占濟(jì)舟,許甜甜
面向競(jìng)爭型零售商的商業(yè)信用融資決策研究
占濟(jì)舟1,2,許甜甜1
(1.南京審計(jì)大學(xué) 商學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 211815;2.復(fù)旦大學(xué) 管理學(xué)院,上海 200433)
在含有一個(gè)供應(yīng)商和兩個(gè)Cournot競(jìng)爭型零售商的供應(yīng)鏈框架下,研究了零售商資金約束時(shí)的供應(yīng)鏈商業(yè)信用融資策略。針對(duì)一個(gè)零售商的資金受到約束和兩個(gè)零售商的資金同時(shí)受到約束兩種情形,分別給出了商業(yè)信用合同中供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品批發(fā)價(jià)Pareto 區(qū)間,使得供應(yīng)鏈中各企業(yè)達(dá)到共贏。數(shù)值分析結(jié)果表明:商業(yè)信用可以改善零售商的資金困境,但受市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭環(huán)境的影響,不能實(shí)現(xiàn)無資金約束情形時(shí)的均衡利潤。而作為供應(yīng)鏈的主導(dǎo)者,供應(yīng)商可以從商業(yè)信貸中獲得基于零售商無資金約束時(shí)的利潤,并且,隨著零售商之間競(jìng)爭程度的加劇和自有資金的增多,商業(yè)信用的融資效用將逐漸減弱。
商業(yè)信用;資金約束;Cournot競(jìng)爭;Pareto 區(qū)間
商業(yè)信用(即延期支付)是上游供應(yīng)商為幫助下游零售商擺脫采購資金困境的一種短期融資服務(wù)。特別是面向那些缺乏固定資產(chǎn)抵押和信用記錄的中小微企業(yè),商業(yè)信用是普遍采用的一種融資方式[1]。實(shí)踐中,供應(yīng)商為擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)占有率,往往在不同的銷售渠道出售同一種產(chǎn)品,這將直接導(dǎo)致零售商之間的相互競(jìng)爭。例如:海爾不僅有同京東、國美、蘇寧等合作的網(wǎng)絡(luò)銷售平臺(tái),同時(shí)在全國擁有遍布城鄉(xiāng)的近3萬家專賣店,并且大多數(shù)專賣店都是中小微企業(yè)。針對(duì)小微企業(yè)的融資難問題,海爾綜合考慮其融資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和操作成本,施行差異化的信貸政策,為小微企業(yè)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)的商業(yè)信用融資服務(wù)。在實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中,除完全壟斷的企業(yè)外,任何企業(yè)都不可避免地受到產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)競(jìng)爭企業(yè)的影響。因此,供應(yīng)商將如何根據(jù)零售商所處的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭環(huán)境,為資金約束零售商提供商業(yè)信用融資服務(wù)已經(jīng)成為理論界和企業(yè)界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。
本文研究供應(yīng)商如何對(duì)兩個(gè)進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭的零售商提供商業(yè)信用,考慮市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭程度對(duì)商業(yè)信用融資決策的影響。與本文相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)主要分為兩類:一類是關(guān)于商業(yè)信用融資決策研究,另一類是關(guān)于零售商市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈中企業(yè)運(yùn)營的影響。在商業(yè)信用融資決策研究領(lǐng)域中,一部分學(xué)者基于經(jīng)典的EOQ模型框架,考慮確定性市場(chǎng)需求背景下的商業(yè)信用融資決策。自從Goyal[2]建立了商業(yè)信用期限為一固定常量下的經(jīng)濟(jì)訂購批量(EOQ)模型以來,大多數(shù)學(xué)者在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行改進(jìn),例如:Chang等[3]研究了供應(yīng)商和零售商都為客戶提供延期支付時(shí)的兩階段商業(yè)信用模型;Teng 等[4]針對(duì)產(chǎn)品需求為非降低變化情形時(shí),結(jié)合商業(yè)信用給出了供應(yīng)商和零售商的庫存情況;Soni[5]建立了需求隨價(jià)格和庫存變化時(shí)的延期支付EOQ模型。
另一部分研究是基于市場(chǎng)需求服從隨機(jī)分布而展開的,如:Gupta和Wang[6]研究了需求不確定條件下,商業(yè)信用期的合同參數(shù)以及如何影響企業(yè)庫存最優(yōu)決策;陳祥鋒[7]建立了零售商和供應(yīng)商之間的貿(mào)易信用博弈模型,并且分析零售商有限責(zé)任約束條件下,零售商的訂購決策和供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)批發(fā)價(jià)格;Gao等[8]考慮了零售商支付一部分貨款后享受剩余貨款的商業(yè)信用這種情景,給出供應(yīng)商和零售商的商業(yè)信用合同,以及可以使零供雙方達(dá)到Pareto改進(jìn)的合同參數(shù);Zhang 等[9]指出在隨機(jī)需求條件下,商業(yè)信用給上游制造商帶來了應(yīng)收賬款風(fēng)險(xiǎn),制造商給予零售商的商業(yè)信用依賴于制造商的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)態(tài)度。占濟(jì)舟等[10]研究了供應(yīng)鏈分散決策和集中決策下,商業(yè)信用與應(yīng)收賬款的聯(lián)合融資策略。此外,Kouvelis和Zhao[11]、Chen[12]都對(duì)商業(yè)信用和銀行融資進(jìn)行了比較,對(duì)商業(yè)信用的優(yōu)越性進(jìn)行了深入研究。從上述研究文獻(xiàn)來看,大部分研究都是從供應(yīng)鏈上下游企業(yè)的利益出發(fā),討論商業(yè)信用融資環(huán)境下的供應(yīng)鏈上企業(yè)運(yùn)營問題,不考慮供應(yīng)鏈成員所處的市場(chǎng)環(huán)境對(duì)融資決策的影響。
在針對(duì)零售商市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈中企業(yè)運(yùn)營的影響研究方面,Ingene和Parry[13]研究了兩個(gè)零售商的Cournot競(jìng)爭行為對(duì)產(chǎn)品銷售渠道的影響;Tsay和Agrawal[14]建立了電商和傳統(tǒng)銷售渠道競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下,零售商采取價(jià)格和服務(wù)競(jìng)爭時(shí)的銷售努力程度模型。Yang等[15]討論了雙寡頭零售商采取不同競(jìng)爭行為(Cournot、Collusion和Stackelberg)時(shí),制造商的最優(yōu)定價(jià)和零售商的訂購決策。Wu等[16]指出在一個(gè)由單一供應(yīng)商和多個(gè)零售商構(gòu)成的供應(yīng)鏈中,零售商的競(jìng)爭程度對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈中每個(gè)成員的利潤都有負(fù)面影響。Chen和Xiao[17]考慮供應(yīng)商的定價(jià)和零售商的補(bǔ)貨策略,指出市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭會(huì)致使零售商采取更高的訂購量。李曉靜等[18]在由兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭性制造商和兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭性零售商形成的交叉銷售的競(jìng)爭供應(yīng)鏈模型中,研究了制造商的收益共享契約選擇的動(dòng)態(tài)演化過程。張國興等[19]對(duì)制造商銷售的兩種產(chǎn)品在價(jià)格、質(zhì)量和服務(wù)三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭時(shí),供應(yīng)鏈的均衡與協(xié)調(diào)策略。然而,上述文獻(xiàn)都假設(shè)零售商有充足的采購資金,不考慮資金約束對(duì)零售商競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下的供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)營的影響。
由此可見,結(jié)合零售商競(jìng)爭環(huán)境來討論供應(yīng)鏈中商業(yè)信用融資決策的研究成果還不多見。與本文研究相似的文獻(xiàn)有:馬中華和陳祥鋒[20]在信息不對(duì)稱的情況下,將零售商分為優(yōu)質(zhì)和劣質(zhì),研究面對(duì)不同競(jìng)爭環(huán)境(高度競(jìng)爭、適度競(jìng)爭和低度競(jìng)爭)下的零售商,供應(yīng)商如何設(shè)計(jì)有效貿(mào)易合同,用以甄別不同類型的零售商。與文獻(xiàn)[20]所不同的是,本文是在由單一供應(yīng)商和兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭型零售商構(gòu)成的供應(yīng)鏈中,分別探討當(dāng)其中一個(gè)零售商資金短缺和兩個(gè)零售商都資金短缺時(shí),供應(yīng)商的商業(yè)信用融資決策,以及零售商的競(jìng)爭程度對(duì)融資策略的影響。Yang等[21]考慮兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭型零售商發(fā)生資金約束時(shí),一個(gè)零售商采取商業(yè)信用,另一個(gè)零售商采取銀行融資時(shí),零售商的訂購決策和供應(yīng)商的定價(jià)策略。與文獻(xiàn)[21]不同的是,本文探討的是資金短缺的零售商在不同競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下的信貸融資。金偉和駱建文[22]分析了當(dāng)上游供應(yīng)商資金約束時(shí),兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭型制造商的資金補(bǔ)償及均衡訂貨策略。與文獻(xiàn)[22]不同的是,本文針對(duì)零售商資金約束問題進(jìn)行研究,給出在不同競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下,供應(yīng)商的商業(yè)信用融資策略。
在供應(yīng)鏈的運(yùn)營過程中,供應(yīng)商是Stackelberg領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,兩個(gè)零售商是追隨者,并且相互之間服從Cournot競(jìng)爭模式。文中采取的主要符號(hào)假設(shè)如下:
類似于文獻(xiàn)[15-19,21],本文假設(shè)兩個(gè)零售商的市場(chǎng)需求的逆向函數(shù)表示為:
當(dāng)兩個(gè)零售商資金充足,利用自有資金進(jìn)行采購時(shí),零售商的決策問題為:
以及供應(yīng)商的定價(jià)決策為:
利用逆向歸納法,可得商業(yè)信用合同中的最優(yōu)批發(fā)價(jià)為:
以及零售商的均衡訂購量為:
在此情形下,供應(yīng)鏈中的各成員利潤分別為:
命題2表明,資金約束限制零售商不能達(dá)到最優(yōu)采購量,這不僅會(huì)降低其自身利潤,也削減了上游供應(yīng)商的利潤。而商業(yè)信用融資可以改善零售商面臨的資金困境,但受市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭的影響,仍無法使零售商達(dá)到無資金約束下的均衡利潤。相對(duì)資金約束零售商而言,供應(yīng)商可以通過設(shè)定信用合同,使自身利潤達(dá)到最大化,甚至超過零售商無資金約束情形下所獲得的最優(yōu)利潤。這是因?yàn)?,供?yīng)商作為核心企業(yè),在為零售商提供信貸服務(wù)的同時(shí),通過收取融資利息來抵消信貸帶來的融資風(fēng)險(xiǎn),這為供應(yīng)商在融資過程中獲得額外的利潤來源。因此,供應(yīng)商愿意為零售商提供商業(yè)信貸服務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)零供雙方的Pareto最優(yōu)利潤。然而,針對(duì)資金充足的零售商而言,對(duì)方的資金約束擴(kuò)大了自身的市場(chǎng)份額,無論對(duì)方是否愿意采取商業(yè)信用融資模式,資金充足都能為零售商贏得增長的產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)需求,從而獲得贏利。并且,如果對(duì)方不采取商業(yè)信用融資擴(kuò)大訂購量,零售商在競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下能占有更多的市場(chǎng)份額,獲取更多利潤。
結(jié)合推論1和推論2,可以看出:針對(duì)單一零售商出現(xiàn)資金短缺問題,供應(yīng)商可以根據(jù)融資利率和零售商之間的競(jìng)爭程度,為資金約束零售商提供商業(yè)信貸融資。在商業(yè)信用合同中,供應(yīng)商的批發(fā)價(jià)要大于一般情形下的市場(chǎng)批發(fā)價(jià)。而且,隨著零售商之間競(jìng)爭的加劇,以及零售商自有資金的增加,商業(yè)信貸的融資效用將逐漸減弱。
以及供應(yīng)商的決策問題為:
供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)定價(jià)為:
在此情形下,供應(yīng)鏈中的各成員利潤分別為:
從命題3可知:兩個(gè)相互競(jìng)爭的零售商都出現(xiàn)資金約束時(shí),商業(yè)信用雖然能擴(kuò)大其采購量,但都不能使其達(dá)到無資金約束下的最優(yōu)均衡訂購量。在信貸合同中,供應(yīng)商根據(jù)融資利率來給定產(chǎn)品的最優(yōu)批發(fā)價(jià),且與單一零售商資金約束下的產(chǎn)品定價(jià)不同,供應(yīng)商的最優(yōu)定價(jià)決策依賴于融資利率。這是因?yàn)?,處于Cournot競(jìng)爭模式的零售商將同時(shí)通過商業(yè)信用融資渠道進(jìn)行采購,這就是說,零售商的采購決策將達(dá)到類似無資金約束下的均衡狀態(tài)。而供應(yīng)商針對(duì)兩個(gè)零售商都給予相同的融資利率,所以,基于零售商的均衡采購量,供應(yīng)商的定價(jià)決策依賴于融資利率。
命題4說明,當(dāng)兩個(gè)零售商都出現(xiàn)資金缺口時(shí),商業(yè)信貸可以為資金約束供應(yīng)鏈創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。但在零售商競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下,若供應(yīng)商要從商業(yè)信貸過程中獲取無資金約束下的最優(yōu)利潤,這將至少導(dǎo)致一個(gè)零售商不能獲得無資金約束下的均衡利潤。從命題4容易得到如下推論:
表1 兩個(gè)零售商的最優(yōu)訂購量隨和的變化
圖1 的Pareto區(qū)間隨的變化
圖2 的Pareto區(qū)間隨的變化
表2 兩個(gè)零售商的最優(yōu)訂購量隨和的變化
圖3 的Pareto區(qū)間隨的變化
圖4 的Pareto區(qū)間隨的變化
商業(yè)信用是解決供應(yīng)鏈中買方資金約束問題的一種重要的融資渠道,如何將融資與企業(yè)運(yùn)營決策相結(jié)合,從而發(fā)揮融資的最大價(jià)值是供應(yīng)鏈金融研究領(lǐng)域的主要課題。本文在含有一個(gè)供應(yīng)商和兩個(gè)競(jìng)爭性零售商的供應(yīng)鏈中,探討了在Cournot競(jìng)爭環(huán)境下的零售商出現(xiàn)資金約束時(shí),供應(yīng)鏈的商業(yè)信用融資決策。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)一個(gè)零售商資金受到約束而競(jìng)爭者資金充足時(shí),供應(yīng)商可以通過設(shè)定資金約束零售商的產(chǎn)品采購價(jià),使得商業(yè)信用實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈中上下游企業(yè)的Pareto最優(yōu)利潤。其中,供應(yīng)商可以從商業(yè)信用融資過程中獲得零售商無資金約束時(shí)的利潤,而零售商資金約束的困境雖然得到有效改善,但仍不能實(shí)現(xiàn)無資金約束情形下的均衡利潤。對(duì)于資金充裕的競(jìng)爭者而言,無論對(duì)方是否接受商業(yè)信用合同,充分的資金儲(chǔ)備都促使零售商在競(jìng)爭中擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品訂購量,從而提高其銷售利潤,且超過零售商無資金約束情形下的均衡利潤。當(dāng)兩個(gè)零售商資金都受到約束時(shí),供應(yīng)商同時(shí)為兩個(gè)零售商提供商業(yè)信用融資服務(wù),且當(dāng)產(chǎn)品批發(fā)價(jià)處于一定范圍時(shí),商業(yè)信用可以實(shí)現(xiàn)上下游企業(yè)的Pareto最優(yōu)利潤,但不能使供應(yīng)鏈中各企業(yè)均達(dá)到無資金約束下的均衡利潤。同時(shí),隨著零售商之間競(jìng)爭程度的加劇以及零售商自有資金的逐步增加,商業(yè)信用的融資效用將逐漸減弱。
文中所得結(jié)論有三個(gè)方面的管理啟示:一是解釋了在競(jìng)爭激烈的零售市場(chǎng)中,供應(yīng)商為何仍會(huì)采取商業(yè)信用對(duì)資金約束零售商進(jìn)行短期融資。二是給出了零售商不同初始資金的條件下,商業(yè)信貸的批發(fā)價(jià)決策,為更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)融資價(jià)值提供理論依據(jù)。三是進(jìn)一步給出了商業(yè)信用的效用隨零售商自有資金和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭程度的變化情況,為供應(yīng)商合理采用商業(yè)信貸融資手段提供幫助。
本文假設(shè)產(chǎn)品的銷售價(jià)格與需求服從線性遞減函數(shù),探討隨機(jī)需求下競(jìng)爭性零售商的商業(yè)信用融資策略問題是未來研究的一個(gè)方向,以及考慮不對(duì)稱信息環(huán)境或更多復(fù)雜的實(shí)際背景,供應(yīng)鏈的商業(yè)信用融資決策也是將來值得進(jìn)一步研究的課題。
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Research on trade credit strategies for competitive retailers
ZHAN Jizhou1,2, Xu Tiantian1
(1. School of Business, Nanjing Audit University, Nanjing 211815, China;2. School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China)
Trade credit (i.e., deferred payment) is a common financing service that suppliers use to accommodate for the constraints of downstream retailers' funds. In practice, suppliers tend to sell the same product through different sales channels in order to increase product market share, which directly leads to competition among retailers. This paper mainly focuses on how suppliers provide trade credit financing services for capital-constrained retailers, given the market competition they face.
This paper considers that, in a supply chain consisting of one supplier and two retailers in Cournot competition, the supplier is the Stackelberg game leader and each retailer is a follower. The optimal trade credit financing strategy is given for the case of a single retailer's capital constraint, in the situation that both retailers are simultaneously constrained by funds. Moreover, the Pareto interval of the supplier's wholesale price is given - enabling the companies in the supply chain to achieve a win-win situation - as well as the impact of the retailer's own funds and competition on the financing efficiency. The research conclusions are as follows:
(1) When a single retailer is constrained by funds, trade credit can lead funds to constrain retailers and reduce the order quantity, but cannot allow both retailers to achieve the optimal order quantity and balanced profit without capital constraints. For well-funded retailers, the other party's financial constraints can expand their market share, regardless of whether the other party is willing to adopt a trade credit financing model, and sufficient funds can win retailers the growth in market demand for products, thereby generating a profit. The wholesale price of the supplier in the credit contract is inversely proportional to the financing rate, and the optimal profit can be obtained if the retailer has no capital constraints.
(2) When both retailers are constrained by funds, trade credit can expand the purchase volume of retailers, but cannot allow both retailers to achieve the optimal order quantity and balanced profit without concurrent capital constraints. The wholesale price in the credit contract depends on the financing rate. If the supplier tries to obtain the optimal profit without financial constraints from the trade credit process, this will lead to at least one retailer not being able to obtain a balanced profit without capital constraints.
(3) In order to achieve a win-win situation for all parties in the supply chain, the supplier can set the Pareto interval of the wholesale price, thus achieving the Pareto optimal profit of the upstream and downstream enterprises. With the increasing competition between retailers and the gradual increase of retailers' own funds, the Pareto interval of wholesale prices will gradually shrink; that is, the financing efficiency of trade credit will gradually decline.
Trade credit; Capital constraints; Cournot competition; Pareto zone
2017-11-14
2018-05-31
Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(71502084, 71601098) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2015M571496)
F272.3
A
1004-6062(2020)04-0052-008
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.04.006
2017-11-14
2018-05-31
國家自然科學(xué)資助項(xiàng)目(71502084、71601098);中國博士后科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(2015M571496)。
占濟(jì)舟(1982—),女,江西樂安人;南京審計(jì)大學(xué)商學(xué)院副教授,博士,博士后;研究方向:供應(yīng)鏈金融。
中文編輯:杜 健;英文編輯:Boping Yan