黃兵 溫來友 吳震 薛瑞萍 逄立俠
【摘要】 目的:評(píng)價(jià)右美托咪定(Dex)復(fù)合納布啡對(duì)剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后疼痛、睡眠質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)后抑郁的影響。方法:選擇2019年4-12月筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的60例剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦,均在腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯下行子宮下段橫切口剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù),隨機(jī)均分為納布啡組(N組)和Dex聯(lián)合納布啡組(DN組)。N組于胎兒取出后15 min內(nèi)泵入10 ml 0.9%氯化鈉注射液,術(shù)畢行納布啡(納布啡2 mg/kg+托烷司瓊10 mg)鎮(zhèn)痛;DN組于胎兒取出后15 min內(nèi)泵入Dex 0.5 μg/kg,術(shù)畢行Dex聯(lián)合納布啡(Dex 2 μg/kg+納布啡2 mg/kg+托烷司瓊10 mg)鎮(zhèn)痛。比較兩組術(shù)后6、12、24、48 h VAS評(píng)分和術(shù)后24、48 h睡眠質(zhì)量(AIS評(píng)分)、產(chǎn)后抑郁(EPDS評(píng)分)情況。結(jié)果:DN組術(shù)后12、24、48 h VAS評(píng)分均低于N組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。DN組術(shù)后24、48 h AIS評(píng)分、EPDS評(píng)分均低于N組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:Dex復(fù)合納布啡減輕剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后疼痛,提高睡眠質(zhì)量,改善產(chǎn)后抑郁。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 右美托咪定 納布啡 剖宮產(chǎn) 術(shù)后疼痛 睡眠質(zhì)量 產(chǎn)后抑郁
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.16.056 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 B 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2020)16-0-03
Effects of Dexmedetomidine Combined with Nalbuphine on Postoperative Pain, Sleep Quality and Postpartum Depression in Parturients after Cesarean Section/HUANG Bing, WEN Laiyou, WU Zhen, XUE Ruiping, PANG Lixia. //Chinese and Foreign Medical Research, 2020, 18(16): -139
[Abstract] Objective: To evaluate the effect of Dexmedetomidine (Dex) combined with Nalbuphine on postoperative pain, sleep quality and postpartum depression in parturients after cesarean section. Method: A total of 60 cesarean section women admitted to our hospital from April to December 2019 were selected, and were randomly divided into two groups on average: the Nalbuphine group (N group) and the Dex combined Nalbuphine group (DN group). The N group was pumped with 10 ml 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection within 15 min after the removal of the fetus, and Nabuphine (Nalbuphine 2 mg/kg + Toranisetron 10 mg) was performed for analgesia. The DN group was pumped with Dex 5μg/kg within 15 min after the removal of the fetus, and Dex combines with Nabuphine (Dex 2 μg/kg + Nalbuphine 2 mg/kg + Tropisetron 10 mg) were performed for analgesia after surgery. The VAS scores were compared at postoperative 6, 12, 24, 48 h in two groups, the AIS scores and EPD scores were observed at postoperative 24, 48 h in two groups. Result: The VAS scores at postoperative 12, 24, 48 h in the DN group were lower than those in the N group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The scores of AIS and EPDS at postoperative 24, 48 h in the DN group were lower than those in the N group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Dex combined with Nalbuphine can reduce postoperative pain, improve sleep quality and improve postpartum depression.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine Nalbuphine Cesarean section Postoperative pain Sleep quality Postpartum depression
First-authors address: The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin 214400, China
我國剖宮產(chǎn)率遠(yuǎn)高于WHO規(guī)定的警戒線(15%)[1],特別是二胎政策實(shí)施后,由于手術(shù)、術(shù)后疼痛等增加產(chǎn)婦痛苦,影響生活質(zhì)量,甚至引起焦慮、抑郁等不良心理反應(yīng),嚴(yán)重可導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)后抑郁(postpartum depression,PD)發(fā)生[2]??梢?,有效術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛對(duì)產(chǎn)婦身心康復(fù)至關(guān)重要,而多模式鎮(zhèn)痛是被廣泛認(rèn)可的鎮(zhèn)痛方式,但不同藥物的科學(xué)搭配仍是麻醉醫(yī)生研究的重點(diǎn)。納布啡是阿片受體激動(dòng)拮抗劑,抑制中重度疼痛,乳汁含量少,可安全用于產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[3]。右美托咪定(Dexmedetomidine,Dex)是α2受體激動(dòng)劑,具有較強(qiáng)的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,與其他鎮(zhèn)痛藥物合用,可增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛效果[4],但與納布啡合用用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的相關(guān)研究較少。本研究擬觀察Dex復(fù)合納布啡對(duì)剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后疼痛、睡眠質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)后抑郁的影響,為產(chǎn)科鎮(zhèn)痛提供參考,具體如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2019年4-12月筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的60例剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦,均在腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯下行子宮下段橫切口剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù),均為單胎妊娠。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):首次剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦,單胎足月,手術(shù)方式為子宮下段橫切口剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù);ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),麻醉方式為腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯,術(shù)后采用靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛;無研究藥物過敏或者禁忌。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):精神、心理疾病及嚴(yán)重產(chǎn)科并發(fā)癥;藥物成癮或?yàn)E用;術(shù)中更改麻醉方式,或者腰硬聯(lián)合阻滯效果不佳;腹、盆腔手術(shù)史,術(shù)后中斷鎮(zhèn)痛;術(shù)中輸血、出現(xiàn)寒戰(zhàn)反應(yīng)等。隨機(jī)均分為納布啡組(N組)和Dex聯(lián)合納布啡組(DN組),每組30例。N組年齡23~34歲,平均(28.67±2.45)歲;體重61~95 kg,平均(72.34±8.74)kg;孕周37~42周,平均(39.05±1.42)周;ASA分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)12例;Ⅱ級(jí)18例。DN組年齡23~36歲,平均(29.12±3.14)歲;體重60~90 kg,平均(73.15±9.37)kg;孕周37~42周,平均(39.11±1.39)周;ASA分級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí)11例;Ⅱ級(jí)19例。兩組一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)批復(fù),并和產(chǎn)婦簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
常規(guī)禁食、禁飲,不予術(shù)前用藥。產(chǎn)婦入室即行鼻導(dǎo)管吸氧,監(jiān)測(cè)無創(chuàng)血壓、EKG、SPO2,外放上肢靜脈,輸注羥乙基淀粉130/0.4氯化鈉注射液300 ml,取左側(cè)臥位行L2~3硬膜外穿刺成功后,置入蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔穿刺針,斜口朝頭端,見清亮腦脊液流出,勻速緩慢注射0.5%布比卡因1.5~1.8 ml,退出穿刺針,置入硬膜外腔導(dǎo)管。產(chǎn)婦左傾15°~30°平臥,調(diào)整阻滯平面≤T6(必要時(shí)硬膜外腔注射2.0%利多卡因5~10 ml)。N組于胎兒取出后15 min內(nèi)泵入10 ml 0.9%氯化鈉注射液,術(shù)畢行納布啡(生產(chǎn)廠家:宜昌人福藥業(yè);批號(hào):20180918;規(guī)格:
20 mg/2 ml)靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛,配方:納布啡2 mg/kg+托烷司瓊(生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,批號(hào):18062108;規(guī)格:5 mg/5 ml)10 mg,加生理鹽水至100 ml,負(fù)荷量1 ml,背景輸注量2 ml/h,鎖定時(shí)間15 min;DN組于胎兒取出后15 min內(nèi)泵入Dex(生產(chǎn)廠家:江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司;批號(hào):國藥準(zhǔn)字H20090248;規(guī)格:200μg/2 ml)0.5 μg/kg,術(shù)畢行Dex聯(lián)合納布啡靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛,配方為:Dex 2 μg/kg+納布啡
2 mg/kg+托烷司瓊10 mg,負(fù)荷量1 ml,背景輸注量2 ml/h,鎖定時(shí)間15 min。術(shù)中若MAP<基礎(chǔ)值20%,靜脈注射麻黃堿10~15 mg/次,若HR<50次/min,靜脈注射阿托品0.5 mg/次;必要時(shí)可重復(fù)靜脈注射。術(shù)后若鎮(zhèn)痛不足,補(bǔ)救方案為肌肉注射哌替啶50 mg/次。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
比較兩組術(shù)后6、12、24、48 h VAS評(píng)分,觀察術(shù)后24、48 h睡眠質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)后抑郁情況。VAS評(píng)分以10 cm標(biāo)尺為參照,總分為10分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高,疼痛程度越嚴(yán)重[5]。睡眠質(zhì)量以阿森斯失眠量表(Athens insomnia scale,AIS)評(píng)分表示,共有8個(gè)條目,滿分24分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高,提示睡眠質(zhì)量越差[6]。產(chǎn)后抑郁以愛丁堡產(chǎn)后抑郁量表(Edinburgh postnatal depression scale,EPDS)評(píng)分表示,總分10分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高,提示抑郁越嚴(yán)重[7]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組術(shù)后VAS評(píng)分比較
兩組術(shù)后6 h VAS評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),DN組術(shù)后12、24、48 h VAS評(píng)分均低于N組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表1。
2.2 兩組AIS評(píng)分比較
兩組術(shù)前AIS評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),DN組術(shù)后24、48 h AIS評(píng)分均低于N組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
2.3 兩組EPDS評(píng)分比較
兩組術(shù)前EPDS評(píng)分比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),DN組術(shù)后24、48 h EPDS評(píng)分均低于N組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表3。
3 討論
靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛是剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的有效鎮(zhèn)痛方式,阿片類藥物是主要鎮(zhèn)痛藥物,激動(dòng)μ受體能提供充分鎮(zhèn)痛,但劑量過大可引起呼吸抑制、惡心、嘔吐等副作用。納布啡是μ受體部分激動(dòng)劑,產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用的同時(shí),惡心、嘔吐、呼吸抑制等副作用較少,且主動(dòng)激動(dòng)κ受體,可產(chǎn)生較好的內(nèi)臟痛和情緒的調(diào)節(jié)作用[8]。產(chǎn)婦體內(nèi)孕激素、雌激素水平較高,可增強(qiáng)納布啡激動(dòng)κ受體的作用,提高其鎮(zhèn)痛效果[9]。因此,納布啡可用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛。研究顯示,納布啡用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛的適宜劑量為2.0 mg/kg[10]。故本研究N組納布啡劑量為2.0 mg/kg。Dex激動(dòng)脊髓后角α2受體,抑制去甲腎上腺素分泌,且使下行神經(jīng)通路的前膜去極化,抑制Aδ、C纖維活性,產(chǎn)生中樞及外周鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),與其他鎮(zhèn)痛藥物合用,可產(chǎn)生協(xié)同鎮(zhèn)痛作用[11]。Dex 2.0 μg/kg聯(lián)合阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用于剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的效果最佳[12],故本研究DN組的Dex劑量為2.0 μg/kg。
剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后疼痛主要來源于切口疼痛和宮縮痛,二者疼痛性質(zhì)不同,前者屬于軀體痛,后者屬于內(nèi)臟痛,均嚴(yán)重影響產(chǎn)婦身心健康和哺乳。本研究顯示,DN組術(shù)后12、24、48 h VAS評(píng)分均低于N組,說明Dex改善納布啡鎮(zhèn)痛效果。納布啡部分激動(dòng)μ受體,完全激動(dòng)κ受體,可產(chǎn)生良好的軀體鎮(zhèn)痛和內(nèi)臟鎮(zhèn)痛作用,而無明顯的呼吸抑制、惡心、嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢等并發(fā)癥,效果優(yōu)于舒芬太尼[13]。目前,多模式鎮(zhèn)痛是臨床鎮(zhèn)痛較為理想的鎮(zhèn)痛方案,可增強(qiáng)鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少藥物需要量,降低不良反應(yīng)等。Dex是高效α2受體激動(dòng)劑,具有中樞及外周鎮(zhèn)痛效應(yīng),可減輕產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后疼痛,減少譫妄、寒戰(zhàn)發(fā)生,且對(duì)新生兒無明顯不利影響,可安全用于產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛[14]。DN組鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于N組,主要與Dex的鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜效果有關(guān),還可能與二者的協(xié)同鎮(zhèn)痛效果有關(guān),具體機(jī)制有待更進(jìn)一步研究。蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔注射布比卡因的阻滯時(shí)間可達(dá)6 h左右[15],本研究術(shù)后6 h兩組VAS評(píng)分比較無明顯差異,原因可能與蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔阻滯的時(shí)間有關(guān),此時(shí)疼痛程度較輕,需要較少的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物即可達(dá)到滿意的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。
剖宮產(chǎn)是不良應(yīng)激源,影響產(chǎn)婦的睡眠質(zhì)量。本研究顯示,DN組術(shù)后24、48 h AIS評(píng)分均低于N組,提示Dex復(fù)合納布啡改善產(chǎn)婦的睡眠質(zhì)量。疼痛、焦慮、孕激素水平等與睡眠質(zhì)量密切相關(guān)[16]。DN組具有較好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減輕疼痛對(duì)產(chǎn)婦睡眠質(zhì)量的不良影響,且Dex作用于下丘腦視前區(qū)的神經(jīng)核,降低兒茶酚胺釋放,產(chǎn)生與生理睡眠相似的鎮(zhèn)靜作用[17],故能改善睡眠質(zhì)量。納布啡激動(dòng)脊髓κ受體可產(chǎn)生中樞性鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng),Dex復(fù)合納布啡是否具有協(xié)同鎮(zhèn)靜效應(yīng),有待深入研究。PD發(fā)生機(jī)制不清,但與疼痛具有相似的發(fā)病機(jī)制[18],且EPDS評(píng)分是反映PD程度的可靠指標(biāo)。本研究顯示,DN組術(shù)后24、48 h EPDS評(píng)分均低于N組,提示Dex復(fù)合納布啡改善產(chǎn)婦的PD。DN組可提供較為完善的鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減輕術(shù)后不良刺激,改善產(chǎn)婦心理狀態(tài),另外,DN組可提供更好的睡眠質(zhì)量,有利于內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,促進(jìn)身心康復(fù),緩解焦慮、抑郁等。本研究納入樣本較少,未涉及再次剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦,且未對(duì)Dex復(fù)合納布啡改善PD的分子機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究,需進(jìn)一步完善。
綜上所述,Dex復(fù)合納布啡可減輕術(shù)后疼痛,提高睡眠質(zhì)量,改善產(chǎn)婦不良情緒,適宜在產(chǎn)科術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛中應(yīng)用。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-04) (本文編輯:馬竹君)