4種矮化砧木對(duì)再植蘋果幼樹生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響

李民吉，張強(qiáng)，李興亮，周貝貝，楊雨璋，張軍科，周佳，魏欽平

4種矮化砧木對(duì)再植蘋果幼樹生長(zhǎng)、產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的影響

李民吉，張強(qiáng)，李興亮，周貝貝，楊雨璋，張軍科，周佳，魏欽平

（北京市林業(yè)果樹科學(xué)研究院/農(nóng)業(yè)部華北都市農(nóng)業(yè)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京 100093）

【】連續(xù)4年調(diào)查研究再植條件下4種矮化自根砧（G935、G41、G11和M9-T337）對(duì)‘宮藤’富士蘋果幼樹樹體生長(zhǎng)、早果性和產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響，評(píng)價(jià)并篩選適宜北京地區(qū)再植使用的蘋果矮化自根砧木，為我國(guó)老齡低效蘋果園再植更新提供技術(shù)支撐。2016年春，刨除6年生蘋果樹（宮藤富士/SH6/圓葉海棠），未進(jìn)行土壤改良，在原行內(nèi)重茬直接栽植4種矮化自根砧（G935、G11、G41和M9-T337），品種為宮藤富士蘋果苗（2年根1年干），株行距為1 m×3.8 m，細(xì)紡錘整形修剪，再植后（2016年）連續(xù)4年調(diào)查4種矮化自根砧嫁接‘宮藤富士’蘋果樹體生長(zhǎng)、早果性和產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的差異。G935和G41自根砧富士樹體高度明顯高于G11和M9-T337；主枝數(shù)量由高到低為：G935＞G41＞G11＞M9-T337；G41和M9-T337大腳現(xiàn)象明顯高于G935和G11；G935和G41單株間樹體高度、干徑和主枝數(shù)量差異明顯小于G11和M9-T337，園相整齊。再植第4年，G935和G41自根砧樹體葉片葉綠素含量和凈光合速率顯著高于G11和M9-T337，G935和G41葉片百葉鮮重顯著高于G11和M9-T337，G935和G41葉片百葉干重顯著高于M9-T337。再植4年內(nèi)，G935和G41矮化自根砧富士生長(zhǎng)正常，枝類組成符合正茬矮砧蘋果的變化規(guī)律；第2年開始，G11和M9-T337樹體長(zhǎng)枝比例低于30%；第3年和第4年G11和M9-T337樹體短枝比例高于80%，長(zhǎng)枝比例低于10%，樹勢(shì)衰弱明顯。再植第3年，G11幼樹成花株率最高，G935和G41次之，M9-T337無成花。再植第4年，G935和G41自根砧富士平均單株產(chǎn)量顯著高于M9-T337，G935平均單果重量和果形指數(shù)顯著高于其他自根砧，各自根砧樹體果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和固酸比均無顯著差異。再植條件下，以G935和G41為砧木的幼樹樹體生長(zhǎng)顯著優(yōu)于G11和M9-T337，枝類組成合理，樹勢(shì)中庸但不衰弱，單株間差異小，園相整齊，適宜北京地區(qū)重茬栽植使用。

蘋果再植；G系砧木；矮化自根砧；富士蘋果；樹體生長(zhǎng)；果實(shí)產(chǎn)量；果實(shí)品質(zhì)

0 引言

【研究意義】中國(guó)是世界最大的蘋果生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國(guó)，栽培面積和總產(chǎn)量均占世界的50%以上。近三四十年，蘋果矮砧栽培已經(jīng)成為發(fā)展方向，歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家蘋果矮砧栽培比例已占90%以上[1-6]，目前我國(guó)90%左右的蘋果園仍采用喬化栽培模式，近幾年，蘋果矮砧栽培再次掀起高潮，而矮化栽培的比例仍不足10%，發(fā)展較慢，矮化中間砧或短枝型的矮化栽培模式占比較高[6-8]。我國(guó)現(xiàn)有蘋果園中，70%以上的果園樹齡在25年以上，樹齡老化和低效等問題嚴(yán)重制約了蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。由于我國(guó)土地資源有限，蘋果種植比較集中（環(huán)渤海灣和黃土高原約占70%），老齡低效果園更新的再植障礙（重茬）問題嚴(yán)重制約了我國(guó)蘋果由傳統(tǒng)栽培向矮砧集約栽培模式的轉(zhuǎn)換。評(píng)價(jià)、篩選、培育適宜我國(guó)再植使用的蘋果矮化自根砧木，對(duì)于我國(guó)老齡低效蘋果園更新和栽培模式升級(jí)具有重要意義?！厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】蘋果連作障礙又稱為蘋果再植病，蘋果樹重茬建園時(shí)，新栽植的蘋果幼樹多表現(xiàn)為成活率下降、樹體生長(zhǎng)弱、單株個(gè)體差異大、結(jié)果晚等問題[9-13]。國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于蘋果再植障礙做了大量研究，但大都集中在重茬抑制生長(zhǎng)機(jī)理研究和如何通過土壤處理等方法減少重茬影響方面[14-16]。選擇抗重茬砧木是解決蘋果再植問題的重要途徑之一，我國(guó)自20世紀(jì)60年代就開始蘋果矮砧栽培研究工作，先后引進(jìn)了英國(guó)東茂林試驗(yàn)站的M系、MM系，波蘭的P系，加拿大的O系，原蘇聯(lián)的B系和美國(guó)的MAC等蘋果矮化砧木，由于砧木生態(tài)適應(yīng)性及栽培技術(shù)不配套等問題，至今保留下的果園甚微[17-22]。國(guó)外相關(guān)研究起步較早，相關(guān)機(jī)理研究已經(jīng)較深入，并且已經(jīng)有關(guān)于抗重茬砧木育種和應(yīng)用的報(bào)道，其中美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部和康奈爾大學(xué)Geneva試驗(yàn)站對(duì)新育成的G系砧木進(jìn)行了抗重茬能力的評(píng)價(jià)[9,23-24]?！颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】我國(guó)土壤氣候條件下再植蘋果園矮化砧木的評(píng)價(jià)有待研究?！緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本研究以從國(guó)外商務(wù)購買的4種蘋果矮化自根砧木（G935、G41、G11和M9-T337）嫁接‘宮藤富士’為材料，探討再植蘋果園4種矮化自根砧木對(duì)‘富士’蘋果幼樹樹體生長(zhǎng)、早果性和產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的影響，為我國(guó)老齡低效蘋果園更新建園提供技術(shù)支撐。

1 材料與方法

試驗(yàn)于2016—2019年在北京市順義區(qū)楊鎮(zhèn)蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)研發(fā)基地蘋果園（北緯39°97′，東經(jīng)116°23′）進(jìn)行。

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

2016年春季，刨除6年生蘋果樹（宮藤富士/SH6/圓葉海棠，株行距為1 m×3.8 m）后，原土壤不做任何改良，果園土壤為壤土，全氮1.04 g?kg-1，堿解氮65.2 mg?kg-1，有效磷21.2 mg?kg-1，有效鉀113 mg?kg-1，有機(jī)質(zhì)14.4 g?kg-1，pH 8.09；在原行內(nèi)開寬、深各20 cm左右的小溝，按照株距1 m種植4種矮化自根砧（G935、G11、G41和M9-T337，正規(guī)購買獲得）嫁接‘宮藤富士’的苗木，砧木露出地面10—15 cm，每種砧木栽植120株，每4行主栽品種配置一行‘王林’為授粉樹。按照細(xì)紡錘形進(jìn)行整形和修剪，水肥一體化滴灌系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行正常肥水管理。

1.2 試驗(yàn)方法

自種植后，每個(gè)處理選擇20株為試驗(yàn)樹，每年落葉后用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量不同砧木嫁接口上10 cm處品種的樹干粗度和嫁接口下5 cm處砧木的樹干粗度，并計(jì)算砧穗干周比，調(diào)查樹冠內(nèi)不同長(zhǎng)度的枝條類型（＜5 cm、5—15 cm、15—30 cm和＞30 cm）的數(shù)量，計(jì)算統(tǒng)計(jì)主枝數(shù)量和枝類組成；2018年春，調(diào)查4種自根砧樹體成花株數(shù)。2019年，試驗(yàn)樹果實(shí)成熟后全部采收，統(tǒng)計(jì)果實(shí)產(chǎn)量；果實(shí)成熟時(shí)，在每株樹冠的中上部東南方向取3個(gè)果實(shí)，共60個(gè)，帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定果實(shí)品質(zhì)，用百分之一天平測(cè)量果實(shí)單果重；用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)量果實(shí)的橫徑、縱徑，計(jì)算統(tǒng)計(jì)果形指數(shù)；用GY-1型果實(shí)硬度計(jì)測(cè)定果實(shí)硬度；用PR-100型數(shù)字糖度計(jì)測(cè)定果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量；用0.1 mol·L-1NaOH中和滴定法測(cè)定果實(shí)可滴定酸含量。

1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理與分析

應(yīng)用PASW Statistics 18和Excel等軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的計(jì)算統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 再植條件下4種矮化自根砧富士樹體生長(zhǎng)的差異

2.1.1 樹體高度、主枝數(shù)量和樹干粗度的差異 從圖1可以看出，隨著樹齡的增長(zhǎng)，4種矮化自根砧富士樹體高度、樹干粗度和主枝數(shù)量逐年增加，不同砧木間存在顯著差異。G935和G41樹體高度明顯高于G11和M9-T337；主枝數(shù)量由高到低為：G935＞G41＞G11＞M9-T337；G41和M9-T337“大腳”現(xiàn)象明顯高于G935和G11。從圖中誤差線可以看出，G935和G41單株間樹體高度、干徑和主枝數(shù)量差異較小，園相整齊，而G11和M9-T337單株間樹體高度、干徑和主枝數(shù)量波動(dòng)巨大，園相不整齊。

2.1.2 樹體枝類組成的差異 如圖2所示，4種矮化自根砧‘富士’樹體間的枝類組成存在較大差異。再植第2年至第4年，各矮化自根砧樹體短枝比例不斷增加，長(zhǎng)枝比例不斷減少。G935和G41生長(zhǎng)正常，枝類組成變化符合正茬矮砧蘋果的變化規(guī)律。再植第2年開始，G11和M9-T337樹體長(zhǎng)枝比例低于30%；再植第3年和第4年，G11和M9-T337樹體短枝比例高于80%，長(zhǎng)枝比例低于10%，樹勢(shì)衰弱明顯。

2.1.3 葉片質(zhì)量的差異 再植條件下，4種矮化自根砧‘富士’葉片質(zhì)量存在較大差異（表1）：再植第4年（2019年），G935和G41自根砧樹體葉片葉綠素含量和凈光合速率顯著高于G11和M9-T337，G935和G41葉片百葉鮮重顯著高于G11和M9-T337，G935和G41葉片百葉干重顯著高于M9-T337。

表1 再植第4年4種矮化自根砧‘富士’蘋果樹體葉片質(zhì)量的差異

多重比較采用新復(fù)極差測(cè)驗(yàn)，同一列不同小寫字母表示不同數(shù)據(jù)之間達(dá)到5%顯著性差異水平。下同

Statistical multiple comparison according to the Duncan’s test, the different letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level. The same as below

不同小寫字母表示差異顯著（P＜0.05）different lowercase letters indicate significant difference (P＜0.05)

2.2 再植條件下4種矮化自根砧‘富士’早期成花和產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的差異

2.2.1 早期成花的差異 2018年春調(diào)查4種矮化自根砧富士成花情況，如表2所示。G11幼樹成花株率最高為34.9%，G935和G41幼樹成花株率較為相近，分別為19.5%和21.9%。T337幼樹部分死亡，存活的樹體無成花。

2.2.2 對(duì)果實(shí)品質(zhì)的影響 再植第4年（2019年）果實(shí)品質(zhì)的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，4種矮化自根砧‘富士’蘋果果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的差異顯著。再植第4年，G935和G41自根砧‘富士’平均單株產(chǎn)量顯著高于M9-T337；且G935和G41單株間產(chǎn)量差異較小，園相整齊，G11和M9-T337單株間產(chǎn)量差異很大，園相非常不整齊。G935自根砧‘富士’平均單果重量和果形指數(shù)顯著高于其他自根砧。4種自根砧‘富士’果實(shí)的可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和固酸比均無顯著差異（表3）。

表2 4種矮化自根砧‘富士’蘋果樹體成花的差異

圖2 再植條件下不同矮化自根砧‘富士’蘋果樹體枝類組成的年變化

表3 4種矮化自根砧‘富士’蘋果果實(shí)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的差異（再植第4年）

3 討論

M9-T337是由荷蘭木本植物苗圃檢測(cè)服務(wù)中心（NAKTUINBOUW）選育的蘋果矮化砧木，M9-T337自根砧蘋果具有矮化性強(qiáng)、結(jié)果早、品質(zhì)高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[25-26]，近十年來在我國(guó)應(yīng)用較多，但也存在抗寒性較差、不抗重茬和肥水要求高等缺點(diǎn)，難以滿足目前我國(guó)大面積老齡低效果園更新和部分產(chǎn)區(qū)寒冷、干旱的氣候特點(diǎn)。美國(guó)從1968年開始蘋果砧木育種，目前已成功選育出具有較大應(yīng)用和科研價(jià)值的已申請(qǐng)專利的14個(gè)G系蘋果砧木品種，其中不同砧木分別具有抗火疫病、抗頸腐病、抗綿蚜、抗重茬等優(yōu)良抗性[9,23-24]。G系砧木中具有抗重茬能力的矮化砧木可直接應(yīng)用于我國(guó)目前老果園更新，或作為親本培育具有自主知產(chǎn)權(quán)的適宜我國(guó)不同生態(tài)區(qū)的矮化砧木。

再植條件下，4種矮化自根砧‘宮藤富士’蘋果樹體生長(zhǎng)和早期結(jié)果的差異巨大。隨著樹齡的增長(zhǎng)，4種矮化自根砧‘富士’樹體高度、樹干粗度和主枝數(shù)量逐年增加，不同砧木間存在顯著差異。G935和G41樹體長(zhǎng)勢(shì)顯著優(yōu)于G11和M9-T337，G11和M9-T337主干生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)很弱，G41和M9-T337樹體出現(xiàn)較嚴(yán)重的“大腳”現(xiàn)象。足夠的枝量是樹體早果豐產(chǎn)的前提，再植第4年，G935和G41樹體平均主枝數(shù)量均超過了25個(gè)，分別為30.2和26.4，能夠滿足矮砧密植的枝量要求[9-12,27-29]；而G11和M9-T337主枝僅為15.7和11.3，主枝數(shù)量嚴(yán)重不足。園相整齊是判斷砧木抗重茬能力的指標(biāo)之一[7-13]，G935和G41單株間樹體高度、干徑和主枝數(shù)量差異明顯小于G11和M9-T337，園相整齊。果樹的枝類組成直接影響樹體的生長(zhǎng)勢(shì)和產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)，前人研究表明，一般情況下矮砧蘋果正茬栽植后前3—4年，樹體的長(zhǎng)枝比例不斷減少，短枝比例不斷增加，到第4、5年樹體短枝比例均達(dá)到最大值并開始趨于穩(wěn)定[30-32]。本研究中，再植第2—4年，G935和G41樹體生長(zhǎng)正常，枝類組成變化符合正茬矮砧蘋果枝類組成的變化規(guī)律；而G11和M9-T337樹體再植第2年開始，長(zhǎng)枝比例便低于30%，第3年和第4年樹勢(shì)衰弱明顯[33-34]。葉片質(zhì)量是決定光合營(yíng)養(yǎng)積累和產(chǎn)量的重要決定性因素，再植條件下不同自根砧的葉片質(zhì)量也是篩選抗重茬砧木的重要指標(biāo)。

4 結(jié)論

根據(jù)再植條件下，4種不同矮化自根砧‘富士’幼樹4年的樹體生長(zhǎng)、早花性和產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)情況，以G935和G41自根砧為砧木的‘富士’幼樹樹體生長(zhǎng)顯著優(yōu)于G11和M9-T337，枝類組成合理，樹勢(shì)中庸但不衰弱，單株間差異小，園相整齊，適宜北京地區(qū)重茬栽植使用。

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Effects of 4 Dwarfing Rootstocks on Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of ‘Fuji’ Sapling in Apple Replant Orchard

LI MinJi, ZHANG Qiang, LI XingLiang, ZHOU BeiBei, YANG YuZhang, ZHANG JunKe, ZHOU Jia, WEI QinPing

(Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences/Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China)，Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100093)

【】The effects of four dwarfing rootstocks (G935, G41, G11 and M9-T337) on the growth, early fruiting and yield quality of Fuji apple saplings under the replanting conditions were investigated for four years. The dwarfing rootstocks suitable for continuous cropping in Beijing were evaluated and selected, so as to provide a technical support for the renewal of the cultivation mode of old and inefficient apple orchards in China.【】In the spring of 2016, 6-year-old apple trees (Fuji/SH6/) were planed out and no soil improvement was carried out. 4 dwarfing rootstocks (G935, G11, G41 and M9-T337) Fuji apple seedlings (2-year-old roots and 1-year-dry) were directly planted in the original row, with a row spacing of 1 m×3.8 m. After planting, 4 dwarfing plants were investigated differences of tree growth, early fruiting, yield and quality of Fuji apple on rootstock for 4 consecutive years. 【】The height of Fuji trees on G935 and G41 rootstock was higher than that of G11 and M9-T337; the number of main branches from high to low was: G935＞G41＞G11＞M9-T337; the phenomenon of big feet of G41 and M9-T337 was higher than that of G935 and G11; the difference of height, diameter and number of main branches between G935 and G41 was significantly lower than that of G11 and M9-T337, with the neat garden phase. In the fourth year of continuous cropping, the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of leaves of G935 and G41 rootstocks were significantly higher than G11 and M9-T337, the fresh weight of leaves of G935 and G41 was significantly higher than G11 and M9-T337, and the dry weight of leaves of G935 and G41 was significantly higher than M9-T337. Within 4 years of continuous cropping, Fuji, the dwarfing rootstock of G935 and G41, grew normally, and the branch composition was in line with the change rule of dwarf rootstock fruit trees. From the second year, the proportion of long branches of G11 and M9-T337 trees was lower than 30%; from the third and fourth year, the proportion of short branches of G11 and M9-T337 trees was higher than 80%, the proportion of long branches was lower than 10%, and the tree vigor was obviously weakened. In the third year of continuous cropping, the flowering rate of G11 young trees was the highest, followed by G935 and G41, and M9-T337 had no flowering. In the fourth year of continuous cropping, the average yield per plant of Fuji on G935 and G41 rootstocks was significantly higher than that of M9-T337 and the average fruit weight and fruit shape index of G935 were significantly higher than those of other rootstocks. There were no significant differences in the soluble solid content, titratable acid content and solid acid ratio of the fruit of each rootstock. 【】 Under the condition of replantation, the growth of young trees with G935 and G41 as rootstocks was significantly better than that of G11 and M9-T337. The branch composition was reasonable, the tree potential was moderate but not weak, the difference between single plants was small, and the garden was neat, which was suitable for continuous cropping in Beijing.

apple replant orchard; G dwarfing rootstocks; Fuji apple; tree growth; fruit yield; fruit quality

10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.11.012

2019-11-27；

2020-02-12

北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新能力建設(shè)專項(xiàng)（KJCX20170409）、北京市農(nóng)林科學(xué)院青年科研基金（QNJJ 201729）、國(guó)家現(xiàn)代蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系（CARS-27）

李民吉，E-mail：changlelmj@163.com。通信作者魏欽平，E-mail：qpwei@sina.com

（責(zé)任編輯 趙伶俐）