王國猛,張夢(mèng)思,趙曙明,李 麗
個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為:社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論的視角
王國猛1,張夢(mèng)思1,趙曙明2,李 麗1
(1.湖南師范大學(xué) 心理學(xué)系,湖南 長沙 410081;2.南京大學(xué) 商學(xué)院,江蘇 南京 210093)
近年來,企業(yè)道德缺失事件的頻發(fā)使得工作場所不道德行為備受關(guān)注,其中為了組織及其成員的利益而導(dǎo)致員工從事的親組織不道德行為成為了該領(lǐng)域研究的前沿命題。鑒于現(xiàn)有研究主要從個(gè)體特質(zhì)、道德事件特征和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為角度對(duì)普通員工親組織不道德行為進(jìn)行解釋,本文從員工與組織關(guān)系角度,基于社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,對(duì)446名核心員工進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查,探討個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響過程,以及企業(yè)偽善在其中的調(diào)節(jié)作用。結(jié)果表明:(1)個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為有顯著的正向影響;(2)心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有部分中介作用;(3)企業(yè)偽善在心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有正向的調(diào)節(jié)作用;(4)企業(yè)偽善調(diào)節(jié)了個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為影響的中介過程,從而表現(xiàn)出有調(diào)節(jié)的中介作用。
個(gè)性化契約;心理特權(quán);企業(yè)偽善;親組織不道德行為
近年來,隨著安然事件、“三聚氰胺”、“龐氏騙局”、世通公司財(cái)務(wù)丑聞、“大眾排放門”、日本鋼鐵造假等道德缺失事件的曝光,企業(yè)道德危機(jī)備受學(xué)者和實(shí)踐者關(guān)注。分析其原因,這些事件往往與員工不道德行為緊密相關(guān)[1-2]。以往研究認(rèn)為,不道德行為來自于員工的利己或報(bào)復(fù)[3]。近年來,學(xué)者Umphress 和 Bingham認(rèn)為,與利己或報(bào)復(fù)的利己型不道德行為的出發(fā)點(diǎn)截然不同,有時(shí)員工違背社會(huì)價(jià)值觀、道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn),甚至法律不是為了利己或報(bào)復(fù)的目的,而是為了組織及其成員的利益,這種利他型不道德行為被稱之為親組織不道德行為(unethical pro-organizational behavior)[4-5]。由于親組織不道德行為的親組織性,組織往往忽視、默許、甚至支持員工此類行為,但是親組織不道德行為本質(zhì)上具有不道德性,它不僅導(dǎo)致組織與其利益相關(guān)者關(guān)系受到破壞,更會(huì)使組織外部聲譽(yù)受到損害。因此,自從學(xué)者Umphress 和 Bingham提出親組織不道德行為的概念以來,親組織不道德行為的形成過程問題就受到了學(xué)術(shù)界的廣泛關(guān)注[6-8]。
核心員工是擁有核心專業(yè)知識(shí)與技能,掌握組織的核心業(yè)務(wù),并在很大程度上決定組織核心競爭力和長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵崗位員工,他們是組織中的稀缺資源,更關(guān)注自身的職業(yè)發(fā)展[9-10]。目前,隨著全球化進(jìn)程的不斷推進(jìn),勞動(dòng)市場自由化程日趨開放,員工雇傭協(xié)商談判能力的提升使得員工與組織關(guān)系發(fā)生了急劇的變革,導(dǎo)致員工職業(yè)生涯管理中組織的角色由控制者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殚_發(fā)和支持者,這給組織留住核心員工帶來了重大的挑戰(zhàn)。個(gè)性化契約(idiosyncratic deals)適應(yīng)員工與組織雇傭談判需要而出現(xiàn),成為了員工和組織關(guān)系研究領(lǐng)域的新議題[11]。然而,現(xiàn)有研究主要從個(gè)體特質(zhì)、道德事件特征和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為的角度,對(duì)普通員工親組織不道德行為進(jìn)行解釋,從員工與組織關(guān)系的角度,針對(duì)核心員工的探索十分少見[4-5, 12]。個(gè)性化契約是把雙刃劍,它在提高核心員工創(chuàng)新行為、工作績效、工作滿意感的同時(shí)[13-17],也會(huì)對(duì)核心員工心理與行為表現(xiàn)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響[18]。核心員工為達(dá)到組織個(gè)性化工作安置制定的績效目標(biāo)而期望更多的權(quán)利與資源,它為心理特權(quán)的啟動(dòng)提供了條件,尤其是核心員工受到組織層次整體道德氣氛的影響而采取不道德行為。此外,20世紀(jì)70年代,班杜拉(Albert Bandura)將個(gè)體認(rèn)知因素引入傳統(tǒng)行為主義的人格理論中,提出了社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論(social cognitive theory),認(rèn)為個(gè)體主體認(rèn)知、環(huán)境和個(gè)體行為三者之間交互作用。根據(jù)社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,企業(yè)偽善屬于組織道德環(huán)境因素,它可能通過社會(huì)認(rèn)知而傳染給組織內(nèi)核心員工,從而形成不道德行為的連鎖反應(yīng),為本文構(gòu)建個(gè)性化契約影響核心員工親組織不道德行為的有調(diào)節(jié)的中介作用模型提供了理論解釋框架[19]。在此背景下,本文基于社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,從員工與組織關(guān)系的視角,探討個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響過程,以及企業(yè)偽善在其中的調(diào)節(jié)作用,以期從個(gè)性化契約角度,為我國企業(yè)管理實(shí)踐中組織及其管理者有效地降低核心員工親組織不道德行為水平提供指導(dǎo)。
個(gè)性化契約是經(jīng)由員工與組織協(xié)商而定,使員工與組織都受益的員工個(gè)性化工作安置[17],它包括靈活性型、發(fā)展型,工作前、工作后等個(gè)性化契約類型,其中發(fā)展型個(gè)性化契約是有助于員工職業(yè)長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的條款,更適合高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)研究[20-21]。目前,個(gè)性化契約成為了個(gè)體行為視角下員工和組織關(guān)系研究的前沿命題,也是組織吸引、留任核心員工的重要人力資源管理激勵(lì)策略[11]。個(gè)性化契約不僅專門為核心員工定制了特殊的工作條件,同時(shí)組織也會(huì)對(duì)核心員工提出與個(gè)性化工作安置相匹配的績效目標(biāo)要求[22-23]。社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論認(rèn)為,人類絕大多數(shù)行為屬于目的或目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向,當(dāng)個(gè)體達(dá)成了目標(biāo)時(shí),不僅能獲得外在物質(zhì)激勵(lì),而且還會(huì)產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的內(nèi)在自我激勵(lì);然而,當(dāng)個(gè)體無法達(dá)成目標(biāo)時(shí),則會(huì)帶來相應(yīng)的負(fù)面影響[6, 24]。根據(jù)社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,當(dāng)員工無法實(shí)現(xiàn)與個(gè)性化契約相匹配的績效目標(biāo)要求時(shí),員工會(huì)面臨失去組織及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的支持,甚至取消個(gè)性化契約。然而,趨利避害是人們一個(gè)根本性的行為動(dòng)機(jī),為了獲得組織及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者支持,或者為了維持個(gè)性化契約,核心員工可能會(huì)采取有違常規(guī)的方式,以達(dá)到個(gè)性化契約所規(guī)定的績效目標(biāo)要求來實(shí)現(xiàn)職業(yè)發(fā)展。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致核心員工采用不符合道德規(guī)范的、但有助于改善績效的不道德行為,以便實(shí)現(xiàn)組織與員工的“雙贏”。基于上述分析,提出如下假設(shè):
假設(shè)1:個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為有正向影響。
現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,有些人覺得自己應(yīng)該比其他人獲得更多的權(quán)利與資源;企業(yè)管理實(shí)踐中,沒有額外貢獻(xiàn)的員工也想獲得額外獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),而不管這些資源與權(quán)利是否屬于自己應(yīng)得。心理特權(quán)(psychological entitlement)就是對(duì)上述現(xiàn)象的描述,它是一種員工有權(quán)獲得穩(wěn)定而普遍的優(yōu)待、社會(huì)責(zé)任的豁免,然而較少或不考慮自身工作中實(shí)投入的主觀信念或自我膨脹認(rèn)知[25-26],這種信念或自我認(rèn)知受到了員工成長過程中資源與權(quán)利不斷強(qiáng)化的影響,從而為心理特權(quán)的啟動(dòng)提供了恰當(dāng)?shù)臈l件[27]。而且,社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論認(rèn)為,個(gè)體能自我調(diào)節(jié)和自我監(jiān)控自身的認(rèn)知活動(dòng),當(dāng)這種調(diào)節(jié)和監(jiān)控有效地運(yùn)行時(shí),它能阻止個(gè)體不道德行為的產(chǎn)生;然而,當(dāng)這種調(diào)節(jié)和監(jiān)控機(jī)制受到破壞時(shí),它會(huì)減弱自我道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)個(gè)體不道德行為的約束。根據(jù)社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,核心員工都有一個(gè)自我調(diào)節(jié)與監(jiān)控系統(tǒng),一旦這種自我調(diào)節(jié)與監(jiān)控機(jī)制受到破壞,自我道德規(guī)范對(duì)員工的約束便隨之減弱,從而導(dǎo)致員工不道德行為的出現(xiàn)[24, 28-29]。個(gè)性化契約是核心員工工作角色發(fā)展過程中的一部分,體現(xiàn)了組織對(duì)員工工作角色的期望和績效目標(biāo)的要求,員工努力達(dá)到要求以便實(shí)現(xiàn)職業(yè)發(fā)展目標(biāo),或者以后工作中能持續(xù)簽署個(gè)性化契約[4-5, 14]。因此,為了在工作中獲得比實(shí)際更多的贊揚(yáng)和報(bào)酬,面對(duì)職業(yè)發(fā)展和績效目標(biāo)要求,核心員工自我監(jiān)控機(jī)制可能會(huì)減弱,為了維護(hù)組織及其成員的利益而實(shí)施親組織不道德行為,從而弱化承擔(dān)的責(zé)任,減少負(fù)罪感。基于上述分析,提出如下假設(shè):
假設(shè)2:心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為行為之間具有中介作用。
近年來,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任成為了學(xué)者和實(shí)踐者關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),然而在履行社會(huì)責(zé)任中企業(yè)“說一套,做一套”的偽裝現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮。企業(yè)偽善(corporate hypocrisy)是在社會(huì)責(zé)任履行中,組織所宣揚(yáng)、承諾的社會(huì)責(zé)任與組織從事的社會(huì)責(zé)任實(shí)際行為以及社會(huì)責(zé)任的真實(shí)目的之間產(chǎn)生的不一致現(xiàn)象[30]。社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論認(rèn)為,個(gè)體行為受到個(gè)體和環(huán)境因素的交互影響,可以通過個(gè)體因素對(duì)環(huán)境的感知來預(yù)測個(gè)體的行為[28-29]。心理特權(quán)是員工較少或不考慮自身投入而獲得穩(wěn)定而普遍優(yōu)待的一種內(nèi)在信念[25-26],當(dāng)企業(yè)偽善水平比較高時(shí),核心員工會(huì)感知組織是“利潤第一而罔顧道德”,這種認(rèn)識(shí)使得核心員工為了達(dá)到職業(yè)發(fā)展的目的,會(huì)將組織及其管理者的道德偽裝行為視為追隨、學(xué)習(xí)與模仿的對(duì)象,從而形成組織默許、縱容甚至支持核心員工只要能讓組織獲利,哪怕違背道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也是可行的認(rèn)知,進(jìn)而促使核心員工產(chǎn)生親社會(huì)不道德行為[31]。相反,當(dāng)企業(yè)偽善水平比較低時(shí),核心員工會(huì)把個(gè)性化契約視為組織對(duì)自身職業(yè)發(fā)展的良好激勵(lì)形式,會(huì)通過追隨、模仿與學(xué)習(xí)企業(yè)道德價(jià)值理念來實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)性化工作安置制定的績效目標(biāo)。基于上述分析,提出如下假設(shè):
假設(shè)3:企業(yè)偽善在心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有正向的調(diào)節(jié)作用。
企業(yè)偽善的目的是減少或降低承自身擔(dān)社會(huì)責(zé)任成本來贏得顧客青睞和外部聲譽(yù),以便能更好地獲利[32],而個(gè)性化契約需要同時(shí)兼顧組織和員工雙方的利益,一旦員工無法實(shí)現(xiàn)組織績效目標(biāo)的要求,員工會(huì)強(qiáng)烈地感受到對(duì)其職業(yè)發(fā)展所帶來的各種負(fù)面影響[33]。當(dāng)核心員工感知到企業(yè)偽善水平較高時(shí),根據(jù)社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,為了達(dá)到個(gè)性化契約所規(guī)定的績效目標(biāo)要求,核心員工會(huì)不斷要求獲得更多的超過他應(yīng)得范圍的資源與權(quán)利,而不管這些資源與權(quán)利是不是自己應(yīng)得。如果這些資源與權(quán)利達(dá)不到要求,核心員工會(huì)傾向?qū)嵤┎坏赖滦袨?,認(rèn)為這是為了自己所在組織的生存和發(fā)展,從而降低自己的道德責(zé)任,減輕內(nèi)心的矛盾和沖突,此時(shí)個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響將會(huì)被強(qiáng)化。相反,核心員工感知到企業(yè)偽善較低水平時(shí),根據(jù)社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,核心員工會(huì)根據(jù)個(gè)性化的工作安置,而不是根據(jù)對(duì)資源與權(quán)利的期望來達(dá)到組織的績效目標(biāo)要求,此時(shí)核心員工不需要挑戰(zhàn)自我的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和普遍的社會(huì)規(guī)范,從而弱化個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響?;谏鲜龇治?,提出如下假設(shè):
假設(shè)4:企業(yè)偽善調(diào)節(jié)了個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為影響的中介過程,從而表現(xiàn)出有調(diào)節(jié)的中介作用。
圖1 理論模型
Figure 1 Theoretical Model
基于上述研究假設(shè),提出了個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為影響的理論模型,如圖1所示。
樣本來自于北京、遼寧、廣東、浙江和湖南等地12家高新技術(shù)企業(yè),被試為核心技術(shù)人員、銷售人員、管理人員等關(guān)鍵崗位員工。鑒于個(gè)性化契約大都處于非公開狀態(tài),因此調(diào)查組與被試所在企業(yè)人力資源管理部門取得聯(lián)系后,與被試溝通調(diào)查意義、內(nèi)容和目的,告知被試調(diào)查問卷匿名填寫,題項(xiàng)與答案無好壞對(duì)錯(cuò)之分,調(diào)查結(jié)果完全保密,僅供學(xué)術(shù)研究使用等注意事項(xiàng),確保被試愿意參加調(diào)查,且如實(shí)回答和不遺漏答題,調(diào)查后問卷當(dāng)場回收。
共發(fā)放500份問卷,回收446份有效問卷,有效率為89.2%。其中,性別為男性257人,女性189人;年齡為30歲以下51人,31-35歲173人,36-45歲198人,45歲以上24人;教育程度為高中或中專32人,???56人,本科213人,碩士及其以上45人;職務(wù)為高層人員34人,中層人員314人,基層人員98;工作年限為5年以下85人,6-10年153人,11-15年117人,16-20年48人,21年以上43人。
根據(jù)Rousseau[20]的觀點(diǎn),借鑒Huo,Luo和Tam[21]等研究,個(gè)性化契約采用Rousseau 和 Kim[34]發(fā)展型個(gè)性化契約問卷,單維,4項(xiàng)目,用于評(píng)價(jià)員工是否擁與同事不同的培訓(xùn)、工作技能發(fā)展、工作活動(dòng)與職業(yè)發(fā)展等機(jī)會(huì)。例如,“我擁有不同于同事的工作技能發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)”,“我擁有不同于同事的工作活動(dòng)”和“我擁有不同于同事的職業(yè)發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)”。
心理特權(quán)采用Campbell,Bonacci 和 Shelton等[26]問卷,單維,9項(xiàng)目。例如,“工作中我要求最好的,因?yàn)槲抑档谩?,“我不需要得到工作中的特殊待遇”和“在我的生命中,我?yīng)該得到更多的東西”。
企業(yè)偽善采用Wagner,Lutz 和 Weitz[30]問卷,王波[35]對(duì)其進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步修訂,單維,6項(xiàng)目。例如,“在我看來,我們企業(yè)的慈善行為很虛假”,“在我看來,我們企業(yè)的行為和之前所說的完全是兩回事”和“在我看來,我們企業(yè)確實(shí)采取了一定的行動(dòng)”。
親組織不道德行為采用Umphress,Bingham 和 Mitchell[5]問卷,單維,7項(xiàng)目。例如,“為了幫助公司,我會(huì)歪曲事實(shí)以使公司看起來更好”,“如有必要,我會(huì)向公眾隱瞞有損公司形象的信息”和“為了幫助公司,我愿意做任何事”。
鑒于年齡、工作年限等個(gè)體差異變量對(duì)親組織不道德行為產(chǎn)生影響[6, 8],因此將核心員工性別、年齡、教育程度、職務(wù)類型和工作年限作為本研究控制變量。本研究采用SPSS19.0和Amos19.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
采用多種方法控制與檢驗(yàn)共同方法偏差[36]。首先,縱向調(diào)查,第一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)被試填寫個(gè)性化契約和心理特權(quán)問卷,第二個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(隔2周)填寫企業(yè)偽善和親組織不道德行為問卷。其次,探索性因素分析表明,模型四因素結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,第一個(gè)因素解釋總變異31.588%;最后,驗(yàn)證性因素分析表明,一維模型(χ/=11.632,CFI=0.573,IFI=0.574,RMSEA=0.167)達(dá)不到擬合指數(shù)要求,表明沒有一個(gè)共同因素出現(xiàn)。
表1表明,個(gè)性化契約、心理特權(quán)、企業(yè)偽善與親組織不道德行為兩兩之間存在顯著正相關(guān)(<0.01);主要變量的系數(shù)處于0.751-0.918之間,高于推薦值0.70。
表1 主要變量的相關(guān)分析和信度分析(n=446)
注:①括號(hào)內(nèi)為內(nèi)部一致性系數(shù)(系數(shù));②**<0.01,*<0.05,下同;③UPB為親組織不道德行為。
采用 Baron 和 Kenny[37]中介作用分析方法,表2表明加入心理特權(quán)(中介變量)前,個(gè)性化契約影響核心員工親組織不道德行為的回歸系數(shù)為0.432(<0.01,模型三),假設(shè)1得到驗(yàn)證;加入心理特權(quán)(中介變量)后,個(gè)性化契約影響核心員工親組織不道德行為的回歸系數(shù)由0.432變?yōu)?.301(<0.01,模型三),表明心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有部分中介作用。
然而,Baron 和 Kenny中介作用分析方法難免存在一些不足,因此進(jìn)一步采用SPSS PROCESS[38]程序,再抽樣設(shè)定為5000次,檢驗(yàn)心理特權(quán)的中介作用。結(jié)果表明,在95%置信水平下,心理特權(quán)間接效應(yīng)值的非對(duì)稱估計(jì)區(qū)間為[0.088, 0.378],不包含0,由此假設(shè)2得到數(shù)據(jù)支持。
首先,檢驗(yàn)企業(yè)偽善在心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間的調(diào)節(jié)作用。模型四排除核心員工性別、年齡、教育程度、職務(wù)類型、工作年限等人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)變量、心理特權(quán)和企業(yè)偽善影響后,表3表明心理特權(quán)和企業(yè)偽善的交互作用項(xiàng)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為有額外解釋力(=0.196,<0.01),表明企業(yè)偽善在心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有正向的調(diào)節(jié)作用,因此假設(shè)3得到驗(yàn)證。
表2 心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間的中介作用分析(n=446)
表3 企業(yè)偽善對(duì)心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)作用分析(n=446)
其次,根據(jù)Edwards和Lambert[39]有調(diào)節(jié)的中介作用分析思路,運(yùn)用樣本數(shù)為5000的 Bootstrap方法,分析在不同企業(yè)偽善水平下,心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間的中介效應(yīng)。由表4可知,在企業(yè)偽善水平較高時(shí),個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的間接影響效應(yīng)顯著(=0.360,<0.01),而在企業(yè)偽善水平較低時(shí)不顯著(=0.066,>0.05),且兩者差異顯著(=0.294,<0.01),因此假設(shè)4得到驗(yàn)證。
表4 有調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)分析
注:①PMX代表個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工心理特權(quán)的影響,PYM代表心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響,PYX代表個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響;②高、低企業(yè)偽善水平表示均值±1個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。
本研究表明,個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為有顯著的正向影響。這以往研究結(jié)果不一致,例如“個(gè)性化契約對(duì)親組織不道德行為的影響沒有達(dá)到顯著性水平[31]”。這是由于個(gè)性化契約本質(zhì)上體現(xiàn)了核心員工與組織交換關(guān)系的質(zhì)量水平,組織通過個(gè)性化契約能塑造核心員工的工作態(tài)度與行為[40],因此個(gè)性化契約不僅能誘發(fā)核心員工產(chǎn)生組織公民行為等針對(duì)個(gè)體的自發(fā)性行為,同時(shí)由于組織是促進(jìn)個(gè)性化契約談判的實(shí)體,接受個(gè)性化契約的核心員工也會(huì)產(chǎn)生對(duì)組織有利的自發(fā)性行為,形成直接針對(duì)組織的自發(fā)性貢獻(xiàn)[41]。親組織不道德行為是一種旨在使組織受益的自發(fā)性行為,因而接受個(gè)性化契約獲得職業(yè)發(fā)展的員工會(huì)回報(bào)組織個(gè)性化工作安置帶來的好處而幫助組織從事不道德行為。因此,在企業(yè)人力資源管理實(shí)踐中,雖然親組織不道德行為有利于組織,但是它更會(huì)破壞組織與其他利益相關(guān)者之間的關(guān)系,損害組織的外部聲譽(yù),組織應(yīng)有效地應(yīng)對(duì)個(gè)性化契約可能帶來的負(fù)向影響,例如扮演好“伯樂”角色、完善組織與員工協(xié)商制度、個(gè)性化契約范圍靈活可變等,才能到達(dá)最大限度地完善核心員工親組織不道德行為管理的目的。
本研究表明,心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有部分中介作用。這是由于個(gè)性化契約最核心的特點(diǎn)是通過協(xié)商為核心員工專門制定的特殊工作條件[42],條款內(nèi)容協(xié)商與個(gè)性化契約制定等都為核心員工提供了機(jī)會(huì)和權(quán)力來管理、控制自己的工作,個(gè)性化契約也會(huì)使得核心員工形成在組織中有較高地位,認(rèn)為自身應(yīng)獲取更多薪酬、積極評(píng)價(jià)和其他回報(bào)的主觀知覺,形成特權(quán)的信念[31]。因此,個(gè)性化契約使得核心員工既期望獲得優(yōu)待而不考慮自己的付出來獲得自身職業(yè)長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展,同時(shí)又能使組織受益,以實(shí)現(xiàn)員工與組織之間的雙贏,因而使核心員工為了組織及其成員的利益而做出不道德行為提供了前提條件[43]。因此,在企業(yè)人力資源管理實(shí)踐中,組織及其管理者應(yīng)通過教育與培訓(xùn)、績效評(píng)估與管理、開發(fā)保留與激勵(lì)等多種方法,增進(jìn)核心員工心理特權(quán)的認(rèn)知;其次,在核心員工招募與選拔中,也可增加心理特權(quán)來甄選,剔除或調(diào)離心理特權(quán)過高的核心員工。
本研究表明,企業(yè)偽善在心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有正向調(diào)節(jié)作用。這是由于我國是高權(quán)力距離的國家,員工在很大程度上依賴于組織及其管理者[44]。當(dāng)企業(yè)偽善水平比較高時(shí),核心員工感知到組織及其管理者期許或暗示可以不顧道德而逐利,為避免“穿小鞋”和獲得自身職業(yè)發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì),往往會(huì)實(shí)施親組織不道德行為;相反,當(dāng)企業(yè)偽善水平比較低時(shí),核心員工失去了追隨、模仿與學(xué)習(xí)不道德行為的對(duì)象,因而親組織不道德行為水平也低。本研究同樣表明,企業(yè)偽善調(diào)節(jié)了個(gè)性化契約通過心理特權(quán)對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為影響的中介過程,從而表現(xiàn)出有調(diào)節(jié)的中介作用。這是由于企業(yè)偽善是組織主動(dòng)實(shí)施的偽裝行為,反映了組織一方面需要宣揚(yáng)履行社會(huì)責(zé)任,另一方面所宣揚(yáng)的社會(huì)責(zé)任宣言、所做出的社會(huì)責(zé)任承諾目標(biāo)又與自身價(jià)值觀、道德規(guī)范以及道德行為不一致,這種相互矛盾的狀態(tài)使員工感知到了組織不顧道德而逐利的本性[30]。這是由于當(dāng)企業(yè)偽善水平較高時(shí),根據(jù)社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,核心員工通過模仿、觀察學(xué)習(xí)等方式,認(rèn)為自身應(yīng)獲取更多薪酬、積極評(píng)價(jià)和職業(yè)發(fā)展回報(bào),而不考慮自己的實(shí)際付出,為了滿足組織的績效目標(biāo)而實(shí)施不道德行為;然而,社會(huì)交換理論的核心是組織與員工雙贏的交換,當(dāng)企業(yè)偽善水平較低時(shí),根據(jù)社會(huì)交換理論,核心員工感知組織逐利本性的水平也較低,通過與組織協(xié)商并達(dá)成個(gè)性化契約的核心員工可以使自己調(diào)整到最佳的工作狀態(tài),與自己實(shí)際付出相一致,從而使組織與員工雙方互相受益。因此,組織應(yīng)構(gòu)建道德規(guī)范,樹立道德模范,通過宣傳、培訓(xùn)等方式重塑管理者對(duì)偽善認(rèn)識(shí);其次,企業(yè)偽善是員工社會(huì)認(rèn)知的重要內(nèi)容[23, 45],因此在塑造組織自身道德認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ)上,組織人力資源管理部門應(yīng)對(duì)核心員工進(jìn)行道德教育,強(qiáng)化道德自我調(diào)整意識(shí),促進(jìn)核心員工道德認(rèn)同。
本研究的意義主要有以下四個(gè)方面:首先,現(xiàn)有研究大都探討個(gè)性化契約對(duì)員工創(chuàng)新行為、工作績效、工作滿意感等積極方面,然而有關(guān)個(gè)性化契約是否會(huì)對(duì)員工不道德行為等負(fù)面結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響的探索十分少見,本研究表明個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為有顯著的正向影響,這是現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)沒有涉及的,這對(duì)完善個(gè)性化契約的理論研究,以及組織有針對(duì)性地干預(yù)核心員工親組織不道德行為的管理實(shí)踐具有啟發(fā)作用;其次,有關(guān)親組織不道德行為研究方面,現(xiàn)有研究主要關(guān)注企業(yè)普通員工,針對(duì)核心員工的探索十分少見,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)心理特權(quán)在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有部分中介作用,這既拓展了親組織不道德行為的研究范圍,也為組織科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)地干預(yù)核心員工心理特權(quán)的實(shí)踐能提供了理論基礎(chǔ);第三,企業(yè)偽善雖然廣受研究者和實(shí)踐者的關(guān)注,然而它是否通過社會(huì)認(rèn)知而傳染給組織內(nèi)核心員工,從而形成不道德行為連鎖反應(yīng)的探索缺乏[46],本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)偽善在心理特權(quán)與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間具有正向的調(diào)節(jié)作用,這豐富了企業(yè)偽善理論,同時(shí)也為組織規(guī)范“上梁不正下梁歪”,構(gòu)建“言必行,行必果”的道德管理實(shí)踐提供了啟示;最后,個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為影響的有調(diào)節(jié)的中介作用模型的構(gòu)建與驗(yàn)證,這對(duì)解決個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為之間的“黑箱”形成了積極貢獻(xiàn),同時(shí)也豐富了社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論。
本研究存在一些不足:首先,本研究基于社會(huì)認(rèn)知理論,探討了個(gè)性化契約與親組織不道德行為之間的關(guān)系,未來研究可基于社會(huì)交換理論(social exchange theory),深入探索不同類型的個(gè)性化契約,例如靈活型個(gè)性化契約和發(fā)展型個(gè)性化契約,工作前(ex-ante)個(gè)性化契約和工作后(ex-post)個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的影響;其次,本研究僅僅探討了心理特權(quán)的中介作用,未來研究可基于調(diào)節(jié)焦點(diǎn)理論(regulatory focuses theory),探討道德推脫、道德認(rèn)同等社會(huì)認(rèn)知變量在個(gè)性化契約與核心員工親組織不道德行為關(guān)系間的中介效應(yīng),從而系統(tǒng)地、全面地了解個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為的社會(huì)認(rèn)知作用過程;最后,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為類型不同,對(duì)個(gè)性化契約的觀點(diǎn)及偏好也不同。目前,有關(guān)個(gè)性化契約研究,現(xiàn)有研究過于偏重員工的視角,從組織管理者角度的探索十分少見[47-48],未來研究可基于社會(huì)認(rèn)同理論(social identity theory),探討企業(yè)偽善、組織道德氣氛等如何調(diào)節(jié)組織管理者領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為通過個(gè)性化契約對(duì)核心員工親組織不道德行為影響的中介過程,尤其是深入、全面、系統(tǒng)地探討既是個(gè)性化契約的授予者,也是被授予者的組織中層管理人員,其雙重角色交互作用如何影響親組織不道德行為。
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Idiosyncratic deals and core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior:Social cognitive theory perspective
WANG Guomeng1, ZHANG Mengsi1, ZHAO Shuming2, LI li1
(1. Department of Psychology, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China; 2. Business School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China)
In recent years, due to the frequent occurrence of corporate ethics deficiencies, unethical behaviorin the workplace has attracted much attention. Although researches on selfish unethical behaviors in the workplace have been ongoing for more than 30 years, however, little attention has been paid to altruistic unethical behavior. Umphress and Bingham (2010) explored altruistic unethical behaviors, and for the first time proposed the concept of unethical pro-organizational behaviors, which has become the leading topic in the field of employee unethical behavior research. Although the starting point is different from that of selfish unethical behavior, unethical pro-organizational behavior will also damage the relationship between organization and other stakeholders, as well as its external reputation. However, most of the existing researches have explored the influencing factors of unethical pro-organizational behavior from the perspective of individual characteristics, ethical event characteristics and leadership behaviors, but rarely examined core employees from the perspective of employee-organization relations.
At present, idiosyncratic deals have become a hot topic in the study of employee-organizational relationships from the perspective of individual behavior, at the same time which is also an important incentive strategy for organizations to attract and retain core employees. Idiosyncratic dealscan not only improve core employees’ innovative behavior, job performance and job satisfaction, but also have a negative impact on core employees. Core employees expect more resources in order to achieve the performance goals set by the organization’s personalized work placements, which provides conditioning for the start of core employees’ psychological entitlements, especially core employees take unethical behavior under the influence of the overall moral atmosphere at the organization level. Moreover, according to social cognitive theory, corporate hypocrisy belongs to the overall moral environment factors at the organizational level, which may be transmitted to the core employees in the organization through social cognition, thus forming a chain reaction of unethical behavior, which provides a theoretical explanation framework for this paper to build a moderated mediating effect model of idiosyncratic deals affecting core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behaviors.
In the context of the relationship between employees and organizations, based on social cognition theory, this paper explores the effect of idiosyncratic deals on core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior through the mediating effect psychological entitlement and the moderating effect of corporate hypocrisy. Using a longitudinal survey method, a survey was conducted on 446 core employees. At the first time point, participants filled out an idiosyncratic deal and psychological entitlement questionnaire. At the second time point (two weeks later), a questionnaire on corporate hypocrisy and unethical pro-organizational behavior was completed. Then, SPSS 19.0 and Amos 19.0 were used to analyze a common method deviation test, correlation analysis, mediating effect, moderating effect and moderated mediating effect of the collected data. The results show that: (1) Idiosyncratic deals have a significant positive effect on core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior; (2) Psychological entitlement has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between idiosyncratic deals and core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior; (3) Corporate hypocrisy has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between psychological entitlements and core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior; (4) Idiosyncratic deals effected core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior through psychological entitlement, which was moderated by corporate hypocrisy that acted as a moderated-mediator Corporate hypocrisy moderates the mediating effect of idiosyncratic deals on core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior through psychological entitlements, thus showing a moderated mediating effect effect. These conclusions demonstrate how core employees’ psychological entitlement as a mediator is moderated by corporate hypocrisy. The higher the degree of corporate hypocrisy, the stronger the relationship between psychological entitlement and unethical pro-organizational behavior.
The theoretical and practical significance of this research is as follows: First, exploration of the negative effects of idiosyncratic deals has been rare. This paper shows that idiosyncratic deals have a significant positive effect on core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior, which is enlightening to improve the theoretical studies on idiosyncratic deals and the management practice of organization intervening in core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior. Secondly, the exploration of core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behaviors has also been very rare. This paper finds that psychological entitlement has a mediating effect on the relationship between idiosyncratic deals and core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior, which not only expands the research scope of unethical pro-organizational behaviors, but also provides a theoretical basis for the practice of organizing scientific and systematic intervention of core employees’ psychological entitlements. Thirdly, exploration of whether or not corporate hypocrisy is transmitted to core employees in the organization through social cognition, thus forming a chain reaction of unethical behavior, is lacking. This paper finds that corporate hypocrisy positively moderates the effect of psychological entitlement on core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior. This not only enriches the theory of corporate hypocrisy, but also provides some enlightenment for the organization effectively regulate “l(fā)ike a house of cards - if the foundation is weak, the building will crumble”. In summary, the construction and verification of a moderated-mediating model has not only positively addressed the “black box” between idiosyncratic deals and core employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior, but has also enriched social cognitive theory.
Idiosyncratic deals; Psychological entitlement; Corporate hypocrisy; Unethical pro-organizational behavior
2017-12-28
2018-05-10
Supported bythe Kay Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (71332002), the Humanities and Social Science Foundation of the Ministry of Education(19YJA630075) and the Natural Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province (16YBA264)
F272.92
A
1004-6062(2020)04-0044-008
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.04.005
2017-12-28
2018-05-10
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(71332002);教育部人文社會(huì)科學(xué)研究規(guī)劃基金資助項(xiàng)目(19YJA630075);湖南省哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(16YBA264);
王國猛(1975—),男,湖南益陽人;湖南師范大學(xué)心理學(xué)系副教授,博士;研究方向:組織行為與人力資源管理研究。
中文編輯:杜 ??;英文編輯:Boping Yan[1]