因果關系為高考英語考查的熱點。
【例】(2019 年北京卷,閱讀理解 D 篇)...But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warming trend.Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth,since they need not only sunlight and carbon Dioxide to grow,but also nutrients.
43.What Does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial.
C.Significant. D.Unnoticeable.
【畫線詞所在句的句意】但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響。
【解題策略】表示因果關系的信號詞有:because,so,thus,therefore,as a result of,since,so that,so/such...that...等。本題中根據(jù)語境可知,畫線單詞所在句與下一句之間為隱性因果邏輯關系,即:沒有明顯的因果邏輯關系信號詞。由句意可知,畫線單詞的下一句“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth,...”表示原因,畫線單詞所在句表示結(jié)果,即:氣候變暖會改變海洋的主要特征,并影響浮游植物的生長,所以,浮游植物很容易受到海洋變暖趨勢的影響。由此可知,畫線單詞“vulnerable”的意思與選項A(易受傷害的,易受影響的)的意思接近。故選A。
有時,作者往往會在文中某個生詞后舉一個例子,從而使該詞更容易被理解。所以,在閱讀的過程中,學生可以通過例子來猜測生詞的詞義。
【例】(2019 年全國卷Ⅱ,閱讀理解 B 篇)...She may just need a little persuading.So I try again and tug at the heartstrings.I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the Dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up,“Alright.Yes,I’ll Do it.”
25.What Does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in Paragraph 2 mean ?
A.Encourage teamwork.
B.Appeal to feelings.
C.Promote good Deeds.
D.Provide advice.
【畫線短語所在句的句意】所以我又嘗試了一次,同時打起了感情牌。
【解題策略】表示舉例關系的常見的信號詞有:such as,like,for example,for instance 等。本題中根據(jù)語境可知,畫線短語“tug at the heartstrings”與下一句“I mention...”之間在邏輯上為隱性的舉例關系。由前一句可知,“她”有點猶豫。于是“我”在下一句里舉了兩個例子來說服“她”,由此倒推可知:“我”這回打感情牌了。故選B。
順承關系指兩個動作或兩種相關的情況先后發(fā)生,不能顛倒。在閱讀的過程中,有時,學生可以通過順承關系來猜測生詞。
【例】(2019 年全國卷Ⅲ,閱讀理解B 篇)“China is impossible to overlook,”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell Dreams to women all over the world,which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.”O(jiān)f course,not only are today’s top Western Designers being influenced by China—some of the best Designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking on Galiano,Albaz,Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands Down in Design and sales,” adds Hill.
26.What Do the underlined words“taking on”in Paragraph 4 mean?
A.learning from B.looking Down on
C.working with D.competing against
【畫線短語所在句的句意】Vera Wang、Alexander Wang 和Jason Wu 正在挑戰(zhàn)Galiano、Albaz 和Marc Jacobs——在設計和銷售方面輕而易舉地擊敗他們。
【解題策略】表示順承關系的信號詞有:and,then 和afterwards 等。本題中根據(jù)語境和畫線短語所在句中表示順承關系的連接詞“and”可知,畫線短語“taking on”與“beating them hands Down in Design and sales”之間是順承關系。由此倒推,即要“beating them hands Down in Design and sales”之前就應該“與……競爭”。故選D。
以上,筆者只列舉了近三年高考英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的七種邏輯關系。當然,語言之間的邏輯關系遠不止以上七種。在閱讀過程中,學生應根據(jù)語境和邏輯關系信號詞,從形式和內(nèi)容上把握語言之間的顯性和隱性邏輯關系,結(jié)合語義,大膽揣測,從而達到命題人設計詞義猜測題的目的。