伍興 李雄濤 夏敬冬
[摘要] 目的 評估超聲在疑似兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折中的診斷價值。 方法 收集2018年1~6月華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬武漢兒童醫(yī)院骨科急診收治的131例疑似尺橈骨遠端骨折的兒童病例。急診兒童骨科醫(yī)師對疑似尺橈骨遠端骨折的兒童首先進行超聲檢查,再完成常規(guī)X線檢查。兩種檢查結果均采用盲法。以X線為標準對照,評估超聲在兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折診斷中的敏感性、特異性、準確性、陽性預測值、陰性預測值和受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)下面積。 結果 超聲檢查診斷證實55例尺橈骨遠端骨折,其中橈骨遠端骨折36例,尺橈骨遠端雙骨折16例,尺骨遠端骨折3例。超聲檢查對尺橈骨遠端骨折的診斷敏感性和特異性分別為93.1%和98.6%,準確性為96.2%,陽性預測值98.2%和陰性預測值94.7%。超聲診斷陽性率與X線診斷陽性率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2=0.8,P = 0.371),超聲診斷和X線診斷結果一致性較好(Kappa = 0.922,P < 0.001)。超聲ROC曲線下面積為0.959(95%CI = 0.917~1.000)。 結論 超聲在診斷尺橈骨遠端骨折具有高敏感性和特異性。因此,超聲是診斷兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折的一種可選擇的診斷檢查方式。
[關鍵詞] 尺橈骨遠端骨折;超聲;X線;診斷
[中圖分類號] R726.8 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)07(a)-0144-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of ultrasound in children with suspected fracture of the distal ulna and radius. Methods A total of 131 children with suspected fracture of the distal ulna and radius were admitted to the emergency Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Children′s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, from January to June 2018. Emergency pediatric orthopedic surgeons performed ultrasound examination first and then completed routine X-ray examination of children with suspected fracture of the distal ulna and radius. The results of both tests were blind. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of ultrasound in children′s fracture of the distal ulna and radius were evaluated using X-ray as the standard control. Results Ultrasound examination confirmed 55 cases of fracture of the distal ulna and radius, including 36 cases of fracture of distal radius, 16 cases of double of fracture of the distal ulna and radius and 3 cases of fracture of distal ulnar. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound examination for the diagnosis of fracture of the distal ulna and radius were 93.1% and 98.6%, respectively, with an accuracy of 96.2%, a positive predictive value of 98.2% and a negative predictive value of 94.7%. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of ultrasound diagnosis and X-ray diagnosis (χ2=0.8, P = 0.371), and the consistency of ultrasound diagnosis and X-ray diagnosis was good (Kappa = 0.922, P < 0.001). The area under ultrasonic ROC was 0.959 (95%CI = 0.917-1.000). Conclusion Ultrasound has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing fracture of the distal ulna and radius. Therefore, ultrasound is an alternative diagnostic test for the diagnosis of fracture of the distal ulna and radius in children.
[Key words] Fracture of the distal radius and ulna; Ultrasound; X-ray; Diagnosis
尺橈骨遠端骨折是兒童最常見的骨折,發(fā)病率約31.1%[1]。X線作為尺橈骨遠端骨折診斷的金標準已經廣泛應用。但是X線屬于電離輻射,可能危害健康,如增加惡性腫瘤的患病風險[2-4]。
近年來,關于超聲診斷兒童骨折的研究日益增多[5-8]。目前超聲在診斷兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折中的應用主要是干骺端[9-11]。超聲已用于骨骺軟骨成像[12]。華中科技大學同濟醫(yī)學院附屬武漢兒童醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)已經應用超聲診斷兒童其他部位的骨骺骨折[13-14],但相關研究國內外較少。本研究目的是探討超聲檢查診斷兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折的診斷價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
收集2018年1~6月在我院骨科急診收治的疑似尺橈骨遠端骨折患者共131例。所有患者均簽署知情同意書。納入標準:年齡<15歲,疑似前臂遠端骨折。排除標準:患者拒絕;開放性骨折;已行X線檢查;畸形明顯;合并前臂骨筋膜室綜合征及神經血管損傷。其中男83例,女48例;年齡1.1~12.6歲,中位年齡8.3歲;平均就診時間(1.94±0.62)d。本研究獲得我院醫(yī)學倫理審查委員會批準。
1.2 方法
由超聲醫(yī)師對急診兒童骨科醫(yī)師進行1 h培訓,培訓內容為如何使用超聲檢測尺橈骨遠端骨折的基本彩超圖像及實際操作。檢查設備為:GE LOGIQ e床邊超聲儀(美國GE公司)。對前臂遠端進行了標準化6個平面檢查(橈骨前側、橈骨后側、尺骨前側、尺骨后側、前臂內側、前臂外側)[15](圖1)。前臂旋后位檢查尺橈骨的前側,前臂旋前位檢查尺橈骨的后側。探頭與尺橈骨面保持垂直,抓取特征性的圖像(圖2)。超聲判斷骨折的標準[16]包括:高信號的骨皮質彎曲、扭曲變形或斷裂。間接性診斷骨折的體征,如骨膜下血腫,因受專業(yè)技術限制不作為骨折判斷依據。在由急診兒童骨科醫(yī)師做出超聲診斷之后,常規(guī)前臂的正側位X線片,由獨立的放射科醫(yī)師出具診斷報告。以X線為標準對照,評估超聲在兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折的診斷敏感性、特異性、準確性、陽性預測值、陰性預測值和ROC曲線下面積。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 13.3統(tǒng)計學軟件對所得數據進行分析,計算超聲檢查與X線診斷骨折的敏感性、特異度、陽性預測值和陰性預測值,陽性似然比和陰性似然比,采用配對χ2檢驗判斷一致性。診斷效能采用受試者工作特征曲線(ROC)分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 超聲診斷結果一般情況
超聲檢查診斷證實55例尺橈骨遠端骨折的患兒共71個骨折,其中橈骨遠端骨折36例,尺橈骨遠端雙骨折16例,尺骨遠端骨折3例。
2.2 超聲診斷的敏感性和特異性
超聲檢查尺橈骨遠端骨折假陰性4例。4例假陰性分別為2例橈骨遠端骨折,1例尺骨遠端骨折和1例尺骨遠端骺離骨折。超聲檢查與X線診斷結果見表1。超聲檢查對尺橈骨遠端骨折的診斷敏感性和特異性分別為93.1%和98.6%,準確性為96.2%,陽性預測值為98.2%和陰性預測值為94.7%,陽性似然比為68.00和陰性似然比為0.07。
2.3 超聲與X線診斷的相關性
超聲診斷陽性率為42.0%,X線診斷陽性率為44.3%。超聲診斷陽性率與X線診斷陽性率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2 = 0.8,P = 0.371),超聲診斷和X線診斷結果一致性較好(Kappa = 0.922,P < 0.001)。
2.4 超聲診斷的特異度和敏感度
以X線診斷為金標準,超聲診斷尺橈骨遠端骨折,ROC曲線下面積為0.959(95%CI=0.917~1.00)。
3 討論。
X線是兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折的首選常規(guī)檢查方式。Alzen等[17]回顧性分析2006例疑似骨折的患兒X線片,發(fā)現僅354例(17.2%)患兒確診為骨折。該研究表明了合理選擇放射學檢查的重要性。而超聲是一種無電離輻射、性價比高的輔助診斷方法。本研究證實超聲是兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折一種可選擇的診斷方式,包括尺橈骨遠端骺離骨折的診斷。
超聲診斷的敏感度和特異性與是否包含關節(jié)骨折相關。Hübner等[18]報道超聲診斷橈骨遠端骨折的敏感率為98.3%,因為包含了關節(jié)骨折,特異性僅為69.3%。Hübner等[18]認為超聲不適合診斷近關節(jié)的骨折和無移位的骺離骨折。本研究結果顯示,超聲對兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折診斷的敏感率和特異性為93.1%和98.6%,與既往文獻報道一致[16]。超聲已經用于骨骺骨折的診斷,例如:肱骨遠端骺離骨折[19-20],肱骨外髁骨折[7]等。Chen等[21]同樣的報道3例橈骨遠端Salter Harris 1型骺離骨折,在X線未發(fā)現異常,而超聲提示骨骺損傷。因此,本研究的高敏感率和特異性提示超聲可以用于診斷尺橈骨遠端骺離骨折。
本研究中超聲診斷有4例假陰性結果。超聲不能穿透骨皮質,僅能在骨皮質形成高回聲線。此回聲線的連續(xù)性斷裂或可見低回聲帶才能直接判斷骨折。由于兒童青枝骨折的特征,僅表現局部皮質不平整,超聲只能發(fā)現局部骨膜下血腫,難以區(qū)分骨折或單純的軟組織損傷。本研究中未采用單純骨膜下血腫診斷骨折,從而導致病例漏診。因此,非超聲??剖褂贸曉\斷骨折需要一定學習曲線,健側的超聲對比有利于準確的判斷骨骺損傷。
本研究顯示,超聲是一種診斷兒童尺橈骨遠端骨折的可靠方法。超聲檢查與X線檢查比較具有較高的敏感性和特異性,是一種替代X線的診斷方式。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-09)